Professional Documents
Culture Documents
"!$#
%'& % ()!* % !,+ % "!-/. 0+1 %32 /.!
4*57698$:<;>=@?BADCE:GF$H95
KI J'LNM7O*P-Q$R9S7T-OVUWQXM
Y[ZD\^]`_bac\^dfegaihkjl]mjno_bap\BdGjlqsrD\B_mactKnvuxwyz|{,ai}~\^njlqsrD\B_mactKn_mD\B_]mjdp\B_mjl}~jl]_b\^acnZG\^]_map\^dfeGjl]aiB\B_ba
Kj}
t^\rGnG_baitKn J Ywyz_mtKKj_bGj]/a
_b@\BeGeGai_mactKnG\^dlt^nGeGai_mactKng}vux}mrgN[\^}acnGa
_bap\Bd
lt^nGeGai_mactKng}t^]
tKrGnGeD\B][tKnGeGa
_bact^nG}N{t^W_mjlneGj_bjl]ainGjl}_mGjrGnG_bact^nrgnGacqsrGjdiK~rG}_v\B}1j_mtKn*}vdc\3ux\^n
tK]eGacnD\B]eGaihkjl]jlno_bac\^dKjlqsrD\_bact^n>{ _bt^Kj_mGjl]*/a
_bacnGa
_bac\^d)ltKnGegai_baitKnG} eGj_mjl]macngjl}V_bGj,_macj,j^tKdcrf_bact^n
t^$\jND\^nGai\^dV}`f}`_bj J
wyz~}\^]jrGnGeG\^jno_N\^d7acn(\BnsDjdceG}t^~}lacjnGlj J z$g\^ZGdcj}ainGldirGeGj^_mGj'acngac\^d-}rG]x\^j
jlqsrD\_bact^n0ain0KjtKj_b]`E $_bGj(¡fNG]tK¢ eGainGKjl]£jlqsrD\_bact^n¤acnqsrD\^no_brg¥jlNG\^nGac}l $_mGj¦\<acjl]¨§`¡<_mtK©^j}
jlqsrD\_bact^nt^XªDrGaieeg<nD\Bail}l D_mGj]mj\B_baitKnf§«eGaihkrG}maitKnjlqsrD\_bact^nKt Kj]mnGainGjldcj_m]mt<NGjlacl\^d*\^jl}
acnGjl\^]_1¬rg}mldij^ D\BnGev_mGj£
dp\BN©o§¨¡fNGtKdijl}/jlqsrD\_bact^nt^]ZG]mailacng}_bt<N©tKZg_mactKng} J
® n_mGjl}j¬nGt^_mjl}lk
j¬egac}mrG}m}}tKj't^,_mGj¬}acZGdcj}_¦w¯yz~}-tKnGj}¦_bG\B_l\^n j}mtKd
KjerG}mainG(_bgj
}mt§°\Bdcdcje±j_mGt<etB²
D\B]b\^_bjl]ac}`_bac} J¬³ j¬/acdid$rG}j_mGj´"µ¶E·c¸ZG]mtK^]b\^¹_btGjldiZ"rG}ltKnG}`_b]rG_l
<ac}rD\^dcaiºljB\^nGe»jfZGditK]mj}tKdcrg_mactKng} J Y¦}\^n¼\^ZGZgdcacl\B_baitKn*9
j/acdid|}`_brGef½}mtKj
\ ^jZgGjlnGt^jnD\
t<llrg]m]mainGacnv\t<eGjd*t^9_b]b\¾eg<nD\Bail} J
f¿ JÀQXM*Á$Â>T-O*UWQ$M
à j_1rG}/}_b\^]_//a
_b_bGj}maiZgdcjl}`_/acnGa
_bac\^d
§Ä^\BdcrGj1ZG]mt dcj J,³ j'\B]mjKai^jln\¬rGnG_mactKnvÅ>ÆtBXÇÈÊÉ
u_mGj'ËWÌDËWÍxËxµ^·VÎoµ^Íĵ<{f\^nGe|j\^]mj1_bt'GnGe\rGng_baitKnÅt^V_mGjB\^]ap\ dcjl}ÇÊÈÊÉÏ\^nGeÐÑÒ'}rGN_bD\_
ÓDÅ uWÇ7ÔmÐ{ÕÖÒ tK]ÇÈÉ×\^nGeÐ|Ø[ÒgÔ u ¿fJiI {
ÓGÐ
ÅXuÇ7ÔNÒK{~ÕÅ>Æ)uÇk{ tK]ÇÈÉÙ u ¿fJÚ¿ {
® n_bGai}~jg\^ZGdcjBsz~q J u ¿fJ
I {Xac},_mGj
¶gµ^ÛÍÜËxµ^·EÎ^Ë Ý¸Ûb¸ÌDÍxËxµ^·k¸mÞlßgµ^ÍÜËÄàÌ(t^]$_bGj/rGng©<ngt)/nrGnG_bact^nÅ9s\BnGe
z~q J u ¿fJá¿ {G/gacNv}mZEjlla
Djl}_mGj^\BdcrGj}/t^]ÅÊ\B__mGjacnGa
_bap\BdE_macj¦ÐÕÏÒfGac}_mGjËWÌDËWÍÜËxµ^·$âNàÌEÎ^ËWÍxËÄàÌ J
³ D\B_£eGt<jl}z~q J u ¿fJ
I {}b\gã ® _£}b\<}'}acZGdi_bD\B_lVtK]j\^Ngfjle¤Ç79ÅXuÇ7ÔmÐ{eGt<jl}£nGt^_£ND\^ngKj
/ai_mvÐ J z~qsrD\B_mactKn¤u ¿<JÚ¿ {}mZEjlaiDj}_mGj£B\^dirGjt^,ÅXuWÇ7ÔmÐ{1\_¦\ZD\^]`_bacrGdp\B]ÐEnG\^jdiÐ|ÕÒgE\^nge_bgj
B\^dcrgjt^$ÅXuWÇ7ÔmÐ{|tK]/\^did-ÐØäÒ¬rg}_ j_mGj}b\^j J~å gjl]mjtK]mj_bgj£}tKdcrf_bact^nac}
Å$uWÇ7ÔmÐ{ÕÅ>Æ)uWÇk{ t^]ÇÊÈÉ×\^ngevÐ
ÑÒfÙ u ¿fJáæ {
ç tKrG]m}j^9_bGai}£jg\^Zgdcjac}_b]ai<ap\Bd J tKngj_bgjldcj}m}$ai_/aidcd,KrgaceGjrG}£acn}mtKd
<acnGtK]mjeGa
¾rGdi_
wyz~} J¯è tK]acnG}`_N\^nglj^DtKnG}aceGj]/_mGjtKdcdit /acnG¬ainGai_map\^d駫B\^dirGj/ZG]mt dcjlv
ÓDÅ uÇ7ÔmÐ{Vê¼ë ÓDÅ uÇ7ÔmÐ{ÕÏÒ tK]ÇÊÈÉ\^nGeÐØ@ÒfÔ u ¿fJíì {
ÓGÐ ÓGÇ
Å$uWÇ7ÔNÒo{~ÕÖÅ>Æ)uWÇk{ tK]ÇÊÈÉÙ u ¿fJÚî {
ï
ðNñWòó)ô9õNö÷ø¯ù^÷`úmûoüýýþ)A ÿ
z~qsrD\B_baitKn[u ¿fJì {ai}\^didcjle0\»âNàÌ
^¸NâÍxËÄàÌuxt^]µoÎ
^¸NâÍxËÄàÌ»tK]ÍxÛµ^Ì
°¶DàÛÍm{jlqsrD\_bact^n* ~ëac}£\tKnG}_b\^no_
_bG\B_D\B}/|j/acdcdk}mjj^>ac}_mGjKjlditfai_°(t^$tKnoKj_baitKn J
å t}tKdi^j_bGai}acnGa
_bap\Bd
§«B\^dirGjZG]t dcj |jrg}mj_bGjtKdidct /acng¬ZG]mt<ljeGrG]j J ® no_b]mt<eGrGj£\ngjainGeGj§
ZEjlnGeGjno_B\^]ap\ dij ÈÉ \BnGejfZG]mj}m}_mGjacnGegjlZEjlnGeGjno_B\^]ap\ dijÇÊ\^}
Ç Õ ¼u gÔmÐ{~ Õ 1ê¼ëÐÙ u ¿fJ {
ngeGjl]_bgac}/ltK]]mj}mZEtKnGeGjnGljBEdij _ ¬u gÔmÐ{ÕÅXuÇ7ÔÐ{ Dacnt^_mGjl]|tK]eG}l>eGjDnG j
¬u GÔmÐ{~ÕÖÅXu ¼u gÔmÐ{ÔmÐ{$ÕÅXu 1ê¼ëÐÔÐ{Ù u ¿fJ {
t ÏnGt^_bailj_mD\B_ _mGjND\^ain]rGdcjB
Ó u gÔmÐ{,Õ ÓDÅ u »u GÔÐ{ÔmÐ{*ê ÓDÅ u ¼u gÔmÐ{ÔmÐ{ Ó u GÔÐ{
ÓDÐ ÓGÐ ÓGÇ ÓGÐ
D
Ó Å D
Ó
Õ ÓGÐ uê¼ëÐÔÐ{Vê ÓGÇ uê ëNÐÔmÐ{GëÅ
ÕÏÒfÙ
Y¦di}mtG u GÔNÒK{~ÕÖÅXu GÔbÒo{,ÕÅ>Æ)u s{ J~å Gjl]jtK]j_mGjacnGa
_bac\^d
§Ä^\BdcrGj/ZG]t dcj tK]Åv_b]m\^nG}mdc\B_bj}/acno_bt_bgj
acngai_bac\^d
§ÄB\^dcrGj/ZG]t dijl
Ó u gÔmÐ{~ÕÏÒ
tK] ÈÉ \BnGevÐ
Ø[ÒfÔ u ¿fJ ! {
ÓGÐ
¬u GÔbÒo{~ÕÖÅ>Æ)u o{ tK] ÈÉ u ¿fJ " {
tK] Jå srG# } }b\B_mac}Gjl}/_bGj}maiZgdcjl}`_acngai_bac\^d
§ÄB\^dcrGj/ZG]t dijl u ¿fJ
I %{ $-u ¿fJá¿ {g/gacNvjlno_N\^aidc}_mD\B_
¬u gÔmÐ{~ÕÖÅ>Æ)u o{ tK] ÈÉ \BnGevÐ
Ø@Ò J u ¿fJ
I Òo{
Y¦}
Õ' Ç & ëÐÔ u ¿fJ
IKI {
|j£Dngev_mD\B_/ÅXuÇ7ÔmÐ{( Õ uW' Ç &»ëNÐÔmÐ{D}t_bD\B_
ÅXuÇ7ÔÐ{~ÕÖÅ>Æ)u) Ç &»ëÐ{ tK]ÇÈÉ \^ngevÐ
Ø@Ò J u ¿fJ
I)¿ {
*,+-/.1024365875 å GjacnGa
_bac\^d
§Ä^\BdcrGj/ZG]t dcj
ÓDÅ uWÇ7ÔmÐ{Vê ¿ Ó>Å uWÇ7ÔmÐ{ÕÏÒ tK]ÇÈÉ \^nGeÐØäÒgÔ u ¿fJ
I æ {
ÓGÐ ÓDÇ
ÅXuÇ7ÔNÒK{~ÕÖjfZ99u &/;Ç :{ tK]ÇÈÉ'Ù u ¿fJ
Iì {
D\^}/}tKdcrg_mactKn
ÅXuÇ7ÔÐ{~ÕjfZX9u &'u) Ç & ¿ Ð{ : {Ù u ¿fJ
I)î {
*,2=<?>A@8BC2D365E365F jl]aiW_mGac} J
å GjtKnGd
}mjjlacnGKd
»µoH Î GDà â¬}_bjZ¤ain_mGjZg]mt<ljlegrG]mjeGjl}l]a jle \ t Kjac}_mGjNG\^nGKjt^
B\^]a
§
\ dijl}u ¿fIJ { J ® nx\^_l<tK]|j\^NfgjJ e ÈÉ1-_bGj(\BZ(LÐ KMN¼u gÔmÐ{~ac}|_mGj¦}tKdcrf_bact^n(t^V_mGjtK]eGacnD\B]
eGa
h-j]mjlno_map\^d*jqsrD\B_baitKnacnGa
_bac\^d
§Ä^\BdcrGj/ZG]t dcj
O Ç
O Ð
uWÐ{ÕÖë tK]Ð
Ø@ÒgÔ u ¿fJ
PI {
ÇXuxÒo{Q Õ GÙ u ¿fJ
RI {
³ j/aidcdk}mjlj£}mgtK]_mdigt)Ï_btKjlngjl]b\Bdcacºj_bGai}t }jl]B\B_mactKn J
S ST S=U6VW AXY W VZ[W ]\ Z[^A^AS S=U6VZ_W Sa`b6WVZ U,c d
gæ JfeUgS,hjisUkhGOVUWQXM
à j_(rG}(tKnG}maieGjl]^\B]mact^rG}
\<}acnä/gacNä|jÊ\Bnä<ac}mrG\^dcaiºlj_bGj}mtKdirg_baitKnu ¿fJiI ¿ {_mGjainGai_map\^dé§
B\^dcrgjZG]mt dcj u ¿<Jíì {l$-u ¿<JÚî { J¤è tK]'eGjDngai_bjnGjl}}l|acn½_bGjt^dcdct /ainGZGdit^_b}dcj_¬rG}_N\^©BjëÕ ¿ \BnGe
Å>Æ)uÇk{Õ jfZ9u9&/Ç : { J¦è ac]}_lE|j¬\BnÊZGdctB_¦m Å
C
CnkÇtK]1B\^]maitKrG}1NGtKacjl}tB~Ðk}m\ vÐÕ ÒgEÐÕ I *\BnGe
ÐÕ ¿fJ
o pqPrAsutwv;x=y?rz{}|
o ~ |w(L|
= |w
(vut?{}|
|wt9wr{Q= = t9 ~= r{}|
o v6|wv;xy?rLt tL {=L ~ y=xyAaA;{}|
v|wQv;x=y?rLt t9LA{4== ~ y=x=y==a={}|
v ¡|wQv;x=y?rLt t9L{4== ~ y=x=y¢;x {1|
o r |wrAArAv;x=yrLt£¤;j¤¥¦9=¥¨§©r( §ª;{1|
r|wrArAvx=y?rLt£9¥«¤=¥¬§©r(¦§ª;{}|
r|wrArAvx=y?rLt£9L¤¥9=¥¨§©r(® §ª;{1|
o ;qAzPvx¯°±t²³v,6%v¥wv ±wr wr6wr´={µ
0.8
0.6
t=0 t=1 t=2
0.4
0.2
–4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 10
x
z,<aceGjns_mdi^G_bGjZGdit^_t^XÅ
C
CnDÇ\B__baijÐØ@Òai}_bGj}m\^j\B}/_mGjZGdit^_t^9_bGjainGai_map\^dEeD\B_b\¬jfljZg_
tK]1\}GaiW_ \egac}_b\^nGj'ëNÐ J ® ntB_bGj]1|tK]meg}l>_bGjacnGa
_bap\Bd-ZG]t^Ddcj}acZGdi(t Kj}lEtK]1ltKnoKj_m}l*\_
Kjdct<la
_°ë J¯å gj£Zg]mt^Ddijt ^jl}/_bt \B]me_bGj]maiKo_/Gjlnë¦Ø[ÒgG\^nGe_bt \B]me_bGjdcjW_/Gjlnë¶[Ò J
´µ¶E·c¸\Bdcdct /}9rG}X_mtKj_~\}jlnG}jt^D_mGj
t^_baitKn£t^G_bgj
}mt^dcrg_mactKn_bG]tKrGK'ai_b}X\^nGai(\_bact^nx\Blacdiai_macjl} J
å ]_mGjtKdcdit)/ainG¬tK\^nGe J
o ¯ qC·;¯r1t t9Lwr{j¸== Dr =¤±H ·v;yaqPr;z = ¸¹=¯?·z {µ
® V_bgjdcjW_tKrG}mj rg__btKnai}
dcacN©Bjlet Kj]_bGjZGdctB_s_bGj¦_mtft^d \^]¯\B_|_bGj_btKZtBV_bGj´µ¶E·c¸/ainGeGt
}mgt)/} rg_m_mtKnG},tK]X(\^ngacZGrGdc\B_bainG_bGj\^nGac\B_mactKn J7è tK]XacnG}`_N\^nglj^B_bGj rf_m_bt^n'/ai_m¬_bGjdc\^]m^j|]acKo_§
ZEtKacno_bainG\^]]mt }`_N\^]`_b}_bgj\BnGac\B_baitKn J ® n"_bGj ¯ q³·¯r ltK\^nGe* ·v;yq³r;z ac}_bgjnsrG j]
º
t^|Zkt^acno_b}£\^ditKnG_bgjÇG§°\fac}rG}jle_btZGdctB__bGjrGnG_baitKn Jå GjeGjx\BrGdi_B\^dirGjt^ î ÒvZEtKains_m}ac}nGtB_
}mrf¾acjns¤_ »[_mGj_baiZ t^/_bGj(t <acnGZG]mt^Gdcjai}'ZEtftK]di]mj}mtKd
Kje J u å ] a
_³¼á{ Y¦dc}tG ¹=a¯?·;z ai}'_bgj
nsrG jl]/t^9B\^dcrGj}/t^XЯtK]/GaiN_mGjZG]mt^Gdcjac}Zgdct^__bjle- Gai_m}eGjx\^rgdi_B\^dcrgjac} IPgJ
Y¦ngt^_bGj]£
\_btvfai}mrD\Bdcacºj¬_bGj}mt^dcrg_mactKn"ac}/a
_b \_bg]mjlj§°eGaijnG}maitKnD\^d$ZGdct^_£t^
Å
C
Cn7ǽ\^nGe0РJ
å Gj}mt^dcrg_mactKnG}ÅXuWÇ7ÔmÐ{¦eGjGnGj(\_°|tB§°egacjlnG}actKnD\Bd,}mrG]`x\^ljB7ZD\^]b\Bj_bjl]acºjle ǽ\^nGeÐV/GaiN0ai}
eG]m\ /nvacn0uWÇ7ÔmÐÔbÅk{°§«}mZD\^j^
o v;x=y?r A±t tLwr{=L ½ra =¤¥4=qR£¤ ª¾zRr°x=v¯r ~ s ~ yRr;y L
¯azA¹=a¯·;{µ
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
0.2 –4
0.4 –2
0.6 0
0.8
2
t1 x
1.2 4
1.4 6
1.6
1.8 8
2 10
å tKj_ j__bj]]jl}mt^dcrg_mactKnt^
_mGj}mrG]`x\^ljBX|j(D\KjNGtK}jln¤_mGjnsrG j]t^
K]maie0ZEtKains_m}acn t^_m
_bgj'Ç0\^nGeÊ_bgj'Ð1eGac]jl_mactKng}_bt j î ÒÊu_bgj¬eGjx\BrGdi_^\BdcrGj jacnG ¿^î { J Ydc}mtgk_bgj zRra°x t^Zg_baitKnai}
}mj_'_mt v¯r ~ s ~ y?ry /GaiN jl\^nG}£_bD\B_}mt^jdcj^jld¯lrG]`Kj}t^_bGj}mrG]`x\^lj(\^]mjeG]b\/n J uÄ¡fjj
_bgj£egac}mrG}m}actKn jldct Ï\ tKrg_1ltKno_mtKrG]/ZGdctB_b} J { å GjeGac]jl_bact^n]tK /gacN_bGjZGdit^_/ac}<acj
jel\^n
jtKno_b]mt^dcdcje*eG]b\BKKacng_mGj£lrG]}mtK]//ai_m_bgjdijW_/tKrG}mj rg__btKneGjlZg]mjl}}mje}mGt /}\/ac]j]m\^j
lr j_mD\B_ac}']mt^_b\B_bje ¤_bGjt Kjljlno_t^/_mGjt^rG}mjB
ZG]jl}m}acnG_mGJ j ¿ r ©Bj»]mjeG]b\/}_bgj
ZGdit^_ J|å Gjl]j¬\^]j\^not^_bgjl]1tKZg_baitKnG}tK]/lt^ns_m]mtKdidcainG_bGj\^ZGZEj\^]m\^nGjt^X_bGjZGdctB_>\^nGe}mtKjt^
_bgjl \^]mj\B\^acdc\ dcjt^n\jlnsr_bD\B_|ZEtKZG}
rgZ/Gjn(_bGj]maiKo_|tKrG}j rf_m_bt^n(ac}¯ldiacN©Bjle/gacdcj/_bgj
lrg]m}mt^]1ai}t Kjl]/_bgj£Zgdct^_ J
è ainD\^dcd
K*|j(l\^n0<ac}rD\^diacºlj_mGj}tKdcrf_bact^n0rG}acnG\tKno_btKrg]ZGdit^_ J Y tKno_btKrG]ac}£\rG]^j(ain0_bgj
uÇ7ÔÐ{°§°Zgdp\^nGjÊ\^dctKng¤/GacNÅXuÇ7ÔÐ{ÊÕ ÀE1/Gj]mY j Àäac}(ltKnG}`_N\^no_l\^nGe\ tKno_btKrG]Zgdct^_(ltKZG]mai}mj}
lt^ns_mtKrG]}|tK]m]jl}mZEtKnGegacnG_bt}mjKj]b\^d>B\^dcrGj}t^, À J~è tK],_bGj1}mt^dcrg_mactKnt^E_bgjtKnoKjl_baitKn(ainGai_map\^d駫B\^dcrgj
ZG]t dcj>´"µ¶E·c¸£eg]b\/}1_mGjtKdcdit /acnG¬tKno_btKrg]1Zgdct^_ J
o ~ yRr;y v;xy?rLt tLwr{Y== Dr =¤±½;qR£9 ª;{µ
S ST S=U6VW AXY W VZ[W ]\ Z[^A^AS S=U6VZ_W Sa`b6WVZ U,c Á
1.5
t 1
0.5
–1 0 1 2 3 4 5
x
yaihkjl]acnG'K]b\<}ml\^dcjacno_mjlnG}ai_baijl}£utK]ltKditK]m}b{
acnGegac\_bjeGa
h-j]mjlno_/B\^dcrgjl}t^¥À J
z\^NtKno_btKrg]¦lt^nG}mai}_b}1t^X_°
tZG\^]b\^didcjd*}_m]b\^aiKo_diacnGj}l>ZGdc\^lje}`fj_b]acl\^dcd
(/ai_m]jl}Zkj_¦_mt
_bgj
_b]m\)jl_btK]`'t^g_bGjZEj\B© J ® nGeGjljeÅXuÇ7ÔmÐ{ÕÅ>Æ)uWÂÇ &¬ëÐ{$ai}XtKnG}_b\^no_~/Gjlà n ÕÂÇ &ëNÐ9ac}XltKnG}`_N\^no_l
}mt_bgj£tKno_btKrg]m}1\^]mjtK]je]mtK _bGjdcainGjl}
ÐÕ ëI ÇÄ& ëI u ægJiI {
/ai_m fgje J 1t^_bailj¬_mD\B_Ç ai}_mGjGtK]acºlt^ns_b\^d~\fai}\BnGeЦac}_bgj^jl]`_bacl\^d\fac} Jå Gjl]jtK]j_bgj
}mditKZEj¬t^¯\lt^ns_mtKrG]G\^}rGnGa
_b}t^~_macj't Kj]eGac}`_N\^nglj^ VainÊt^_mGjl]¦|tK]eG}l*_mGjËWÌ
^¸ÅÛ
¸¬t^_mGj¬}mditKZEj
D\^}rGnGa
_b}1t^$^jldct<la
_° J ® n_mGj'Zg]mjl}jlno_jG\BZGdij^D_bgj'acno^jl]m}j'}dctKZEjai}1_mGj'tKnoKj_baitKn^jldct<la
_°vë
nD\^jld
¿fJ ® Vë
j]mjºjl]mtuÜ\^}¯ai_¯ai}t^]|z~q J u ¿fJ
I {m{o_bGj1ltKno_mtKrG]m}¯
t^rGdce j/Kj]_bai\^d>diacnGj}l sai*ë|jl]j
nGjo\B_ba
KjBG_bGjlt^ns_mtKrG]}/|tKrGdiev_macd
_
_bt_bgj£dijW_lgacngeGacl\B_bainGtB_bact^n(_bt_bGjdijW_ J
gì JÃÆ@ÂDO,Ç7QXR@Q1ȤÀ#Ç,h9P6hVT-O*ÂEPVUg OVUWTg
å Gj£ZG]mt<ljeGrG]j'rG}jleÊainÊ¡fj Jk¿ _mt}tKdi^j£_mGj'ainGai_map\^d駫B\^dirGj/ZG]mt dcjl¥u ¿fJì {%$-u ¿fJáî {
D\^}¦\KjnGjl]m\^d
§
acºl\B_baitKn J ²
t^nG}maieGjl]GtK]acnG}`_N\^nglj^G_mGjacnGa
_bac\^d
§Ä^\BdcrGj/ZG]t dcj
ÓDÅ uÇ7ÔmÐ{7ê¼ë^uWÇ7ÔmÐ{ ÓDÅ uÇ7ÔmÐ{ÕÏÒ tK]ÇÊÈÉ\^nGeÐØ@ÒfÔ u ìGJiI {
ÓGÐ ÓGÇ
Å$uWÇ7ÔNÒo{~ÕÖÅ>Æ)uWÇk{ tK]ÇÊÈÉÙ u ìGJÚ¿ {
É j]mjëac}£\v©snGt /nrGnG_mactKng}t^|Ç»\^nGe"Ð $|j/aidcd,Dnge0_bG\B_£ai_}_macdid,]mjZG]mj}mjlno_m}'_bGjKjdct<la
_°t^
lt^ns^jl_bact^n J³ D\_D\^}ND\^nG^jleacnKtKainG]tK¹z~q J u ¿<Jíì {_btzq J u ìGJ
I {/ac}/_bD\B_1_bgj¬lt<j¾laijlno_ë
eGjZkjnGeG}1tKnvÇÊ\^nGeÐ J jKjl]`_bGjdcj}m}l>|jl\^nZg]mt<ljlje'rGN\B} jt^]mj J
Ê
è tK]j\BNgfjle½ÈÉ1Xdij_/ÐMK »uGÔÐ{ j_bGj}mt^dcrg_mactKnvt^$_mGj£tK]meGainD\^]`eGa
h-j]mjlno_map\^dVjq<rG\B_baitKn
acngai_bac\^d
§ÄB\^dcrGj/ZG]t dijl
O Ç
O Ð
uWÐ{ÕÖëBuÇ7ÔmÐ{ tK]Ð
Ø[ÒfÔ u ìGJáæ {
ÇXuxÒo{Q Õ GÙ u ìGJíì {
å Gj(\^ZvÂÐ KM u ¼u GÔmÐ{ÔmÐ{ac}\ZD\^]m\^j_bj]maiºljlelrG]`Kj¬ain_mGjuWÇ7ÔmÐ{°§«ZGdp\^ngj£l\^dcdijle\"Ëâ Ggµ^Ûµ<âͨ¸Û_Ë
ÍxËÄâ
âß<©Û
^¸ J Y¦d
_bGtKrgK_mGjacngai_bac\^d
§ÄB\^dcrGj$ZG]mt dcjl u ìGJáæ %{ $-u ìGJíì {7acKo_ j|eGai¾rGdi_$tK]$aiZEtK}m}a dij~_bt}tKdi^j
\^nD\Bdis_bai\^didiKDdij_¦rG}\^}}mrGj'_mD\B_¦|jD\Kj'(\^nG\^Kjle_bt(Dnge\(}mt^dcrg_mactKn J uxY \^}mai']jl}mrgdi_ain_bgj
_bgjltK]`t^XtK]meGainD\^]`(eGa
h-j]mjns_map\^d-jlqsrD\B_mactKnG}^rD\^]b\Bns_mjlj}/_mD\B_1\}mt^dcrg_mactKnjgai}_m}l>\B_/dij\^}`_tK]
Ðain\
nGtKngjlZg_°acno_mjl]B\^±d ÌÒgÔ Í¬u s{{GZG]t faieGjle_bG\B_1ëac}}rGai_b\ di|jldcdé§ jlD\^jle J {
*,+-/.102½Î5875 ²
tKnG}aceGj]/_mGjacnGa
_bac\^d
§Ä^\BdcrGjZG]t dijl
ÓDÅ uÇ7ÔmÐ{Vê½Ç ÓDÅ uWÇ7ÔmÐ{ÕÏÒ tK]ÇÊÈÉ×\BnGeÐØ[ÒgÔ u ìGJÚî {
ÓGÐ ÓGÇ
ÅXuÇ7ÔNÒK{~ÕÖjfZ99u &'uÄ Ç & ì ¤{ :{ tK]ÇÊÈÉÙ u ìGJ {
É j]mj(ë^uWÇ7ÔmÐ{Õ Ç7_bGjltKnoKj_mactKn¤^jlditfai_°"ac}£nGjo\B_ba
KjtK]Q Ç ¶ Òg$ai}£ZEtK}ai_ba
KjtK]Ç[Ø Òg,\BnGe
acngl]mjl\^}mj}1]tKdijW__mt]acKo_ J,å Gj£acnGa
_bap\Bd
§«B\^dirGj/ZG]mt dcj tK]/\ND\^]m\^_mjl]mai}_maclrg]Kj£ac}
O Ç
O Ð
uÐ{ÕÇ tK]ÐØäÒgÔ u ìGJ {
ÇXuÜÒo{ Õ gÙ u ìGJ ! {
*,2=<?>A@8BC2ÏÎ5E365F jl]aiW_mD\B__bgj£}tKdcrf_bact^nac}
ÇXuÐ{¯QÕ ,jfZ9uÐ{Ù u ìGJ " {
t ac\^KainGj_mD\B_|j\^dc]j\^ef D\^e»\}tKdcrg_mactKn¤Å t^1_bgjacnGa
_bap\Bd
§«B\^dirGjZG]t dcj u ìGJ
I %{ $-u ìGJá¿ { J
å Gjn|j£tKrGdievegjDnG j
¬u gÔmÐ{ÕÅXu »u GÔÐ{ÔmÐ{ u ìGJ
I Òo{
\^nGeDnGe-DrG}mainG_bGjND\^ain]rGdcjBg_bG\B_
Ó u gÔmÐ{,Õ ÓDÅ u »u GÔÐ{ÔmÐ{*ê ÓDÅ u ¼u gÔmÐ{ÔmÐ{ Ó u GÔÐ{
ÓDÐ ÓGÐ ÓGÇ ÓGÐ
D
Ó Å D
Ó Å
Õ ÓGÐ u»uGÔÐ{ÔmÐ{*ê ÓGÇ u¼ugÔmÐ{ÔmÐ{GëBu»uGÔÐ{ÔmÐ{
ÕÏÒfÙ
å srG' } |tKrGdie jtKnG}`_N\^no_acn ÐtK]gfjle¼j\^Nm »ÈÖÉ J Y¦dc}tG~}mainGl) j 0Ð Õ ¼u gÔNÒo{$
j|tKrGdie
DnGe_mD\B_ ¬u gÔNÒo{~ÕÖÅXu ¼u gÔNÒo{ÔbÒo{$ÕÅ$u GÔNÒK{,ÕÖÅ>Æ)u o{ å Gjl]jtK]Ñ j |tKrGdce jKa
Kjln ½ ¬u GÔmÐ{~Õ
Å>Æ)u o{ J ® n_bj]m}t^X_mGjofZEt^_mGjl}acºlje}tKdcrg_mactKnÅ7G_mGac}j\^ng}_bD\B_1ÅXu »u GÔÐ{ÔmÐ{,ÕÅ>Æ)u o{ J
å GjaiZEtK]_b\^no_¦tKnGdcrG}actKnai}_bG\B__bgjw¯yz u ìgJiI {1]mjlqsrGai]mj}Å_mt j¬tKnG}`_N\^no_£\^ditKnGND\B]b\^§
_bj]mai}_bailrG]`Kj}¦\^ngev_mGjacnGa
_bap\BdktKnGeGa
_bact^nu ìGJá¿ {
}mZEjlaiDj}1/G\B_/_bD\B_/tKnG}`_N\^no_/B\^dcrGjai} J
å Gai}9l\^dcrGdp\_bact^n}mrG^Kjl}`_b}X_mD\B_V_mGj|}tKdcrf_bact^nÅ$uWÇ7ÔmÐ{*\^n j¯t _N\^ainGjle jldiacacnD\B_macnG j_°
jjln
_bgj_°|tjlqsrD\B_mactKnG}
Ç Õ ¼u gÔmÐ{Ô u ìGJ
IKI {
ÅÕÖÅ>Æ)u o{Ù u ìGJ
I)¿ {
S ST S=U6VW AXY W VZ[W ]\ Z[^A^AS S=U6VZ_W Sa`b6WVZ U,c Ò
å teGt_mGac}g
j|tKrGdcev}mt^diKj_mGjjlqsrD\B_mactKn
Ç Õ»uGÔÐ{
u ìGJ
I æ {
tK] \^}1\¬rGnG_baitKnt^XÇÊ\^nGeÐD}b\'Õ®Ó/uWÇ7ÔmÐ{>\BnGe_bGjn}mj_
ÅXuÇ7ÔmÐ{~ÕÅEÆ Ôu Ó/uÇ7ÔÐ{m{Ù u ìGJ
Iì {
z~qsrD\B_baitKnu ìGJ
I æ {9\^n j1}tKdi^jle*<\B_,dcj\B}_~tK]/uWÇ7ÔmÐ{,acn\nGjacK tK]mGt<t<et^k\ZEtKains_/uGÔbÒo{ ¬<ai]_brgj
t^9_bGj ® ZGdcaila
_ è rGnG_bact^n å gjltK]jlvD}macngljuÜÓ ÄÕ^Ó s{u GÔbÒo{~Õ I ac}/nGt^nGºlj]mt J
*,+-/.102½Î5EÖ65 è tK]_bgj½acnGa
_bap\Bd
§«B\^dirGjZG]t dcj tB_mGj½ZG]mjljeGacnGjG\BZGdij^£
j½|tKrGdce }tKdi^j
z~q J u ìGJI" {
_btDnGe_bG\B_
ÕÇjfZ9¤u &1Ð{Ô u ìGJ
I)î {
/GaiNai}_bGjjlqsrD\_bact^H n Õ Ó/uÇ7ÔmÐ{ J ¡<r }_mai_mrg_bainGacno_bt¬_mGjacnGa
_bap\BdktKnGeGa
_bact^nKai^jl}
ÅXuÇ7ÔÐ{~ÕÖjfZ99u &'uÇjfZ9¤u &1Ð¥{ & ì ¤{ :{Ù u ìGJ
PI {
*,2=<?>A@8BC2ÏÎ5×Î5F jl]aiW_mGac}}tKdcrg_mactKn J
® nvKjlnGj]b\^dÜg_bgjrgnG_mactKnÅegjDnGje_mGac}
\ac}lDainGeGjjle*>\}mt^dcrg_mactKnt^9_bgj£ainGai_map\^d駫B\^dirGj/ZG]mt §
dcj u ìGJ
I l{ $-u ìGJá¿ { Jäå t¤}mjj_mGac}|D]}_ngt^_bailj_bD\_(aiZGdiacai_¬egaihkjl]mjno_bap\_bact^n¼tBz~q J u ìGJiIlì {¬}mGt /}
_bG\B_
Ó>Å uÇ7ÔÐ{~ÕÖÅ Ø Ôu Ó/uWÇ7ÔmÐ{m{ Ó Ó uWÇ7ÔmÐ{Ô u ìGJ
RI {
ÓDÇ Æ ÓDÇ
Ó>Å uÇ7ÔÐ{~ÕÖÅØ uÔÓ/uWÇ7ÔmÐ{m{ ÓÓ uWÇ7ÔmÐ{Ù u ìGJ
IP! {
ÓDÐ Æ ÓDÐ
u É jl]jÅ ØÆ egjlnGt^_mjl},_mGjeGjl]aiB\B_maiKj
t^EÅEÆ,/a
_b]jl}mZEjl_~_bta
_b}~\^]KrGjlno_ J {±t^]mjlt ^jl]lseGa
h-j]mjns_map\B_macnG
_bgj£aieGjlno_mai_°Ä
Õ Ó/u ¼u GÔmÐ{ÔmÐ{¯/ai_m]jl}Zkj_/_btÐ
}Gt /}_mD\B_
Ò£Õ ;Ó ÓGÓÇ u ¼u GÔmÐ{ÔmÐ{ Ó ÓG Ð u GÔmÐ{-ê ;Ó ÓGÓ Ð u ¼u GÔmÐ{ÔmÐ{
Õ ;Ó ÓGÓÇ u¼uGÔmÐ{ÔmÐ{ëBu¼uGÔmÐ{ÔmÐ{Eê ;Ó ÓGÓ Ð u¼uGÔmÐ{ÔmÐ{Ù u ìGJ
IP" {
å \^©sacnG ® Õ Ó/uWÇ7ÔmÐ{G|j}mjlj_bG\B_
ÒÕ ;Ó ÓGÓÇ uÇ7ÔÐ{ëBuÇ7ÔmÐ{7ê ;Ó ÓGÓ Ð uÇ7ÔÐ{Ù u ìGJá¿ Òo{
²
tKnG}jlqsrGjns_mdi^k¬rgdi_baiZGdi<ainGz~q J u ìGJ
RI { vë^uWÇ7ÔmÐ{\^nGe\^eGeGainGz~q J u ìGJi³I ! {
Kai^jl}1z~q J u ìGJ
I { J Y¦di}mtG
Ó/uÇ7ÔbÒo{|ÕÖÇ j\^rg}m] j »u GÔbÒo{
Õ GD}mt_bG\B_1Å$uWÇ7ÔNÒo{¯« Õ ¬Ôu Ó/uÇ7ÔbÒo{ÔNÒK{¯« Õ ¬uWÇ7ÔNÒo{
ÕÏÅ>Æ)uWÇk{D/GaiNai}
z~q J u ìGJá¿ { J
å GjtK]jlKtKainGj_bgtfet^Xt _b\^acnGainG\}mtKdirg_baitKnac}l\^dcdijle_bgj´¸Í GDàlÎv¤à ÙÛÚ}Ggµ^Ûµ<âͨ¸Û_Ë
ÍxËÄËâ
J
î<ÃJ ÜÛg)UWM Ý ´µ¶E·c¸ OVQ Q g)1Q iNÁX¾  ÞßÄàg
´µ¶E·c¸D\^}\x\^laidcai_°^ á=â=¿ ry=y=xz 9_bD\_rG}mj}£_mGj±vj_bgtfet^²
D\^]b\B_bj]mai}_bail}_bt}tKdi^jainGai_map\^dé§
B\^dcrgjZG]mt dcj}$t^]\ldp\B}m}~t^kwyz~}¦unD\^jld
K^D]}_`§°tK]eGjl]~}\^dc\^]~wyz~}~acn}mjKj]b\^dDB\^]mac\ dijl}N{V_bD\_
acngldcrgeGjl}_mGj©<ainGe
j£D\Kj}_mrGeGaijle J
å t}mjjGt ã á=â=¿ r;y=y=xz |tK]m©s}KD]m}`_~ltKng}macegjl]$_mGj
jG\BZGdij
t^k¡<jl JK¿fJ$å <Zkj_mGj
tKdidct /acng´µ¶E·c¸
lt^\^nGeG} J
o pqPrAsut á=â=¿ r;y=y=xz{1|
ä
o ~ yRå ~ ræ|w
;qR¹=¹±t t9Lwr {wr{ç® ;q?¹=¹±t tLwr{9;{
|
q ~ |w¡£zj DAvtz?{Rªu|
z?a¯aa¡|w«z=L |
=a¯aa¡|w
=L |
ra¯aa¡|wra =9L|
å GjB\^]mac\ dij ~ yRaå ~ r ltKno_b\^acnG}_mGj}mZEjlaiDl\B_baitKnt^9_bGj£wyz JGå GjB\^]mac\ dcj q ~ ]mjZG]mj}mjlno_m}_bgj
acngai_bac\^d-tKnGeGa
_baitKnv\^}¦\lrg]Kjacn¤uÇ7ÔmÐÔmÅ-{«§°}ZD\^lj£ZD\^]m\^j_bj]maiºljle _bGjB\^]mac\ dijfèo >ainv_mGjZg]mjl}jlno_
jg\^ZGdij^/_bGjainGai_map\^d/lt^nGeGai_mactKnäÅ$uWÇ7ÔNÒo{ÊÕ jfZ99u &/Ç : {(ac}(]mjlZg]mjl}jlno_bje @Ç Õ èK/ÐÕ Òg¦\BnGe
ÅÕjfZ99u &è : {|\^}¯rGnG_mactKng}
t^j è J~å Gj^\B]map\ dcj} z?a¯a =a¯a D\^nge r¯aa \^]j¦]m\^nGKj}|tK] èo
Ç7>\^nGeÐD]mj}mZEjl_bai^jld
J
t Ö_°fZEj_bGjtKdidct /acng¬ltK\^nGe J
o á=â=¿
v x=y?rLt ~ Ry å ~ réq ~ Yz?a¯aa¥D=a¯aa¥Dr¯aa¥¸¯qC·¯r=r ±
· ~ s¯a ½ · zRrvz£ ª;{µ
0.8
0.6
u(x,t)
0.4
0.2
0
0.2 –4
0.4 –2
0.6 0
0.8
2
t1 x
1.2 4
1.4 6
1.6
1.8 8
2 10
å G j]mjl}rGdi_¦ac}\eGjZGac_baitKntB,_bGj}mtKdirg_baitKn\^}\}mrG]`x\^ljacn½uWÇ7ÔmÐÔbÅk{°§«}mZD\Blj J É \ <ainG(}ZkjlaiGjleÊ_bgj
tKZg_mactKn ¯ q³·¯rAAr G
jl\^n\Bdc}mt<acj\^n\^ngac\B_baitKnt^-_mGj¦K]m\^ZGt^*ÇêKM3ÅXuÇ7ÔmÐ{\^}¯Ð,B\^]maijl} J
u å ]ai_ J {
j<_tKnG}aceGj]/_mGjjg\^ZGdcjtB~¡fj J>ìGJ~å Gai}/acnGa
_bap\Bd
§«B\^dirGjZG]t dcj ac}}Zkjla
Djle\^}tKdcdit /} J
o ~ yRå ~ r¡|w
;qR¹=¹Lt t9L¤r{wr{
çQ qR¹=¹±t t9Lwr{j¤;{
|
q ~ |w¡£zj DAvt1t©zë;{{Rªu|
z?a¯aa¡|w«z =©RL|
=a¯aa¡|w
=©RL|
ra¯aa¡|wra =9L|
å Gj£}mtKdirg_baitKnac}t _N\^ainGjlev\^}t^dcdct /} J
o á=â=¿ vx=y?rLt ~ yRå ~ r¥¨q ~ za¯aa±½a¯aa±Ïraa¯aa±4¯ qC·¯rAr ¥
¢¯z ~ s¯ar ±mzRr°xAAv¯r ~ s ~ yRary L¸ · ~ s¯ D ·zRrvz£ ª;{µ
S ST S=U6VW AXY W VZ[W ]\ Z[^A^AS S=U6VZ_W Sa`b6WVZ U,c ì
0.8
0.6
u(x,t)
0.4
0.2
0 0
0.2 2
0.4
0.6 4
0.8 6
t1 8 x
1.2
1.4 10
1.6 12
1.8 14
2
o á=â=¿
v x=y?rLt ~ Ry å ~ r¥¨q ~ za¯aa±½a¯aa±Ïraa¯aa±H¢¯z ~ s¯yRx°L
· ~ s¯a ½ · zRrvz£ ª;{µ
ÿwí
0.8
0.6
u(x,t)
0.4
0.2
0 0
0.2 2
0.4
0.6 4
0.8 6
t1 8 x
1.2
1.4 10
1.6 12
1.8 14
2
gJÑîS7PÝ$ÂEP,g=ï}àð$S,hGOVUWQXM
ç nGj"}mZEjlap\^d¦jl\B_brg]mj"t^£_bGjwyz u ìgJiI {(ai}_bD\__bGj"rGnG©snGt /nrGnG_mactKnÅ \BnGeai_b}ZG\^]_map\^d
eGj]maiB\B_mai^jl}\^ZGZEj\B]dcacngj\^]di J Y¦n"acZEtK]_b\^no_ltKng}mjlqsrGjnGljac}_mGjZG]mainGlaiZGdcjt^
}rGZEjl]mZEtK}ai_baitKn*a
Å6ñ1\^nGeÅ : \^]mj}mtKdirg_baitKnG}/t^z~q J u ìGJ
I {E}mt(_mtftac}¦\^novdcacngj\^]/lt^ acnG\B_baitK½ n òo6Å ñV ê óÅ : /a
_b½
òv\BnGe
óltKng}_N\Bns_ JÊå Gj±vj_bgtfe½t^/²
D\^]b\B_bj]mai}_bail}~Gt
jKjl]ac}£nGt^_¬diacai_mjle_btÊ}tKdi<ainG}rGN»dcacngj\^]
wyz~} J Y}~\jg\^ZGdcj|t^E\^njq<rG\B_baitKn'_bG\B_~ac}XnGt^_~diacnGjl\^]l)|j/acdcdoD]}_}`_brGeg_bGjw¯yz"acno_m]mt<eGrGlje
4 ô J ± J |rG]mKj]m}\B}\ZG]mtB_bt^_°<ZEj¬t^~_bgjwyz}¦t^~ªDrGaieÊeg<nD\^ac}l-tK]1/GacNÊ_mGj¬ainGai_map\^d駫B\^dcrgj
ZG]t dcjai}
Ó>Å uÇ7ÔÐ{Vê¼ÅXuÇ7ÔmÐ{ ÓDÅ uWÇ7ÔmÐ{ÕÏÒ t^]ÇÈÉ \^ngevÐ
Ø@ÒgÔ u gJiI {
ÓDÐ ÓGÇ
ÅXuÇ7ÔbÒo{~ÕÖÅ>Æ)uÇk{ t^]ÇÈÉÙ u gJÚ¿ {
²
tKno_b]m\^}_z~q<} J u ìgJiI {/\^nGe½u gJ
I {_mGj'©snGt /ntKnoKjl_baitKnÊKjdct<lai_°ëD\^} jjln]mjZGdp\Bljle v_bgj
rGnG©snGt /nrGnG_bact^nÅai}ai_m}mjld
J Y¦ltK]eGacng¬_bt¬_bgj£±j_mGtfet^$²
D\B]b\^_bjl]ac}`_bac}lg|j\Bns__mt}mtKd
KjB
tK]jl\^NgfjH e ÈÉ1V_bgj£t^]meGainD\^](eGaihkjl]jlno_bac\^d*jq<rG\B_baitKnacnGa
_bap\Bd
§«B\^dirGj/ZG]mt dcj
O Ç
O Ð
uÐ{ÕÖÅXuÇ7ÔÐ{ tK]ÐØäÒgÔ u gJáæ {
ÇXuÜÒo{ Õ gÙ u gJíì {
³ ai_m¼' Ð KM ¼u gÔmÐ{¬eGjlngt^_bainG_mGjv}mtKdirg_baitKn*_bGjvZD\^]m\^j_bj]macºjle¼lrG]`KjvJ Ð KM u »u GÔÐ{ÔmÐ{¬acn»_bgj
uÇ7ÔÐ{°§°Zgdp\^nGjai}/\ND\^]b\B_bj]mai}_bailrG]`Kj J
® XÅ}b\_bac}`Djl}1z~q J u gJ
I {f_bGj¸ n E\^}eGjDnGjle
u GÔmÐ{ÕÖÅXu ¼u gÔmÐ{ÔmÐ{Ô u gJÚî {
ÿÿ
S ST S=U6VW AXY W VZ[W ]\ Z[^A^AS S=U6VZ_W Sa`b6WVZ U,c
}b\_bac}`Djl}
Ó uGÔmÐ{~Õ DÓ Å u ¼ugÔmÐ{ÔmÐ{-ê ÓDÅ u¼uGÔmÐ{ÔmÐ{ Ó ugÔmÐ{
ÓGÐ ÓGÐ ÓGÇ ÓGÐ
D
Ó Å D
Ó Å
Õ ÓGÐ u¼ugÔmÐ{ÔmÐ{-ê ÓGÇ u¼uGÔmÐ{ÔmÐ{gÅXu¼uGÔmÐ{ÔmÐ{
ÕÒgÙ
Y¦di}mtGA¬ugÔNÒo{~ÕÖÅXu»u GÔbÒo{ÔNÒK{$ÕÖÅXu gÔNÒo{,ÕÅ>Æ)u o{ J9å <rg}$_bGj|wyz¼u gJ
I {*]mjq<rgac]mj}$Ŭ_mt j|tKnG}_b\^no_
\^ditKnGND\B]b\^_bjl]ac}`_bacrG]^jl}$\^ngeÊ_bGjacngai_bac\^d7ltKngeGai_mactKn»u ìGJá¿ {eGj_bjl]ainGjl}_mGjlt^nG}_b\^no_grG}_£\B}
jtK]j J
å Gj~_b]tKr dij~ac}*_mD\B_7}mt^di<acnG1z~q J u gJíæ {-}jljl}V_bt1]mjq<rgac]mj~Zg]mact^]V©<ngt)/dijleG^j_mGjrGnG©snGt /n'}tKdcrf_bact^n
Å J¬³ jl\^n¤\BeGeG]mj}m}_bGai}eGai¾lrgdi_° "}tKdi<acng_bGjeGaihkjl]jlno_bac\^d$jqsrD\B_baitKn"tKÑ ] }mai¬rGd
_N\^nGjtKrG}di
/ai_m_bGjjlqsrD\_bact^nvtK] J~å Gac}/ZD\^ai]t^XeGaihkjl]jlno_bac\^d*jq<rG\B_baitKnG}/ac}
Ó ugÔmÐ{~Õ¬uGÔmÐ{Ô u gJ {
ÓGÐ
Ó u gÔmÐ{~ÕÖÒ
u gJ {
ÓDÐ
tK]Ð
Ø@Òg>\^ngev_mGjltK]]mjl}Zkt^nGeGacngZG\^ac]t^Xacngai_bac\^d>ltKngeGai_mactKnG}ai}
¼u GÔNÒK{~Q Õ GÔ u gJ ! {
u GÔNÒK{~ÕÅ>Æ)u o{Ù u gJ " {
õ jljl jl]¬_mD\B_
jl\^n ]jlo\B]mé e \^}¬gfjle*
}mt"_bD\B_z~qs} J u gJ {¬\^nGeÏu gJ {'\Bn j_b]mjl\B_bjeä\B}
tK]eGacnD\B]egaihkjl]mjno_bap\Bd*jlqsrD\B_mactKng} J
å Gai}ainGai_map\^d駫B\^dcrgjZG]t dijl3ac}ZD\B]_bailrGdc\^]md
jl\^}»_bt0}mtKd
Kj J ® nGeGjlje*/z~q J u gJ {aiZGdiacj}'_bD\_
¬u gÔmÐ{
ac}ainGeGjlZEjlngeGjlno_t^X_macj^ Gainx\^_l z~q J u gJ " {
u GÔmÐ{ÕÅEÆ u s{Ù u gJ
I Òo{
å Gj]mac^s_`§°D\BnGe(}aceGj1t^7z~q J u gIJ {ai}~_bGj]mjt^]mj\£ltKng}_N\Bns_uÜ\^}¯x\^]|\^}¯Ðai}ltKnGjl]nGjle>{G}mt£_bD\_
_bgj
}mt^dcrg_mactKnt^$z~q J u gIJ {
ac}tKrgnGe_bt j
¼u GÔmÐ{~ÕÅEÆ u s{fÐ*é ê u gJ
IKI {
\BW_mjl]_N\B©<ainGz~q J u gJ ! {
acno_bt\^ltKrgns_ J
å ttKZGdcj_bj_bgj£tKnG}`_b]mrg_baitKnvt^,\}tKdcrg_mactKn-f|j}tKdi^j_mGjjlqsrD\B_mactKn
ÇÕÖÅ>Æ u s{fÐ*é ê u gJ
I)¿ {
tK] ain_mjl]}t^9Ç\BnGevÐ\^nGe}mr }_mai_brf_bjtK] acn
ÅXuÇ7ÔÐ{~ÕÖÅ>Æ)u o{Ù u gJ
I æ {
*,+-/.1024ö65875 Y¦}/acngai_bac\^dEeD\B_N\¬tK]/|rG]mKj]m}DjlqsrD\B_mactKndcj_/rG}/_N\^©Bj
÷ø & I ai9D Ç ¶
& I
ù
Å>Æ)uÇk{Õ øú Ç aiu & ] u gJ
Iì {
I û Ç ûI
I ai I ¶äÇ J
ÿ
å GjnÊz~q J u gJ
I)¿ { jltKj}
÷ø / & Ð7êm aiÛ¶(& I
ÇÕ ù B ÐVêm ai & ] u gJ
I)î {
øú I û ûI
Ð*êé ai I ¶¬ J
¡ftKd
<acnGKa
Kj}
÷ø Çê½Ð a
9ǽ¶(& I & Ð
Õ ù Ç ÕGu I
øú ê»Ð{ a
u & I &¤Ð û Ç ûI ½ ê Ð u gJ
IP {
ÇÄ& Ð a
I ê½Ð ¶ Ç7
\^nGev}mr }_mai_brf_bacngaino_btz~q J u gJ
I æ {|<acjdceG}
÷ø & I a
7DÇ ¶(& I & Ð
ù
ÅXuÇ7ÔmÐ{~Õ øú Ç ÕGu I ê½Ð{ a
& I &¤Ð û Ç û I ê½Ð u gJ
IR {
I a
I ê½Ð ¶äÇ J
³ j£l\^nv\^dc}trG}mj´"µ¶E·c¸_bteG]b\Ï_mGac}}tKdcrf_bact^n J
o ¢ =zÐ|w
;qR¹=¹±t t9Lwr {wr{ç t9L¤r{ ;q?¹=¹±t tLwr{9;{® |
q ~ |w¡£zj êvq ~ p qAz1tz
ü
;64;6m¬üýzj¾6za{Rªu|
z?a¯aa¡|w«z; = |
=a¯aa¡|w
; = |
ra¯aa¡|wra =¤þ|
o á=â=¿ vx=y?rLtw¢ =a;zjéq ~ Yz?a¯aa¥D=a¯aa¥Dr¯aa¥
zRr°xAv¯r ~ s ~ y?ry my;qr¯r qyR£9;=³ëLÿë=ªLY · ~ s¯a ½
·zRrvz£ ¤ë ª;{µ
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
u(x,t) 0
–0.2
–0.4
–0.6
–0.8
8
7
6
5
t4
3 8 10
2 4 6
1 0 2
–4 –2 x
–8 –6
–10
t 4
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 10
x
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
u(x,t) 0
–0.2
–0.4
–0.6
–0.8
–1
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 10
x
ÿ
º
å srG}_mGj£}mtKdirg_baitKn}mZG]j\^eG}tKrg_acn_baij J ® njl}m}jlnGj^E_bGj£Gac^Gjl]B\^dcrgjl}1t^,ÅÊt^n_bgj]acKo_1t ^j
_bt
\^]me_bGj¬]acKo_1/ai_mK]j\B_mjl]^jlditfai_°0uxnG\^jdi^kÅk{ J ® n\BnD\^dct^^/ai_m
\ ^jl}aino\^}eg<nD\^ac}
_bG\B_/}mZG]j\^etKrg_lGtK]/]b\^]jW^g_bGai}/©<ainGet^X}mtKdirg_baitKnac}l\^dcdijlev\Ûmµ^Ûb¸Ùµ<âÍxËÄà̯µ
^¸ J
*,+-/.1024ö65E365Ã j_/rG}1ltKng}macegjl]/\^nGtB_bGj]1NgtKacj£tB$ainGai_map\^dEeD\B_b\t^]/
rG]m^jl]m}>jlqsrD\B_mactKn*
÷ø I a
9½ Ç ¶(& I
ÅEÆ uÇk{Õ øú &/Ç a
u & f ù
I û Ç ûI u gJ
PI ! {
& I a
I ¶ Ç J
å GjnÊz~q J u gJ
I)¿ { jltKj}
÷ø ÐVé ê ai Û¶(& I
ÇÕ øú & ^ÐVé ù ê ai & ] I û ûI u gJ
PI " {
&/Ð7m ê ai I ¶ã J
z~qsrD\B_baitKn[u gJ
PI " {]mj^j\^di}¬\vZG]mt dcjlv/Gjln ÐØ I XÇ x\^aidc}_bt jtKnGt^_mtKnGacaiY n G9}mtv_bD\_'_bgj
]mjdp\B_mactKng}mGaiZ j_°
jjlnvÇ\^nGJ e l\^nGnGt^_ jacnoKj]_mjle J |tKno_b]m\^}_lDacn_bgj£Zg]mj<aitKrG}jg\^ZGdijux}mjj
z~q J u gJ
I)î {{gÇac}/\}_b]ac_bdiacngl]mjl\^}mainGrGnG_bact^nvtB} tK]/\Bdcd-Ð
ÑÒ J
® 9
j£]mj}_b]ac_Ð
_bt jdcjl}}_bD\^n I G}tKdi<ainG¬tK] Ka
Kjl}
Ç &¤Ð
÷ø ' ai9DÇ ¶®& I ê»Ð
Õ øú ù Ç ÕGu I & Ð{ aiu & ] I û Ç ÕGu I & Ð{ ûI u gJá¿ Òo{
Çê»Ð ai I &¤Ð ¶ Ç7
\^nGev}mr }_mai_brf_bacngaino_btz~q J u gJ
I æ {|<acjdceG}
÷ø I ai9D Ç ¶®& I ê»Ð
ÅXuÇ7ÔmÐ{~Õ øú &1 Ç ÕGu I & Ð{ aiu & I ê»Ð û Ç û I & Ð
ù u gJá¿fI {
& I ai I &0Ð ¶äÇ J
rg_
ai*Ð
Ñ I <eGt¬nGt^_|D\Kj\<ap\ dijjfZG]mj}m}maitKntK]¯ÅXuÇ7ÔmÐ{ J~å <rg}
_bGj±j_mGt<et^X²
D\^]m\^_mjl]ac}_mac}
]j\^©s}1eGt /n\B_Ð~Õ IKJ
³ D\B_/egtfj}´µ¶E·c¸£eGt/ai_m_mGac}Zg]mt dijl(ã ® _/]mjZG]mj}mjns_m}_mGj}mtKdirg_baitKnnGt^_1\^}1\¬rGnG_bact^nvÅt^
Ç\BnGevÐ rg_1]m\B_bGj]1\^}1\_°|tB§«eGacjlnG}actKnG\^d-}rG]x\^jainuÇ7ÔmÐÔmÅ-{«§°}ZD\^ljZD\B]b\^j_mjl]maiºlje J \^ngeÐ
ÇÕÖÅ>Æ)u s{fÐ-é ê gÔ u gJá¿K¿ {
ÐÕÐÔ u gJá¿^æ {
ÅÕÖÅ>Æ)u s{Ù u gJá¿Bì {
å Gai}|ZEtKacno_t^-faij\^tKaceG}~_mGjngjljle_bt£}mtKd
Kj/tK±] '\B}
\rGnG_bact^n(t^kÇ\^nGeÐ</gacN(ai}acZktK}}ma dcj
acn_mGac}jG\BZGdij j\^rg}mj_bGjND\^]m\^_mjl]ac}_macrG]^jl}¦]mtK}} J
o ¢ =zÐ|w
;qR¹=¹±t t9Lwr {wr{ç t9L¤r{ ;q?¹=¹±t tLwr{9;{® |
q ~ |w¡£zj êvq ~ p qAz1tz
ü
;6m6m¬üzjD6Dz{Rªu|
z?a¯aa¡|w«z; = |
=a¯aa¡|w
; = |
ra¯aa¡|wra =¤þ|
o á=â=¿ vx=y?rLtw¢ =a;zjéq ~ Yz?a¯aa¥D=a¯aa¥Dr¯aa¥
zRr°xAv¯r ~ s ~ y?ry my;qr¯r qyR£9ëa¥ ªL · ~ s¯ ½ · zRrvz£ ¤ ë ª{µ
ÿ
S ST S=U6VW AXY W VZ[W ]\ Z[^A^AS S=U6VZ_W Sa`b6WVZ U,c Á
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
u(x,t) 0
–0.2
–0.4
–0.6
–0.8
–10 8
–8 7
–6 6
–4 5
–2
0 4
x 2 3 t
4 2
6 1
8
10
t 4
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 10
x
ÿ
Ê
o á=â=¿ vx=y?rLtw¢ =a;zjéq ~ Yz?a¯aa¥D=a¯aa¥Dr¯aa¥
zRr°xApq?a¹=a¯·¥my;qr¯rqyR£¤ ªL · ~ s¯a ½ ·zRrvz£ ¤ë ª;{µ
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
u(x,t) 0
–0.2
–0.4
–0.6
–0.8
–1
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 10
x
~w dct^_m}tBÅ
C
CnÇ[tK]B\^]maitKrG}gfjleäB\^dirGjl}t^Ðgt)|j^jl]}Gt \K]b\BZG _mD\B_}_bjjlZEjlnG}\BnGe
_bgjln jllt^j}¬¬rGd
_ba
§ÄB\^dcrGje* å gj}_bjjlZEjlnGainG]mj}mrGd
_b} j\^rG}j_bGj(GacKgjl]B\^dirGjl}t^/ŻtKn _bgj
dcjW_t)^j¬_bt
\^]me_bgj]mac^s_/ai_m^]mj\_bjl]Kjlditfai_° uxnD\BjdiK-Å-{ J£³ j¬/acdidX}jlj}mgtK]_mdiv_bD\B_¦_bGai}
\ ^j§«}_bjjlZEjlnGainGäZgGjlnGt^jnGtKn\^n j]mjldc\B_bje[_bt _bgjZgs<}ac\BdZGGjlngtKjnGtKnt^}mGt<N©ä
\Kj
tK](\B_mactKn J
fJ Ç9QXT
hsÁ$Â;g
~z qsrD\B_baitKnG}1dcai©^j
rG]m^jl]m}-jq<rG\B_baitKnÊ\^]ac}jain_bgj'tfeGjdcainGt^~\^noZGof}acl\^d$ZGgjlnGtKjlnG\utK]
jg\^ZGdij^g_m]b\B¾ªDt >\^}eGj}ml]a jle jdct { J ® n_bgj£tKno_bjf_t^9_bGj}mjtfeGjdc}gÅXuÇ7ÔmÐ{
]jlZG]jl}jlno_b}
\ZGo<}mai\^d~qsrD\^no_mai_°»u}mrGN0\^}¦_mGjlt^nGljns_m]b\B_mactKn"t^¯l\^]m}b{\B_\ZD\^]`_bailrGdc\^]¦ZEtK}ma
_baitKnǤ\^nGeÊ_baij
Ð J ¡frGNvZGo<}macl\^dVqsrD\^no_ba
_baijl}/\^]jnGt^_/¬rGd
_ba駫B\^dcrgjl6e ¼ å Gjl]jtK]jfaij/ainG_bGj}tKdcrg_mactKntB$|rG]mKj]m}
jlqsrD\_bact^n\^}\¬}rG]x\^j\^}\}mrG]`x\^ljain"uÇ7ÔmÐÔmÅ-{«§°}ZD\^ljBf/a
_b¬rgdi_baiZGdcjB\^dirGjl}
t^]
ÅltK]]mj}mZEtKnGeGainG
_btjl]_b\^acnZD\Bac]m}£uWÇ7ÔmÐ{Dai}nGt^_1]mjl\^dcai}_mac J
³ D\B_]mjl\^dcd
D\^ZgZkjnG}/GjnÊND\^]m\^_mjl]ac}_mac£lrG]`Kj}l]tK}m}¦\^nGe_mGj±vj_bgtfet^¯²
D\^]m\^_mjl]ac}_mac}
}b\<}/_bGj}mt^dcrg_mactKnai}¬rGdi_ma
§Ä^\BdcrGje>ã
å tGnGet^rg_Ddij_/rG}/]mj/]ma
_bj£
rG]Kjl]}lDjlqsrD\_bact^nvain_bGjtK]
ÓDÅ uÇ7ÔmÐ{Vê Ó ,uxÅk{ uWÇ7ÔmÐ{ÕÖÒgÔ u fJiI {
ÓGÐ ÓGÇ
/Gj]mj
ñ
,uÅk{~Õ Å:
; u fJÚ¿ {
:
ÿ
S ST S=U6VW AXY W VZ[W ]\ Z[^A^AS S=U6VZ_W Sa`b6WVZ U,c Ò
ac}X\^didcje_bgj|ßuÙß<Ì-âÍxËÄàÌ J ²
tKnG}aceGj],\^n'acno_bj]B\^dÌ Ç6ñÔmÇ : \^ditKnG_mGj|ÇG§°\fac}$\^nGe\^n¬aino_bjl]`B\^d6Ì ÐÅñÔmÐ :
\^ditKnG_bGj1Ы§¨\fac} J ® no_bjK]b\B_macnG£_bGjZG]mj<actKrG}|jlqsrD\B_mactKn]mtK Ç6ñ~_mt'Ç : /a
_b(]jl}Zkj__mtÇv\^nGe]mtK
ÐÅñ|_btÐ : /a
_b]mj}mZEjl_1_btÐ
Kai^jl}
ÓDÅ Ó ,uÅ-{ uÇ7ÔmÐ{ O Ç O Ð~ÕÏÒfÙ
G
Ó Ð W
u 7
Ç m
Ô
Ð { O Ð O Ç'ê
D
Ó Ç u fJáæ {
! !
Y¦ZgZGdi<acng(_bGjrGnGeD\^jlno_b\^dX_mGjltK]jlt^¯\^dilrGdirG}_mt_bGj¬aino_bjl^]b\^d7/ai_m]mjl}Zkj__mtÐain_bgj'D]m}`_
acno_mjlK]m\^dV\^nGe_bt_mGjacno_bjK]b\^dk/ai_b]jl}mZEjl__mtÇÊacn_mGj}mjltKnGeacno_bjK]b\^dkfaijldieG}
ÅXuÇ7ÔÐ : { O Ä
Ç & ÅXuWÇ7ÔmÐÅñ{ O
Ç ê ,uxÅXuÇ
:
ÔmÐ{m{ O jÐ & ,uxÅXuWÇ6ñÔmÐ{m{ O Ð,ÕÏÒgÙ u fJíì {
å Gai}£©Bj0aceGjno_bai_°Êac}£\»âNàÌ
¸Û
µ^ÍxËÄà̶EÛËWÌ-âËá¶E·c¸X\B}£|j(nGt jfZGdp\^ain J ç n_bGjtKnGjD\^nGe-X_bgj
acno_mjlK]m\^d
ÅXuWÇ7ÔmÐ "{ O Ç u fJÚî {
ac}|_bGjÍ°àÍ«µ^·7µ#(àß<ÌDÍà¤Ù%$ß'&ËWÌÊÍGD¸
°¶gµ<âN¸ËWÌDÍ°¸Û©
µ^·,Ì Ç6ñÔmÇ : µ^ͯÍÜË(#(¸Ð" J¯è t^]jg\^ZGdcjBga
XÅac}\^}}
eGjnG}ma
_°"u/a
_brGngai_b}
t^7(\B}m}ZEjl]rgnGai_dijlnGB_b>{f_bgjln_bgjacno_bjK]b\^dEac}|_bGj¦_mt^_N\Bd-\^}m}ain(_bgj}mZD\^j
acno_mjl]B\^±d Ì 6Ç ñÔmÇ : \B_/_bacj¦Ð " J ç n_bGjt^_mGjl]D\BnGe*G_bgj£aino_bjl^]b\^d
,uÅXuÇ"lÔmÐ{{ O Ð u fJ {
ac}|_bGjÍ°àÍ«µ^·|ß)à¤Ù%$ß*&Î^ßfÛËWÌ+ÍGD¸£ÍÜË(#(¸ËWÌDͨ¸Û
µ^·Ì ÐÅñÔmÐ : ÙÛbà,# ·c¸ÙÍͨàÛË +?G<Í*¶gµ?
ÍÍGD¸
¶DàP
ËWÍÜËÄàÌ(Ç" J
Y¦K\^acn*<ai-Åac}¯(\^}}
eGjnG}ma
_°Kg_mGjl-n ,uxÅk{~ac}|_mGj¦\^}}|ªDrfu_mD\B_
ac}ls_bgj¦]b\_bj¦tBVªDt t^7(\B}m}ls/ai_m
rGnGa
_b}1t^,\^}}1ZEjl]1rGnGa
_/_bacj {\^ngev_mGj'ains_mjlK]m\^dVac}/ai}/_mGj_bt^_b\^d7\^tKrGno_1t^~\^}m}_bG\B_ªGt)/}ZD\^}`_
Ç"/eGrG]mainG_bGj_macjacno_bj]B\^d Ì ÅÐ ñÔmÐ : J~å srG}z~q J u fJì {g/GacNv\Bn j/]mai__bjn
ÅXuÇ7ÔmÐ : { O
Ç Õ ÅXuÇ7ÔÐÅñm{ O )
Ç & ,uÅ$uWÇ
:
ÔmÐ{{ O -Ð ê $uxÅXuÇ6ñÔÐ{m{ O ÐÔ u fJ {
}b\<}l
. GD¸£Í°àÍ«µ^·Xµ#(àß<ÌDÍ1à¤Ù/$ß*&£ËWÌ"ÍGD¸'ËWÌDÍ°¸Û
µ^·jÌ Ç6ñÔÇ µ^Í
ÍxË(#(¸1Ð ¸mÞlßGµ^·
£ÍGD¸Í¨àÍĵ^·,µ#(àß<ÌDÍà¤Ù$ß'&
ËWÌ"Í GD¸ËWÌDÍ°¸Û
µ^1· Ì 6Ç ñÔmÇ : µ^Í
Íx(Ë #(¸ÅÐ ñ0#ËWÌDAß
£Í GD¸'Í°àÍ«µ^·X: µ#(àß<ÌDÍ1à¤Ù/: $ß*&£ÍGgµ^Í1/à,1
àßfÍà¤ÙÑÌ Ç6ñÔmÇ : µ^Í
Ç : Î^ßfÛËWÌ +(Í GD¸ÍÜ(Ë #(¸£ËWÌDÍ°¸Û
µ^1· Ì ÅÐ ñÔmÐ : ¶E· =ß
£Í GD¸Í¨àÍĵ^·Xµ #(àßfÌDÍ/¤à Ù2$*ß &£Í Ggµ^3Í /,à 1
£ËWÌDͨ' à Ì 6Ç ñÔmÇ : µ^ÍXÇ6ñ
Î^ß<ÛËWÌ +(Í GD¸Íx(Ë #(¸£ËWÌDͨ¸Û
µ^j· Ì ÅÐ ñÔmÐ : J
å Gai} \^dc\^nGlj¤ZG]mainGlaiZGdcjB/gacN ac}jlacnGjns_mdiÖ]mjl\^}mtKnG\ dcjBai}_bgj ZGo<}macl\^dlt^ns_mjlno_"t^_bgj
wyz u fJ
I { J ® n x\B_|_bGj\»_bgjwyz u <JiI {¬ai}rg}mrD\^didi½egjl]ma
Kje@ac}_bt¤\^}m}rGjv_mGjZgs<}ac\Bd
\^dc\^nGjZG]mainGlaiZGdcjBgain_bGjtK] tB$z~q J u <Jíì {gtKnGldirGeGj_mD\B_1z~q J u fJíæ {
Gt^dceG}
t^]\^] ai_b]m\^]acno_mjl]`§
B\^dc} Ì 6Ç ñÔmÇ : \BnG e Ì ÅÐ ñÔmÐ 9\^nGeeGjlegrGlj(zq J u fJiI {u _N\^©sainGÇ dctK}j_mtv6Ç ñ\^nGe"Ð ldct^}mj_btÅÐ ñm{ J
tB_bacj^kGt
jKjl]V_bD\B_: _bGj \^dp\BnGljZG]mainGlaiZGdcj£(\B©^jl}¦}mjlng}mjacnÊ: }ai_mrD\B_baitKnG}//Gjl]j¬_b:Gj¬w¯yz×u fJiI {
eGt<jl}nGt^_l
}rGN@\^}/Gjn _mGjrGnG_mactKn¼Åäai}nGt^_eGa
h-j]mjlno_map\ dij J ³ Gjn _mGjvw¯yz u fJ
I {¬ac}nGtB_
\^ZGZgdcacl\ dij^f_mGj \^dc\^nGljZg]macnglacZgdcjai}tK]jrGnGeD\Bjns_b\^d7\^}/\ZGo<}macl\^dVdp\ J
Y¦egtKZg_bainG_bGj \^dc\^nGljZG]acnGacZGdij\^}/rGnGeD\^jlno_b\^d7Zkj]mai_b}rg}_btlt^nG}maieGjl5 ] 4}mt^dcrg_mactKnG} 6Å_bD\_
D\Kj*rGZegac}mtKno_bain<rgai_baijl} J ¡<rGN¬\rGnG_bact^n£Åac}7nGt^_9eGa
h-j]mjns_map\ dcj^)\BnGe£_mGjl]jtK]j|l\^nGnGtB_X}m\B_bai}W
z~q J u fJiI {Vain£_mGj
t^]meGainD\^]}mjlng}mj^ rg_$a
_9eGtfj}X}m\B_bai}W_mGj \^dp\^nglj¯ZG]mainGlaiZGdcj J9å gjl}mj
eGac}ltKno_bainsrGai_macjl}
\^]j
t^W_mjln'l\^dcdijlÛ e
ËGDà 8â 79¯µ
^˸
JXè tK]9jg\^ZGdcjBB_bgj
}mt^nGac t<tKKjnGjl]m\B_bje ¬\1}mrGZEjl]}mtKngac\^ai]mZGdc\^nGj
ac}1\}mGt<N©\^j'acn_mGj'\Bac] J õ jjl]]mainG_bt_bGj£qsrGjl}`_bact^nZEtK}mjeÊ\B_/_bgj jlKainGnGainGt^$_mGac}/}mj_mactKn*
/D\B_1D\BZGZkjnG}/GjlnND\^]m\^_mjl]mai}_maclrG]`Kj}]mtK}}ai}_bD\B_/}Gt<N©\Kj}tK] J
ÿ
ä
YZD\^]`_bailrGdc\^]md
(}acZGdcj©sainGet^$}Gt<N©\Kj}mtKdirg_baitKn_N\B©^jl}_mGjtK]m
ÅXuÇ7ÔmÐ{~Õ;: =Å3Å >< a
a
X± ½
Ç ¶èlÐ
èlu
Ð ¶äÇ7 u fJ! {
/Gj]mj¦Å <7<Å >$<\^nGê e è\B]mj1ltKnG}`_N\^no_m} Jå Gj¦qsrD\Bns_mai_°Ä
è¦]mjZG]mj}mjns_m}_bGj1lt^nG}_b\^no_
Kjdct<la
_°(\_¯/gacN
_bgjv}Gt<N© \Kjt ^jl} J Ã j_rG}}mjjv/G\B_]mjl}`_b]ac_mactKng}¬_bGj \^dc\^nGjZG]mainGlaiZGdcjZGdc\^lj}Å <7|Å >$
\^nG/ e è J õ jjl]_mt_mGjtKdcdit /acnG(GKrG]mjBV_bGj_bgacN©ÊdiacnGj¬]jlZG]jl}jlno_b}£_bGj}mgtfN©_m]b\)j_mtK]ÊÇ Õ èÐ
/ai_mé èvÕ Ù î ~\BnGe _bGj t¤ac}eGjDngjle 0_mGj}ZD\^lj\^nGe _baijacno_mjl]B\^di' } Ì 6Ç ñÔmÇ : Õ Ì Ù æ ÔÙ \BnGe
Ì ÅÐ ñÔmÐ ¦ Õ Ì Ù ì ÔÙ J
:
0.8
0.6
u-
t
u+
0.4
0.2
è tK]_bgac}}ma
_brD\_bact^n*
ÅXuWÇ7ÔmÐÅñ{ O
Ç ÕÅ3>1?Ç7Ô u fJ" {
ÅXuWÇ7ÔmÐ : { O
Ç ÕÅ=<@?Ç7Ô u fJ
I Òo{
,uÅXuÇ6ñÔmÐ{{ O Ð~ÕA,uxÅ<k{?ÐÔ u fJ
IKI {
,uÅXuÇ ÔmÐ{{ O ~Ð ÕA,uxÅ>V{?ÐÔ u fJ
I)¿ {
:
!
/Gj]mjB?¬ÇÕÏÇ :
Ç
& 6 ñ\^nGeC?Ð|ÕÏÐ ½
:
& ÐÅñ J ¡fainGlj0?¬Ç Õ?¬ÐÕèKD_bgj \^dc\^nGj£dc\ u <Jíì {>eGai<acegjle
?¬ÐD}b\<}1_mD\B_
&èsuÅ3>J&½Å<k{Vê,uxÅ>*{1&$uxÅ<E{~ÕÏÒfÙ u fJ
I æ {
ÿ
S ST S=U6VW AXY W VZ[W ]\ Z[^A^AS S=U6VZ_W Sa`b6WVZ U,c ì
å Gai}ai}_mGjEDµ^ÌF7ËWÌ-¸GIH¦ßJ+<àÌDËÄàÍLKß#¦¶âNàÌEÎ^ËWÍÜËÄàÌD¯/GacN ac}_bGj \^dc\^nGjvZg]macnglacZgdcjtK]\0}GtfN©
\ ^j J ±tK]j'KjnGjl]m\^dcd
KG_bgj õ \^nG©sacnGj§ É rGKtKnGait^_1ltKngeGai_mactKnGtKdieG}\B_¦jKj]ZktKaino_¦\BdctKnG\rG]^jle
}mgtfN©_b]b\ jl_mtK]uÜ\^}t^dcdct /} (_bgjZG]mjljlegacnG\^]KrGjlno_ _b\^©sacnG'Ç : dctK}j¦_bt¬Ç6ñ
\^nGeÐ : dctK}j
_btÅÐ ñm{ J
!gNJ M'S OÂ>PVUWT hjiDÆäÂ>6O Ç9QX}R g
Y¦}¬|jvD\Kj}mjjln*
_mGjv±j_bGt<e tB²
D\B]b\^_bjl]ac}`_bac}vuÜ\^nge¼_mG' j á=â¿ v;x=y?r ZG]mt<ljeGrG]mjvacnä´µ¶E·c¸
\^}jlet^na
_{,ltKng}_b]rG_m}
}tKdcrg_mactKng}¯tBVwyzu fJ
I {$_bG\B_ jltKj'rGdi_ma
§«B\^dirGjle/GjlnNG\^]b\^_bj]mac}`_bai
lrg]Kj}l]tK}m} J É t |j^jl]l1t^_mGjl]\<}t^}tKdi<acng z~q J u <JiI {\^didct tK]_bGjvtK]m\B_mactKn»t^}GtfN©
\ ^jl} J ¡frgN½j_bGt<eG}\^]mj \^}jle tKn ÌDPß #(¸ÛËÄâmµ^·¯µ¶o¶EÛbQà K(Ë #µ^ÍxËÄàÌ
t^_bgj \^dc\^nGjZg]macnglacZgdcj J Y
rGdid$eGj}ml]acZg_mactKntB|nsrGjl]acl\^d$j_mGtfeg}tK]z~q J u fJ
I {ai} jKt^nGe_mGj}mtKZEjt^_bGj}mjnGt^_mjl}l rf_
_bgj \^}maiaceGjl\l\^n jeGj}ml]a jlevj\^}acd
J
³ jeGai<aieGj¦_bgjuÇ7ÔmÐ{«§°ZGdc\^nGjaino_bt¬}(\^didk]jl_N\^nG^dcjl}
t^7/aceg_mR ?Ç\^ngevgjlac^sS_ ?Ð J ²
t^nG}maieGjl]tKngj
t^,_mGjl}j']jl_b\^nGKdijl}¥ Ì 6Ç ñÔmÇ :*T Ì ÅÐ ñÔÐ : J Ã j_¦rG}¦egjlnGt^_mj_mGj'\^jl]b\BKj'B\^dcrgjt^$Åt Kjl]\GtK]acºtKno_N\^d
jlegKjt^X_mGj]mj_N\BnGKdcj Å7
Å UWVYXÕ ?¬I Ç ÅXuÇ7ÔmÐ : { O Ç7Ô
F u !gJiI {
Å@Z[V\U UWVY] Õ ?¬Ç I
ÅXuÇ7ÔmÐÅñm{ O Ç7Ù u !gJÚ¿ {
® L ?¬Çac}}m\^didÄs_bGjnÊ\^nv\Kj]b\^Kj£t Kj]\GtK]acºtKno_N\^d*jeGKjac}/\Kt<t<e\BZGZG]mtfac\B_mactKn(_mt_bGjB\^dcrGj
t^XÅtKn_bG\B_/jleG^j J Ã j_1rG}1\^dc}teGjlnGtB_bj ,uxÅk{¯_mGj£\ ^jl]m\^Kj£t^L $uxÅk{|t Kj]¦\¬Kj]_mac\BdVjleGKjB
,uxÅk\{ ^`_(a U Õ
I ,uÅ$uW6Ç ñÔmÐ{{ O ÐÔ u !gJáæ {
?¬Ð
,uÅk{Ybdc`eYf U Õ
I
,uÅ$uWÇ ÔmÐ{{ O ÐÙ u !gJíì {
?¬Ð :
å Gjn_bgj \^dp\^ngljZG]acnGacZGdiju fJì {
]jlqsrGac]jl}_bG\B_
Å UWVYXÕ gÅ Z[V\UdUdVY]Êê ?¬?¬ÇA
F
Ð ,uÅ-\{ bWc`eYf & $uxÅkY{ ^`_(a Ù
h
U Uji u !gJÚî {
å Gai}9aieGjlno_mai_°¦_mjldidc}VrG}7Gt _mt1tKZGrg_bj FÅ UdVYXuW_bD\_Xai}l _bgj|\^jl]b\BKj|tBgÅ'\B_X\/dc\B_bj]*_baij{kZG]mt <acegjle
_bG\B_|j©<ngt) gÅ Z[V\UdUdVY]Ïu_bG\B_ac}f_mGj\Kjl]m\^Kjt^9Åv\B_/\Bnvjl\^]mdiacj]¯_macj {_mtKKj_bGj]/ai_b ,uxÅk{ ^`_(a U \BnGe
,uÅ-\{ bWc`eYf U J ¡fainGlj
j©snGt Å[\B__bGjvacnGa
_bac\^d|_macj^
j\^nä\^ZGZGd
_bGjaceGjno_bai_° }mrGljl}}ma
Kjld
_mt
DnGe Å \BdctKnGjl\^NGtK]maiºltKno_b\^d,jlegKj\B_£\vdc\B_bj]¦_baij J¬å Gj©^j"ac}}mrGjac} É t egtv|jeGj_mjl]macngj
_bgj\Kj]b\^Kj ,uxÅk{t Kjl]£Kj]_bai\^d¯jlegKjl},©snGt /acnGÊt^nGdi Å»\^ditKnG_bGjGtK]acºlt^ns_b\^djleG^jl}¬\_'jl\^]mdiacjl]
_baij}Nã Y__bGai}}_N\BKj\Bnä\^ZgZG]mtfac\B_baitKn½¬rG}`_ jv(\BeGj^¯}mainGlj ,uxÅk{'l\^nGnGt^_ jvegj_bj]macnGje
jg\^_bd
]tK _bgac}¯dcacai_mjleaingtK]m\B_mactKn J7å Gj]mj\B]mj1(\^noNGt^aclj}
t^V \ 4}NGjlkj 6't^]|\^©sacnG_bgj
\^ZGZg]mtfac\B_baitKn*f\^nGev¬rGNv]mjl}j\^]Njh-tK]`_1D\^} jjlnveGac]jl_bjle\B_/eGj<ac}mainGKtft<e}mNgjljl} J
å GjtKdidct /acnG'ac}/\(´"µ¶E·c¸|tK]©<}Gjlj_¦_mD\B_/rG}jl}\}NGjljl\^dcdijl/ e làlÎ^ß<Ì-?à
1m
Ëâ GD¸ #(¸_mt}tKdi^j
rG]Kjl]}lDjq<rG\B_baitKn J
o pqPrAsutwv;x=y?rz{}|
å GjZG]tfjleGrG]jl}/tK]}mt^di<acnGtKnG}mj]B\B_mactKndp\/}1\^]jltKno_N\BacnGjeain_mGjtKdcdit /acnG'Gdcjl} J
o a=¯®=;q?u|
a=¯A
¹;qaxu|
í
a=¯A«z ~ s?·L|
a=¯A(å;y=x?åL|
n)oprqtsuoJvwrx)qzyJoux{|}wkoux)~,ux,n,oPprq'Bnx,uPJwzx{r)v,u,n,oPpq*
nJxzu{s~uwpnu,v)J,n)oprq
prxJ,qtsJouvuwzx)qryuoJx{|woJx~zuxJzprxJ,q'5pgppz~uprxJzpzx,q'N~ryg{{)pr~r,zy)gw3~,q)u~gwrxJ,pzx,q*
nJxzsJouv,p,,xJ,v)uzprxJ,q'
nJxzsJouv,p,,xJ,v)uzprxJ,qJ)~zzp[Px
{)wxkPxsuoJvwrx)qzyJoux{| {Quxgwpz=B)Fw1}Qrokgw1QP~)JzPp8Fx{kJxrs
{kJxrFwp, ) )Fw1 ) zouFw1 ) F~)Jzp[Fx{Quxrs
) {kJxrFwp, , )Fw1 , zouFw1 , F~)Jzp[Fx{Quxrs
Jv,qzyv,u{kJxrFwp,Bv)qryvz)Fw1NJv,qzyv,uzokgw3Bv)qzy)vzQP~)JzPp8Fx{kJxrs
{[x,ou{QuxrFwpz= {x,oukgw3 {[xzozouFw1 {x,oF~,uzp[PxJ{Quxs
o ·qP |w(=L|
·;¯ |w¦ =|
~ ax=xzÐ|w = |
|w ~ =¯r =;qR±t ·q³ÂY ·¯LH ~ x=xz{}|
r ·6q³ |w =|
r ·;¯ |w
þu=|
v;x=yr ¹=a¡ |w¦j|
j<_1|jl]j\B_mj\^nGeacnGa
_bac\^dcaiºlj_bGjtKZgrg_N\B_mactKnG\^dEGjldceÅ7g/GaiNv\^ZGZG]t fai(\B_mjl}_mGj}mtKdirg_baitKn J
å Gj£acnGa
_bac\^d>eD\B_N\rGnG_baitKnac}/\}£\BrG}m}ap\^nZG]t^Ddcj J
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
–4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 10
x
å GjnGjf_dcainGjl\^]m]acjl}t^rg_/_bGj_baij¦jKt^dcrg_mactKnt^9_bGjDjdceÅ J
o a¯r¯|w(åy=xå1t 4§£y ;y?å z ~ s?·;¥¸r ·q³uÏr ·¯ALÏv;x=y?r ¹=au¡{1|
è ]mtK _bGjtKrf_bZGrg_/eG\B_N\
jl\^ntKnG}`_b]mrg_¦\^nv\^nGac\B_mactKntBX_mGj_bacjjKtKdirg_baitKn J
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
–4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 10
x
è ]mtK_mGjtKrg_mZGrg_$eD\B_N\1
jl\^n\^dc}t¦tKnG}_m]mrG_¯\_bg]mjlj§°eGaijnG}maitKnD\^dsZGdit^_,tBD_bGj
_macj|jKtKdirg_baitKn J
o ar A v;xy?rLt9a¯r¯{µ
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
–4
2 –2
0
4 2
4
6 6
8
8 10
S ST S=U6VW AXY W VZ[W ]\ Z[^A^AS S=U6VZ_W Sa`b6WVZ U,c d
õ rGnGnGainG_mGj¬\^ngac\B_baitKnv\^nGeÊjG\BainGacnG_bgj'_bG]jlj§°eGaijnG}maitKnD\^dVZGdit^_t^~_bGj}mtKdirg_baitKnv]mj^j\^di}
_bgjt^dcdct /ainG'x\^_b}l
¨ yrG]mainG¤_bgjj\^]di }_N\BKjl}t^_mGjÊj^tKdcrf_bact^n[t^_bGjÊ}tKdcrf_bact^n*_bGj\^rG}}mac\^n[ZG]mtBDdcjÊdij\^ng}
ZG]mtK^]mjl}}ma
Kjld
»rG]_mGjl]_bt"_bGj]maiKo_ Jäå gac}D\^ZGZEjlnG} j\^rg}mj_mGjvND\^]b\B_bj]mai}_baiv^jlditfai_°K
nD\^jldiÅ7Gac}
dp\^]Kjl]\__bGjZEj\^©_bD\^nv\B_
_bGj \^}j Jå Gj}maieGjt^7_bgj£Zg]mt^Ddij¦_bt_mGj]maiKo_t^
_bGjZEj\^©}`_bjjlZEjlnG}-\^nge/gacdcj_mGjdcjW_/}macegj ]mto\BeGjlnG} J
¨ Y_,\/lj]_N\Bacn_bacj^B\/ZktK]`_baitKnt^g_mGj|Zg]mt^Ddij^tKn_mGj¯]mac^s_9}aceGjt^f_bGj|Zkjl\^©> jltKj}X^jl]_macl\^d J
å Gac}Kj]_bai\^d>ZEtK]_mactKnac}¯\rGZeGai}mlt^ns_macnsrGa
_°acn_bGj1}mtKdirg_baitKn*K_mD\B_|ac}l<\£}mGt<N©\Kj Jå Gj
\^ZGZEj\^]m\^nGljt^$\eGac}ltKno_bainsrGai_°(ac}\Bdcdcje}mGt<N©
\ ^jtK](\_bact^n J
¨ n_bGjj\Bns_macj^s_bGj}aceGj¦t^7ZG]mtBDdcj1_bt¬_bgjdcjW_}mZg]mj\BeG}tKrg_ J~å Gac}ZG\^]_tBV_bGjZg]mt^Ddijac}
\
®
]b\^]jx\^_bact^n\Kj J
¨ è t^]\Zkj]mact<et^¯_baij'\BW_bj]}mGt<N©
\ ^jt^]m\B_baitKn*k_mGjGjlaiKo_t^¯_bGjrgZ u_mD\B_ai}l*_bgj
4}_m]mjlng^_bg
6½tB_bGj}mGt<N©
\Kj {(^]mt /} J z,Kjno_brD\^didi^1gt)|j^jl]_bgj}mgtfN©¼\Kj]j\^Ngjl}
(\fai¬rG }_b]jlnGB_b J
¨ Y_~_bGai},}_b\^Kj^K_mGj}mt^dcrg_mactKn¬tKZG]mai}mjl},\]m\^Z¬tKn_bGjdijW_u_bgj]b\^]jx\^_bact^n¬\Kj{~\^etKainGacnG
\egac}mtKno_bain<rgai_°Êt^n"_mGj]maiKo_u_mGj}mGt<N©
\ ^j { Jå Gai}ltKZEtK}ma
_bj¬tKngDKrg]b\B_mactKn"t^¯\^jl}
ac}\Êl\^dcdijle½\^n»§«
\Kj J Y¦}¬_macj(ZG]tKK]mj}m}jl}l_bgj]b\^]jx\^_bact^n½\^nGe½}GtfN©0\Kj}acno_bj]b\^_
acn¼\Ê\½_bG\B_\^rG}jl}_bGj}`_b]mjnG^_mät^1_bGj}GtfN©
\Kj_bteGjll\»}mdct /d
J ® n¼jhkjl_l
_bgj
]b\^]jx\^_bact^n\^nGev}mGt<N©\^jl}¦l\^nGjld7j\^Nvt^_mGjl] J
® _}mGtKrgdce j£jlZGD\^}acºlje_mD\B_/_bGjnsrGj]mai\^dV}tKdcrg_mactKn-G/GacNac}/tKnGd
v\^n\BZGZG]mtfac\B_mactKn*geGtfj}
nGt^_¬Zkj]jl_bd
0]jlZG]tfegrGlj_mGjjg\^_}mtKdirg_baitKn J ® n½ZD\^]_macrGdp\^]X_mGj}mgtfN©\Kjai}'nGt^_¬\^n½jg\^_
eGai}mlt^ns_macnsrGa
_°Ks\^nGe¬_mGj_N\Bacd<t^>_bGj]m\^]mjx\^_mactKn¬
\Kj/ac},tK]j]mtKrgnGeGjle_mD\^nacn¬_mGjjg\^_}mtKdirg_baitKn J
"gJB©P6hjÈÈgUWT¬ß0ª$Mh*OUWTg
å Gjacegj\^}eGai}mrG}m}jlevacn_bGjZg]mjljleGainG}mjl_baitKnG}D\Kj\^ZGZgdcacl\B_baitKn_mt_b]b\¾ªGt) \^dct^nG\dctKng
]mtK\^e J Y }macZGdijtfegjld7\^}egjKjdctKZEjle à acKo_bgacdcd7\BnGe ³ Gai_mD\^ Ì I \^nge õ acND\^]eG}Ì ¿ *ai_
ac}egac}mrG}m}jletK]jj<_bjnG}ma
Kjdiacn õ j J Ì æ J
à j__bgjZEtK}ai_baitKn"\^ditKnG_bGj]to\^eäuxj\^}rG]mje0ain0acdijl}N{ jeGjnGt^_bj% e «gX\^nGedcj_
¬eGjnGt^_bj_bgj
eGjnG}ma
_°tB*\B]m}ls_bgjnsrG jl]¯t^Vl\^]m}¯ZEjl]¯aidcjt^-]mto\Be J,å Gj]mj¦ai}
\\fac¬rG eGjlng}mai_°^F ¬J]'I®Bo_bD\_
_bgj¬]mto\BeÊ\^nÊ\^ltKt<eD\B_bjBk}t_bD\_Ò û ¬ û ¬J]'I® J Y×_°<ZGacl\^dXB\^dirGj£t^]\(}acnGKdij§«dp\^nGj]to\^eÊai}
¬J]'I®1Õ ¿K¿Kî \^]}/Zkj]1acdij J
å GjªDrfvtB$l\^]m}'u_mD\B_/ac}G_bGjªDt Ï]b\B_mj£tB$l\^]m}Ej\B}mrG]jlevacn\^]}/Zkj]1gtKrG]N{l\^n j/]ma
_m_bjn
¬u¯></gjl]m° j ¯¬ac}_bgj1ªDt [^jldct<la
_°t^*_mGj/_b]b\¾'uxj\B}mrG]jleainacdijl}~ZEjl]¯GtKrG]b{ J,å GjltKng}mjl]`B\B_baitKn
ZG]acnGacZGdij¦_bD\_¬âmµ^ËÛ
'µ^Ûb¸£Ì-¸ËWÍ GD¸Û'âÛb¸mµ^ͨ¸mÎvàÛ£Î<˸
ÍxÛb,à ±s¸mÎ]mjlqsrGai]mj}/_mD\B_
³² ²
¬Euj«gÔmÐ { O « & ¬Eu´«fÔmÐÅñm{ O «ê uj¬u¯f{u´« : ÔmÐ{ O jÐ & uj¬u¯f{u´«ñÔmÐ{ O ,Ð ÕÏÒ u "gJiI {
:
² ²
tK]1j\^Nacno_bj]B\^du̵«ñÔ« : \BdctKnG_mGj']to\^eÊ\BnGejl\^NÊ_baijacno_mjl]B\^duÌ ÐÅñÔmÐ : J³ j'\^]mj\^}}mrGacnGg>t^]
}maiZgdcacai_°^E_mD\B__bgjl]mj\B]mjnGtjlno_m]b\^nGjl}_bttK]¦jfai_m}]mtK¹_bGj]to\^e J u ® _bGj]mj|jl]mjBV_bGj]acKo_§
D\^ngeÊ}maieGj't^$_bGj¬tKnG}jl]B\B_mactKnZG]mainGlaiZGdcj|tKrGdceD\Kj'_mt j'tfeGa
Djle-E/a
_bºjl]t]mjZGdp\^jle \
àß<ÛNâN¸£Í°¸[Û # J {¬Y}1t^rg_bdiacnGjevainv¡fjl_baitKn g_bGjtKnG}mj]B\B_mactKnvZG]mainGlaiZGdcj¦acZGdcaijl}|_mD\B__mGj£w¯yz
Ó ¬ ê ÓX·u ¬u¯f{ ÕÖÒ
¶
u "gJÚ¿ {
ÓDÐ Ó@«
ac}X}b\B_mac}`Djle*oZg]mt <aceGje¬_bD\B_$_bGj}tKdcrf_bact^n'ac}X}mrg¾acjlno_mdi¬}t<t^_muxain'ZD\^]`_bailrGdc\^]l_bGj]mj\^]jnGt}GtfN©
\ ^jl}b{ J
º
Y__mGac}|ZktKaino_t^7_bgjt<eGjdcacngZG]tfjl}}lG|jD\Kj_°|trgnG©snGt /nrgnG_mactKnG}
t^«\^nGeÐGnD\Bjdi
¬Ê\BnGet¯> rg_
jD\KjtKnGd
ÊtKnGjjlqsrD\_bact^n@uW_bGjwyz¯{ J7è rG]_mGjl]aingtK]m\B_mactKnÊt^]\B}m}mrgZg_mactKn"ai}
nGjjleGje Jå gj'}maiZgdcjl}`_1t<eGjld7\B}m}mrgj}_bG\B__mGjªGrf§ ¬u¯\^n j£/]mai__bjneGai]mjl_bd
\^}\rGnG_baitKn
t^° ¬0a
_b}jldi J ¡frGN \rgnG_mactKn»ac}'\^didcjle»\äâNàÌ
ÍxËWÍÜß<ÍxË
^¸Ûb¸·
µ^ÍÜËÄàÌ[tK]v¸mÞlßGµ^ÍxËÄàÌÖ¤à Ù)
Íĵ^Í°¸ J uܦ\Bj}
]mt^ _bGj]mtfeg<nD\Bail}£\^]mj\^egtKZg_bje jl\BrG}mj(\^n \^nG\^dctK^tKrG}_bgjl]mt<eg<nD\^acjlqsrD\B_mactKnac}£rG}jle
_bttKZgdcjljlno__mGjltKnG}jl]`^\_bact^nvdc\/}1^t)^jl]nGacnG_bgjªGt)Ït^$\K\^} J {
³ D\B_}mGtKrgdce_bGjtKnG}`_bai_mrg_ba
Kj]jldp\_bact^ndct<tK©dcac©Bj ã Ã j_/rG}D]m}`_tfrG}tKn_bgjq<rgjl}_mactKnt^9Gt
¯}mGt^rGdcev^\B]/ai_m ¬ J³ Gj n ¬ac}}m\^dcdÜG_bGj]mto\BeÊac}1nGj\B]mdivjZg_°^k_mGjj l\^]m}1_bD\_t<llrgZs
_bgj]mto\^e[l\^nt ^j"\B_\½(\)gai¬rG3Kjdct<la
_°u}b\K1_bGj}Zkjjledcacai_l¸ ¯z]'I®{ J Ã j_rG}\^}}mrGj
_bG\B_g\^}|_mGj]mtK\^e jltKj}tK]mjl]mt /eGje*GeG]ai^jl]m}
}mdct eGt /ntKrf_t^7ZG]rGeGjnGljBD\^nGe_mD\B_
/gjln
_bgj(eGjnG}ma
_°¤nGjl\^]m0 } ¬J]'I®B,eG]ma
Kj]m}'}dct _btºlj]mt^jldct<la
_° Jvå srG}'|j\^]mjdcje0_btÊ\^}m}rGj_bD\_'_bgj
Kjdct<la
_°ÊeGjl]mjl\^}mj}tKnGtB_btKnGai\^didi]tK \\fac¬rg¥ ¯z]'I®\¹ _ ¬vÕ Ò(_mtvºjl]t\¹ _ ¬vº Õ ¬J]'I® Jè tK]
lt^nGl]j_bjnGjl}}l>
j/acdid-tfegjld-_mGac}]jldp\_bact^nG}mGaiZ*G\_/dcj\B}_1qsrD\^dca
_N\B_mai^jldi^</a
_bv\dcacngj\^]
rgnG_mactKn*
¯»
Õ ¯z]'I®ou I &2¬Õ)¬J]'I®l{Ù u "gJáæ {
å Gj]mjt^]mj_bGjªDrfrGnG_mactKnai}
¬u¯» Õ ¬u¯z]'I®ou I &2¬Õ)¬J]'I®{Ù u "gJíì {
ñ
å Gai}ªDrfvrGng_baitKnai}ºjl]tñ \B°_ ¬ÕÒ\^nGe\B°_ ¬¼ Õ ¬J]'I® kai_1D\^}¦\\fac¬rg \B°_ ¬(Õ : ¬J]'I®BE/gjln
_bgjªGt)Kjlditfai_°¤ac } ¯¼Õ ¯,]'I® J u è tK]¬_°<ZGai\^d_m]b\B¾^¯_bGj\fac¬rg t<lrG]m}\B_\"}mtKj/D\_
}m\^didcjl]/eGjnG}ma
_°K-\ t^rg_ ! Ò: \^]}¦ZEjl]aidcj^>\_¦/GaiN_bGjªDrfac}¦\ t^rg_ I î ÒKÒl\^]m}Zkj]¦Gt^rG]l E_bGai}
lt^]m]mj}mZEtKnGeG}_bt\ªDt Kjlditfai_°vt^\ tKrf_ ¿ Òaidcjl}/ZEjl]GtKrG] J {vt
j'D\Kj\(tKZGdcj_bj£}mj_¦t^
jlqsrD\_bact^nG} J
å t}acZGdca
W_bGjZG]t dijl \BnGe_btac}tKdp\B_mj¦_bgj£j}m}jlno_bac\^dVZD\^]m\^j_bj]m}lgai_ai}rG}mjrGd*_btnGtKngeGacjlnf§
}maitKnD\^diacºj_bgjjlqsrD\B_mactKn Jå t_mGac}jnGe*Vdij_rG}ains_m]mt<eGrGj'_bGjB\^]ap\ dij'Ž Õ ¬Õ)¬J]'I®B*/GaiN"ac}_bgj
âNàÌ-âN¸ÌDÍxÛmµ^ÍxËÄàÌ ¤à Ù(âmµ^ÅÛ
J¬³ jD\Kj_bD\_'Ò û Å û IKJ Y¦di}mtGVdij_rG}ains_m]mt<eGrGjǤ¾ Õ «AÕ)¯z]'I® Jå gjln
}maiZgdcj\^diKj ]b\¬}mgt)/}1_bD\__bGj£wyz jllt^j}
ÓDÅ ê Ó ,uxÅk{ ÕÖÒgÔ u "gJÚî {
ÓGÐ ÓGÇ
/Gj]mj
,uxÅk{~ÕÅXu I &¤Å-{Ù u "gJ {
å Gai}
_b]m\B¾eg<nD\^acl}
jlqsrD\B_mactKnl\^n j}tKdi^jlerG}acnG¬_mGj£±j_mGt<evtBX²
D\^]b\B_bj]mai}_bail}/\^ngerG}mainG
nsrGjl]mai\^d-}mNGjj}lKrG}_1\^}/l\^n|rG]mKj]m}DjlqsrD\B_mactKn J
*,2=<?>A@8BC2¿65875#õ j/]ma
_bj_bGj_m]b\B¾eg<nD\^ac}acn_bGjtK]
ÓDÅ ¬ ê òEuxÅk{
ÓDÅ ÕÒgÙ u "gJ {
ÓGÐ ÓGÇ
³ D\B_1ai}_bGjjfZG]jl}}mact^ntK] òEuxÅk{ã
*,2=<?>A@8BC2¿65E365 ³ ]ai_mjjlqsrD\B_mactKnG}tK]NG\^]b\^_bj]mac}`_bai£rG]^jl}/tK]_bgj_m]b\B¾eg<nD\^ac} J
*,2=<?>A@8BC2¿65EÖ65 ²
tKnG}aceGj]9_mD\B_9\/}macZGdij,}mGt<N©
\ ^j|}tKdcrf_bact^nt^]*_bGj~_b]m\B¾eg<nD\^acl}7jq<rG\B_baitKnG}l