International Journal of Engineering Research And Management (IJERM)

ISSN: 2349- 2058, Volume-1, Issue-4, July 2014

An analysis of security and privacy issues,

Challenges with possible solution in cloud
computing
Rakesh Kumar, Sunil Kumar Jangir, Bhanu Bhushan

 (PaaS) and Software as a Service (SaaS) [54]. Infrastructure

Abstract— Cloud computing is the delivery of computing as as a Service (IaaS) [53] provides the user with virtual
a service rather than a product, whereby IT resources, infrastructure. Platform as a Service (PaaS) provides the user
software, shared resources, and information are provided to with development environment services. Software as a
computers as well as other devices on demand, like
the electricity grid. Cloud computing is also an Internet-based Service (SaaS) provides the user with access to already
computing where a large pool of systems are connected in created applications which is operating in the cloud. Cloud
private or public networks, and provide dynamically scalable computing [3], [54] also has deployment models such as
infrastructure for application data as well as file storage. Private cloud, Public cloud, Community cloud and Hybrid
Security of Cloud computing is an evolving sub-domain of cloud [28], [57].
network security, computer security and information security.
In spite of its vitality, it exhibits many security flaws such as
loss of important data, data leakage and something related to
cloning, resource pooling etc. Security of Cloud Computing is
emerging area for study and this paper presents an overview,
characteristics, benefits, advantages and disadvantages of
cloud computing. Also include the several security and privacy
issues with challenges and includes solution of security issues of
cloud computing. The aim of this paper is to show important
aspect of security, privacy concerned challenges which the
authors and researchers are facing in the security of cloud
computing.

Index Terms— Cloud, Computing, Cloud computing,

Privacy issues, Security issues

I. INTRODUCTION
The word cloud is used as a metaphor for the
Internet. It also focuses on maximizing the effectiveness of
the shared resources [29]. Cloud computing [8] means
storing as well as accessing data and programs over the
Internet instead of your computer's hard drive. Cloud
computing [2], [10] is a type of internet-based computing
that relies on sharing computing resources rather than
having personal devices or local servers to
handle applications. Cloud computing [32], [62] allows you
to set up what is essentially a virtual office to give you the
flexibility of connecting to your business anywhere, any time.
With the growing number of web-enabled devices used in
today's business environment such as smartphones, tablets
access to your data is even easier way. Cloud computing [5],
[6], [57] provides three levels of service models such as
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a Service
Manuscript received July 09, 2014.
Rakesh Kumar, Department of Information Technology, JECRC
Foundation, Jaipur, India, (e-mail: rakeshkumar.it14@jecrc.ac.in).
Sunil Kumar Jangir, Department of Information Technology, JECRC
Foundation, Jaipur, India, (e-mail: sunil.jangir07@gmail.com).
Bhanu Bhushan, Department of Computer Science, JECRC University,
Jaipur, India, (e-mail: bhanu.bhushan@jecrcu.edu.in).
Fig 1: Cloud computing architecture
II. CHARACTERISTICS OF CLOUD COMPUTING
The main characteristics of cloud computing [47] include
on-demand self-service, broad network access, resource
pooling, rapid elasticity, measured service and multi tenacity
[34], [36], [57]. On-demand self-service [52] characteristics
means that customers or usually organizations can request as
well as manage their own computing resources. Broad
network access provides services to be offered over the
Internet. Resource pooling characteristics means that
customers draw from a pool of computing resources, usually
in remote data centers. Services can be scaled larger and
smaller; as well as use of a service is measured and also
customers are billed accordingly. Cloud computing [17]
resource usage can be measured and controlled providing
transparency for both the consumer and provider of the
utilized service [44]. 6th characteristics of cloud computing

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 An analysis of security and privacy issues, Challenges with possible solution in cloud computing
is multi tenacity which advocated by the Cloud Security
Alliance [64]. It refers to the need for policy-driven
enforcement, segmentation, service levels, as well as billing
models for different consumer constituencies.
Some benefits [12], [30], [55] of cloud computing such as:
1) Flexibility and dynamic scalability
2) Competitiveness
3) Work from anywhere
4) Achieve economies of scale
5) Disaster recovery
6) Automatic software updates
7) Increased collaboration
8) Minimize licensing new software
9) Well documented
10) Environmentally friendly
11) Reduce spending on technology infrastructure
12) Streamline processes
13) Reduced cost
14) Projects monitor more effectively
15) Business continuity
16) Increased storage
17) Minimized capital expenditure
18) Location and device independence
19) Utilization and efficiency improvement
20) High computing power
21) Optimized server utilization
22) Shortened development life cycle
23) Reduced time for implementation
III. ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Cloud Computing [41] is a modern technology that uses
the internet as well as central remote servers to maintain data
and applications. Cloud computing [22] is a computing
paradigm that allows consumers and businesses to use
applications without installation as well as access their
personal files at any computer with internet access.
A simple example of cloud computing is Yahoo email,
Gmail, or Hotmail etc. and this delivery of computing as a
service allows for much more efficient computing by
centralizing data storage, processing and bandwidth. Cloud
computing includes some important advantages such as:
A. Simplicity and Lower Costs
We know that cloud networks manage at higher
efficiencies as well as with greater utilization, significant
cost reductions are often encountered [38].
B. Almost Unlimited Storage
Cloud gives you almost unlimited storage capacity for
storing information [65]. So, you no more need to worry
about running out of storage space.
C. Less Maintenance
In clouds applications, hardware and bandwidth are
managed by the provider [66].
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D. Ease of Utilization
You may find that you do not require hardware as well as
software licenses to implement your service, which is
depending upon the type of service being offered.
E. Backup and Recovery
All data is stored in the cloud, backing it up as well as
restoring the same is relatively much easier than storing the
same on a physical device [65]. Mostly cloud service
providers are usually competent enough to handle also
recovery of information [65]. So, it makes the whole process
of backup as well as recovery much easier than other
traditional methods of data storage.
F. Continuous Availability
In Clouds all public cloud services are available wherever
you are located [66].
G. Quality of Service
When you can obtain under contract from your vendor
then Quality of service is something.
H. Automatic Software Integration
You can choose just those services as well as software
applications that you think will best suit for your particular
enterprise [65].
I. Scalability
You need pay for the applications and data storage,
which is used [66].
J. Flexibility and Reliability
The scale of cloud computing networks and also their
ability to provide load balancing and failover makes them
highly reliable.
K. Easy Access to Information
One time you register yourself in the cloud, then you can
access the information from anywhere, anytime, where
there is an Internet connection [65].
L. Elasticity
Private clouds can be scaled to meet your modifying IT
system demands also [66].
M. Outsourced IT management
Outsourced IT Management (IT Outsourcing) is a
bespoke service designed to meet the needs of your
business. It is primarily aimed at companies that do not
have a dedicated IT resource, or for those that need some
extra assistance on a part-time basis and you achieve
considerable reductions in IT staffing costs, in most
instances.
N. Quick Deployment
Cloud computing provides you the advantage of quick
deployment [65]. The amount of time consume here will
depend on the exact kind of technology that you need for your
business [65].
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O. Simplified maintenance and upgrade
You can easily apply patches and upgrades because the
system is centralized, that means your users always have
access to the latest software versions.
P. Expert Service
Cloud computing services are continuously monitored as
well as maintained by our onsite staff of expert data center
technicians [66].
Q. Low barrier to Entry
Anyone can be a giant at any time, in cloud computing,
and in particular, upfront capital expenditures are
dramatically reduced.
R. Easy Implementation
Cloud hosting allows businesses to retain the same
applications as well as business processes without having to
deal with the backend technicalities and provides lesser cost
for in-house IT infrastructure maintenance [68].
IV. DISADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
In spite of cloud computing many benefits, as discussed
above, it also has some disadvantages. Businesses, mainly
smaller ones, need to be aware of these cons before going in
for this powerful technology [43]. As you choose your cloud
computing options, some disadvantages to be aware of
include such as:
A. Constant Internet Connection
Cloud computing completely dependent on network
connections, thus it makes your business dependent on the
reliability of your Internet connection [70]. If you do not have
an Internet connection, you cannot access anything, even
your own sensitive data, and cloud computing does not work
properly for the slow connection [70].
B. Security in the Cloud
The main issue in the cloud is that of security issues [38].
Before using cloud computing, you should know that you will
be surrendering all your company’s sensitive or important
information to a third-party cloud service provider [65]. You
need to make sure that you choose the most reliable service
provider, who will keep your sensitive information totally
secure.
C. Less control
Public clouds are easy for scaling up and down your
resources, companies which require complete and total
control over their data as well as applications will need to
avoid the public cloud [66], [69]. Another solutions contains
hybrid clouds, private clouds, and colocation.
D. Technical Issues
Sensitive information and data on the cloud can be
accessed anytime as well as from anywhere at all, there are
times when this system can have some serious dysfunction
[65]. So, you should be knowledge of the fact that cloud
computing is always prone to outages and technical issues.
Best cloud service providers run into this type of trouble, in
spite of keeping up high standards of maintenance, and also,
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you will need a very good Internet connection to be logged
onto the server at all times easily [65].
E. Not everything fits into the cloud
Depending on the cloud service provider, you may face
restrictions on available applications, infrastructure options
as well as operating systems [66]. Complicating matters
more is the simple fact that not all platforms can live in the
cloud, then it is important to ensure that the cloud service
provider you choose offers physical colocation services as
well as if your platform in the cloud needs to speak to
applications on other platforms, this type of flexibility of
physical colocation will work to ensure successful
interoperation [66].
F. Prone to Attack
Sensitive information and important data in the cloud
could make your company vulnerable to external hack
attacks and threats [65]. As we know that, nothing on the
Internet is fully secure so, there is always the lurking
possibility of stealth of sensitive information.
G. Compatibility
Every existing tool, software and computer is compatible
with the Web based service, platform or infrastructure [67].
H. Bandwidth Issues
Providing an ideal performance, clients have to plan
accordingly as well as do not pack large amounts of servers
and storage devices into a small set of data centers [68].
V. SECURITY ISSUES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
The vendor [7], [9], [59] for Cloud must make sure that
customer does not face any problem like loss of data, data
theft or more [46]. Here I discussed, some of the problem
which is faced by the Cloud computing:
A. Data Loss
If the vendor closes due to financial problems there will be
a loss of data for the customers, so it is a serious problem in
Cloud computing, as well as customers won’t be access those
data’s because data is no more available for the customer as
the vendor shut down [33], [40].
B. Data Location
Location of any data nothing is transparent even the
customer don’t know where his own data’s are located.
Vendor does not reveal where all the data’s are stored and
data’s won’t even be in the same country of customer, it
might be located anywhere in the world [33], [40].
C. Data Theft
Many cloud Vendors instead of acquiring a server tries to
lease a server from another service providers because they are
cost affective [63]. The customer doesn’t know any things, so
there is a possibility that the sensitive data can be stolen from
external server by a malicious user [33].
D. Data Integrity
Data is store on a cloud, then anyone from any location can
access those data’s from the cloud and also Cloud does not
differentiate between a sensitive data from a common data so
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enabling anyone to access those sensitive data’s, Thus it is a
lack of data integrity [14], [33], [39], [40].
E. Privacy Issues
Most of the servers are external, so vendor should make
sure who is accessing the data as well as who is maintaining
the server so enabling the vendor to protect the customer’s
information [14], [33].
F. Security on User Level
Vendor has provided a very good security layer for the
customer, and customer should make sure that because of its
own action, there shouldn’t be any loss of data for other users
who are using the same Cloud [33], [40].
G. Security on Vendor Level
A Cloud is good if when there is a very good security
provided by the vendor to the customers. Server is much
secured from all the external threats, this all things vendor
should make sure [33].
H. Infected Application
Vendor should have the full access to the server for
monitoring as well as maintenance, so preventing any
malicious user from uploading any infected application onto
Cloud which will severely affect the customer [33].
VI. PRIVACY ISSUES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Cloud service [9], [58] providers have already collected
petabytes of sensitive important information stored in data
centers around the whole world [50]. The acceptance of cloud
computing so will be determined by privacy issues addressed
by these companies as well as countries where the data
centers are located [13], [26]. Privacy is also affected by
cultural differences, some cultures favor privacy, but others
emphasize community, thus leads to an ambivalent attitude
towards privacy in the Internet which is also a global system.
Cloud computing [28] has significant implications for the
privacy of important information and for the confidentiality
of business and governmental information. Cloud provider’s
terms of service, privacy policy, and location may
significantly affect a user’s privacy as well as confidentiality
interests [35].
VII. CHALLENGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Despite its growing influence, concerns regarding cloud
computing still remain and all Companies are increasingly
aware of the business value which cloud computing brings as
well as are taking steps towards transition to the cloud [31].
Like any new technology, the adoption of cloud computing is
not free from issues, so here we discussed some common
challenges are:
A. Privacy and Security
Cloud vendors may not be familiar with security
requirements which are unique to government agencies, like
continuous monitoring as well as maintaining an inventory
of systems [19], [21], [49]. The most important challenge to
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cloud computing is that how it addresses the security and
privacy concerns of businesses thinking of adopting it [23],
[51]. Hacking as well as other attacks to cloud infrastructure
would affect multiple clients even if only one site is attacked
[19]. All types of risks can be mitigated by using security
applications, encrypted file systems, data loss software, and
buying security hardware [15], [25].
B. Billing and Service Delivery
The service-level agreements of the provider are not
adequate to guarantee the scalability as well as availability,
and businesses will be reluctant to switch to cloud without a
hard service quality guarantee [19], [49]. Some problem
arises to assess the costs involved due to the on-demand
nature of the services. Existing federal guidance for using
cloud services may be insufficient and incomplete [19].
C. Portability and Interoperability
Some agencies may not have the necessary tools and
resources, like expertise among staff, to implement cloud
solutions [11], [19], [49]. Services of cloud computing should
have the capability to integrate smoothly with the on
premise IT [51]. Corporate and Businesses should have the
leverage of migrating in as well as out of the cloud and
switching providers whenever they want, and also there
should be no lock-in period [19]. To preserve ability to
change vendors in the future, all agencies may attempt to
avoid platforms that lock customers into a particular product
[19].
D. Availability and Reliability
Cloud providers still lack round-the-clock service, and its
results in frequent outages as well as it is important to
monitor the service being provided using third-party tools
[19], [27]. This is vital to have plans to supervise usage,
service-level agreements, performance, and business
dependency of these services [19], [49], [54].
E. Bandwidth Cost and Performance
Businesses and Corporate can save money on hardware
therefore they have to spend more for the bandwidth. It can
be a small cost for smaller applications but can be high for
the data-intensive applications [19], [49]. Complex data as
well as delivering intensive over the network requires
sufficient bandwidth, so many businesses are waiting for
a reduced cost before switching to the cloud [19].
F. Data Protection and Recovery
Data Security [16], [20] is a crucial element and Service
providers are responsible for maintaining data security in the
cloud model [30], [51]. All business applications have
Service level agreements and Operational teams play a key
role in management of service level agreements as well as
runtime governance of applications [49].
G. Service Quality
Service quality [21], [45] is one of the important factors
that the enterprises cite as a reason for not moving his
business applications to cloud. Service level agreements [14],
[60] provided by the cloud providers today are not sufficient
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ISSN: 2349- 2058, Volume-1, Issue-4, July 2014
to guarantee the requirements for running a production
applications on cloud especially related to the performance,
availability, and scalability [21], [49]. So, without proper or
sufficient service quality guarantee enterprises are not going
to host their business critical infrastructure in the cloud [21].
H. Management Capabilities
Management of platform and infrastructure is still in its
infancy as well as some Features such as Auto-scaling, are a
crucial requirement for many enterprises [30].
I. Integration
Some application has complex integration needs to
connect to another cloud applications and other on premise
applications and also need to connect the cloud application
with the rest of the enterprise in a simple, quick, easy and
cost effective way [21].
J. Compliance Restrictions and Regulatory
In some of countries, Government regulations do not allow
customer’s information or other sensitive information to be
physically located outside country, so it is a big challenge for
cloud providers [30].
K. Costing and Charging Model
When migrating to the Cloud can significantly reduce the
infrastructure cost, and it does raise the cost of data
communication, such as the cost of transferring an
organization's data to and from the public as well as
community Cloud and the cost per unit of computing
resource to be higher [1], [37]. Strategic and viable charging
model for Software as a Service (SaaS) provider is crucial for
the profitability as well as sustainability of Software as a
Service (SaaS) cloud providers also [1].
VIII. SOLUTION OF SECURITY ISSUES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Small and large Businesses are realizing the benefits that
come with cloud computing technology [24]. The scalability
which allows you to easily shrink your operation, agility that
enables you to make quick changes, cost-effectiveness so can
save you money, cloud seems such as a no-brainer [28],
[56]. When increased cloud adoption rates come increased
cloud computing security issues also. Here we discussed
about some solution of security issues in cloud computing:
A. Vulnerability shielding
When water hole attacks occurs, then solution is
Vulnerability shielding [18] that update and patch all
software regularly to limit possible access points. The water
hole attack contains 3-step process, first, the attacker does
some reconnaissance and research on its target, in which they
find trusted websites often visited by employees of the target
company. Then, attackers insert an exploit into the trusted
sites, and finally, when your employees visit the trusted site,
the exploit takes advantage of their system vulnerabilities.
B. Find Right Cloud Provider
Second solution of security issues in cloud computing is
find right cloud provider (well established, experience,
standards and regulation), because different vendors have
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different cloud data management [42].
C. Use the Cloud Wisely
If a government entity wants access to sensitive data, at
least they need to come to me and tell me that they want it,
once that is moved to the cloud, all visibility to that is now
lost and they go directly to the cloud provider [18]. Your
cloud provider have access to data by your encryption keys, if
it is possible.
D. Contract Clear With Cloud Vendor
If any cloud vendor closes before contract, enterprise can
claim, so contract should be clear with cloud vendor [42].
E. Data Storage Regulations
The architecture of cloud environment is key and you must
understand concept of the respective data storage regulations
in the countries you operate in. You must look for cloud
security solutions which are compliant with regulations such
as HIPAA, PCI DSS, and EU data protection laws and EU’s
very restrictive regulations, accept that this is a very good
solution [18].
F. Facilities for Recovery
Cloud vendors should be responsible for recovery the date.
If any data is lost due to certain issues, they can be recovered
as well as continuity of data can be managed [42].
G. Enterprise Infrastructure
Amazon Web Service’s has their own security
center explains that so cloud provider has secured the
underlying infrastructure and you, also the client, must
secure anything you put on the infrastructure [18]. Enterprise
must have infrastructure which give you facilitates for
installation as well as configuration of hardware components
like firewalls, routers, servers, proxy servers, and software
etc. [42], [48].
H. Use Split-key Encryption Technologies
You should use split-key encryption technologies [18] to
ensure that only you control your sensitive data and also your
cloud provider shares responsibility for the infrastructure,
therefore you are still responsible for your apps and data [42].
At least not in a readable form you also Use a cloud
encryption solution to show that your data never left home.
I. Access Control
Access control [4], [47] is a key concern, and Cloud
requires also a user centric access control where user request
to any service provider is bundled with the user identity as
well as entitlement information. User identity [4] will have
identifiers which identity and define the user. This approach
leaves the user with the ultimate control of their digital
identities and implies that the system maintains a context of
information for every user.
J. Investigation Support
When use the facility of cloud, Audit tools also provided to
the users to determine how their data is stored, protected,
used, as well as verify policy enforcement, and this audit
tools must be contractually committed along with the
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evidence [61].
K. ID Management and Authentications
When access monitoring is to implement of Key
Management for both cloud service provider and client and
Key must be known for both entities as well as will be
remotely monitored [4]. When clients access the cloud
computing services, it must be first authenticated, not only
using username and password but a digital ID’s also [4].
Find solutions which require no hardware that is the best
fit for cloud environments. In short, a solution should give all
the benefits as well as up in minutes too, so, make sure you
limit your vulnerabilities, do not let anyone have access to
your own encryption keys, comply with all required laws as
well as regulations, use encryption technology to make your
life easier, and understand that you share responsibility for
liability.
IX. CONCLUSION
Cloud computing contains a potential for cost savings to
the enterprises but enormous is security risk. We must be
careful to understand the security risks and challenges posed
in utilizing cloud computing. This technology has also the
potential to become a frontrunner in promoting a secure,
virtual as well as economically viable IT solution in the
future. In our future work, we will try to include improving
the current cloud security model, developing of testing of
data flow, investigating in cloud security management
problem and security in cloud computing.
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