Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • Water Supply BC Punmia PDF Free

    Uploaded by

    Sweta Mistry
    32 views483 pages

    Original Title

    Pdfcoffee.com Water Supply Bc Punmia PDF Free

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    32 views483 pages

    Water Supply BC Punmia PDF Free

    Uploaded by

    Sweta Mistry

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 483
    ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-1 Published by : LAXMI PUBLICATIONS (P) LTD. 22, Golden House, Daryaganj, New Delhi-110002. Phones , | 011-28262368 * | 011-23 26 23.70 011-23 25 2572 011-23 26 2279 Faxes : Branches : 129/1, Ird Main Road, IX Cross, Chamrajpet, Bangalore (Phone : 080-26 61 15 61) 26, Damodaran Street. T. Nagar, Chennai (Phone : 044-24 34 47 26) St. Benedict’s Road, Cochin (Phone : 0484-239 70 04) Pan Bazar, Rani Bari, Guwahati (Phones : 0361-254 36 69, 251 38 81) 4-2-453, Ist Floor, Ramkote, Hyderabad (Phone : 040-24 75 02 47) Adda Tanda Chowk, N.D. 365, Jalandhar City (Phone : 0181-222 12 72) 106/A, Ist Floor, S.N. Banerjee Road, Kolkata (Phones : 033-22 27 37 73, 22 27 52 47) 18, Madan Mohan Malviya Marg, Lucknow (Phone : 0522-220 95 78) 142-C, Victor House, Ground Floor, N.M. Joshi Marg, Lower Parel (W), Mumbai (Phones : 022-24 91 54 15, 24 92 78 69) Radha Govind Street, Tharpagna, Ranchi (Phone : 0651-230 77 64) EMAIL : colaxmi@hotmail.com WEBSITE : www.laxmipublications.com SECOND EDITION : SEPT. 1995 REPRINT : JULY 1998 REPRINT : AUG. 1999 REPRINT : AUG. 2001 REPRINT : AUG. 2002 REPRINT : AUG. 2003 REPRINT : SEPT. 2004 REPRINT : JUNE 2005 ISBN : 81-7008-092-4 EWS-0617-135-WATER SUPPLY ENGG ©1996 = B.C. PUNMIA, ASHOK K. JAIN, ARUN K. JAIN All Rights Reserved by the Authors. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or translated in any other language, without the written permission of the Authors. Price : Rs. 135.00 Only. C—10774/05/06 DTP Composed by : Arihant Consultants, Jodhpur. Printed at : Mehra Offset Press, Delhi CONTENTS CHAPTER 1. WATER SYSTEMS LL 12. 13. 14. Introduction Historical Development Sources _of Water Water Supply Systems CHAPTER 2. HYDROLOGY 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27 28. The Water Cycle Precipitation Measurement of Rainfall Computation of Average Rainfall over a Basin Evaporation and Transpiration Run-off Computation of Run-off SS aT R ff Runoff Flood Discharge CHAPTER 3, SURFACE SOURCES 31. Storage Reservoirs 3.2. Investigations for Reservoir Planning 33. — Selection of Site for a Reservoir 34. St ity and Yield 35. Dams 3.6. Intakes CHAPTER 4. GROUND WATER : WELLS 41. Introduction 42. of Aquifers 43. Storage Coefficient 44, Well Hy tics 45. Determination of Aquifer Constant T 4.6. Characteristic Well Losses : Specific Capacity of Well 47. Interference Among Wells oa Ne BBRBSCUESS BEESSEEEREEEE ©) Fully Penetrating Artesian-gravity Well Partially Penetrating Artesian Well Spherical Flow in a Well ‘Tube Wells Methods for Drilling Tube Wells ‘Well Shrouding and Well Development Open Wells Yield of an Open Well Selection of Suitable Site for a Tube Well Section of a Tube Well Unsteady Flow Other Sources of Underground Water Radial Collector Wells CHAPTER 5. WATER DEMAND AND QUANTITY BER BEBBE Introduction Design Period Population Forecast Factors Affectin; ulation Growth Determination of ulation for Inter-censal and_Post-censal Years Water Demand Factors ing Rate of Demand Variations in R D CHAPTER 6. QUALITY OF WATER 61 62 63. 64, 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 6.10, 611. Introduction Common Impuritiesin Water and their Effect BBE Bgeee 107 BBE EERE BERE Gi) CHAPTER 7. UNIT OPERATIONS 7.1. Introduction 72. Important Unit Operations 123. Gas Transfer 74. — Ton Transfer 75. Solute Stabilization 7.6. Solids Transfer 7.7, Water Treatment Processes CHAPTER 8 SCREENING AND AERATION 8.1. Screening 8.2. Coarse Screens or Bar Screens 8.3. Fine Screens 8.4. Micro-strainers 8.5. Aeration 8.6. Types of Aerators 8.7. Factors Governing Aeration or Gas Transfer 8.8. Design of Gravity Aerators 8.9. Design of Fixed Spray Acrators 8.10. Limitations of Aeration CHAPTER 9. SEDIMENTATION 91. Introduction 9.2. Types of Settlings 9.3, Settling of Discrete Particles 9.4. Types of Sedimentation Tanks 9.5. Horizontal Flow Sedimentation Tank 9.6. Size-weight Composition and Removal 9.7. Maximum Velocity to Prevent Bed Uplift or Scour 98. Design Elements 9.9. Settling Tank Efficiency 9.10. Details of Plain Sedimentation Tanks 9.11. Sedimentation with Coagulation. : Clarification 9.12. Common Coagulants 9.13. Methods of Feeding Coagulants 213 214 216 217 217 218 225 228 231 232 BEES SRRBIRB 9.14. 9.15. 9.16. 9.17. 9.18. 9.19. 9.20. 9.21. Gai) Mixing Devices Flocculation Clarification - Sludge Blanket Tanks or Solid Contact Clarifiers The Pulsator Clarifier Shallow Depth Sedimentation : Tube Settler INustrative Examples Design Examples CHAPTER 10. FILTRATION 10.1. 10.2. 10.3. 10.4, 105. 10.6. 10.7. 108. 10.9. 10.10. 10.11. 10.12, 10.13. 10.14, 10.15. 10.16. 10.17. 10.18. 10.19, 10.20. 10.21. Introduction Theory of Filtration Classification of Filters. Filter Media Slow Sand Filters Rapid Sand Filter : Gravity Type Working and Washing of Rapid Sand Filters Loss of Head and Negative Head Filter Troubles Performance of Rapid Sand Filters Comparison of Slow Sand and Rapid Sand Filters Filtration Hydraulics : Carmen-Kozney Equation : Rose Equation Flow through Expanded Beds Pressure Filters Double Filtration : Roughing Filter Dual Media and Mixed Media Filters Upfiow Filters Biflow Filters Micro-strainers Diatomite Filters 274 277 282 285 287 29 298 311 311 312 312 314 320 329 330 331 333 335 342, 345 353 355 355 357 359 359 (uti) CHAPTER 11. DISINFECTION 11.1. Introduction = 363 11.2. Methods of Disinfection ~ 364 11.3. Minor Methods of Disinfection o 365 11.4. Chlorination ~~ 366 11.5. Forms of Application of Chlorine 368 11.6. Application of Chiorine «372 11.7, Forms of Chlorination «= 374 11.8. Tests for Free and Combined Chlorine “~ 379 11.9. Factors Affecting Bactericidal Efficiency of Chlorine ~ 381 11.10. Kinetics of Chemical Disinfection 385 11.11. Iodine Treatment - 390 11.12. Bromine Treatment = 391 11.13. Ozone Treatment (ozonation) ~ 391 CHAPTER 12. WATER SOFTENING 12.1. Introduction = 394 12.2. Type of Hardness and Methods of their Removal 395 12.3. Lime-soda Process 396 12.4. Lime-soda Softening Plant 402 12.5. Water Softening Accelerator 404 12.6. Zeolite Process 405 12.7. Advantages and Disadvantages of Lime Soda and Zeolite Process 407 12.8. Demineralisation or Deionisation Process 408 CHAPTER 13. MISCELLANEOUS TREATMENT METHODS 13.1. Removal of Iron and Manganese 410 13.2. Colour Odour and Taste Removal ww. 413 13.3. Activated Carbon Treatment ww «414 13.4. Use of Copper Sulphate 417 13.5. Fluoridation - 417 13.6. Defluoridatioa. = 418 13.7. Desalination - = «49 Gav) CHAPTER 14. PUMPS AND PUMPING 14.1. Necessity of Pumping «427 14.2. Types of Pumps and their Choice «427 143. Displacement Pumps 430 14.4. Centrifugal Pumps 433 145. Comparsion of Reciprocating and Centrifugal Pumps aw 435 146. Jet Pump a 436 14.7. Air Lift Pumps a 437 148. Well Pumps o 438 149. Centrigual Pump Installation «440 14.10. Characteristics of Centrifugal Pump ae 441 14.11. Multiple Pump Systems we 442 14.12. Variable Speed Operation we 44d 14.13. Suction Lift Limitations : Cavitation 445 14.14. System Head Curve wa 446 14.15. Operating Point or Operating Range of a Pump ow 448 14.16. Selection of Pumping Units w 449 14.17. Power Requirements of Pumps ~ 450 14.18. Economical Diameter of Pumping Mains wen 452 CHAPTER 15, CONVEYANCE OF WATER 15.1, Introduction -~ 473 152. Pipes a 414 153. Cast Iron Pipes a 474 15.4. Wrought Iron and Galvanised Iron Pipes = 479 155. Steel Pipes 480 15.6. Cement Concrete Pipes «480 15.7. Asbestos Cement Pipes 482 15.8. Copper and Lead Pipes 483 15.9. Wood-stave Pipes 483 15.10. Plastic Pipes 484 15.11. Stresses in Pipes 485 15.12. Corrosion in Pipes 491 15.13. 15.14, @) Pipe Appertenances Head Loss through Pipes CHAPTER 16. DISTRIBUTION OF WATER 16.1. 16.2. 163. 16.4. 165. 16.6. 16.7. 16.8. 16.9. 16.10. 16.11. 16.12. 16.13. Introduction Methods of Distribution Pressure in Distribution Mains Systems of Water Supply Storage and Distribution Reservoirs ‘Types of Storage and Distribution Reservoirs Capacity of Distribution Reservoir Pipe Hydraulics Pipes in Series and Parallel Layout of Distribution System Design of Distribution System Analysis of Pressure in Distribution System Hardy Cross Method CHAPTER 17. WATER SUPPLY FOR BUILDINGS 17.1 Materials for Service Pipes 17.2. Service Connection 17.3. Size of Service Pipes 17.4. Water Meters 17.5. Valves 17.6. Loss of Head through Pipes and Pipe Fittings APPENDIX INDEX 494 499 504 505 552 555 558 562 Water Systems 1.1. INTRODUCTION The five essential requirements for human existence are : (i) air (ii) water (ii) food (jv) heat and (v) light. Contamination of these elements may cause serious health hazards not only to man but also to ‘animal and plant life. Environmental Engineering deals with all these essential elements. The use of water by man, plants and animals is universal. Without it, there can be no life. Every living thing requires water. Man and animals not only consume water, but they also consume vegetation for their food. Vegetation, in turn, cannot grow without water. Growth of vegetation also depends upon bacterial action, while bacteria need water in order to thrive. The bacterial action can convert vegetable matter into productive soil. New plants, which grow in this soil, grow by sucking nutrients through their roots in the form of solution in water. Thus an ecological chain is maintained. Water maintains an ecological balance — balance in the relationship between living things and environment in which they live. The use of water is increasing rapidly with our growing popula- tion. Already there are acute shortages of both surface and under ground waters in many parts of the country. Careless pollution and contamination of the streams, lakes, reservoirs, wells and other under ground sources has greatly impaired the quality of available water. This pollution results because of improper disposal of waster water —both domestic as well as industrial. Organised community life require twin services of water supply and sewage disposal. Good sanitation cannot be maintained without adequate water supply system. Without ® 2 WATER SUPPLY ENGINEERING Proper disposal, the wastes of a community can create intolerable nuisance, spread diseases and create other health hazards. The planning, designing, financing and operation of water and waste water systems are complex undertakings, and they require a high degree of skill and judgement. The work of construction and maintenance of water supply and waste water disposal systems is generally undertaken by Government agencies - mostly through Public Health Engineering or Environmental Engineering Departments consisting of Civil Engineers. 1.2. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT Man’s search for pure water began is prehistoric times. The story of water supply begins with the growth of ancient capital cities, or religious and trade centres. In olden days, most of community settlements throughout the World were made near springs, lakes and rivers from where the water supply for drinking and irrigation purposes was obtained. Rig Veda (4000 years B.C) makes a mention of digging of wells. Similarly, Ramayana, Mahabhartha and Puranas make mention of wells as the principal source of water supply. These wells were mostly of shallow depth, dug near river banks. Water was lifted from the -wells through indegenous methods. However, no water treatment or distribution works existed. Apart from India (Bharat), other major civilisations of the World, such as Greece, Egypt, Assyria etc. used wells for their settlements which were located slightly away from springs, lakes and rivers. Joseph’s well at Cairo is one of the oldest deep wells excavated in rock to a depth of about 300 feet. These wells, however, caused water supply problems during periods of drought. It became necessary, therefore, to store water. Cisterns were constructed for collecting rain water while reser- voirs were constructed to store water from streams and rivers during monsoon period. The stored water was conveyed to towns through masonry conduits and aqueducts. The earlier examples are the aqueducts built by Appius Claudius in about 312 B.C. for water supply to Rome. Lyons in Paris, Metz in Germany and Segovia and Serille in Spain built similar aqueducts and syphons for water supply used for drinking, bathing and other purposes. Sextus Julius Frontinus, Water Commissioner of Rome (A.D. 97)-reported the existence of nine aqueducts supplying water to Rome and- varying in Jength from 10 to over 50 miles and in cross-section from 7 to over 50 sq. ft., with an estimated aggregate capacity of 84 mgd. The great sewer, known as the cloaca maxima and constructed to drain the Roman Forum, is still in service. There was practically no improvement in water supply systems in the middle ages. The earlier water supply structures got destroyed with the fall of Rome. In the ninth century, few important water WATER SYSTEMS 3 supply structures were constructed by the Moors in Spain. In the twelfth century, small aqueduct was constructed in Paris. In London, spring water was brought by means of lead pipes and masonry conduits in the thirteenth century. In Germany, water works were constructed in 1412 and pumps were introduced in 1527 in Hanover. Franciscan monk constructed aqueduct of Zempola in Mexico in ihe middle of 16th century. In 1582, a pump was erected on the old London bridge for the supply of water from the Thames. The water was conveyed through lead pipes. In Paris, pumps operated by water power were erected in 1608. Pumps operating from steam were in- troduced in the 18th century in London and Paris. In the United States, spring water was conveyed by gravity to Boston in 1652. Pumps etc, were introduced at Bethlehem in 1754. However, purposeful quality control of water supply is quite recent in origin. The scientific discoveries and engineering inventions of the eighteenth and nineteeth centuries created centralised industries to which people flocked for employment. This caused serious water supply and waste disposal problems in the industrial towns. No great schemes of water supply were started until the Industrial Revolution had well passed its first half century. The development of the large impounding reservoir was largely due to the necessity of feeding canals constructed during the first phase of the Industrial Revolution. The first water filter was constructed in 1804 by John Gibb at Paisley in Scotland. It was a slow sand filter and worked in conjunction with a settling basin and roughening filter. Next successful filters were constructed in 1827 by Robert Thom at Greenock. In 1829, James Simpson built sizable filters for the Chelsea Water Company to improve its supply from the Thames river. By 1870, the mechanical filter of the pressure type began to be employed, the earliest being the Halliday filters installed at Crewe (1888), Bridlington and elsewhere. In 1894 pre-filters were successfully built. In the first decade of 20th century, mechanical pressure filters were introduced, Hastings being an early pioneer with Canndy filters built in 1900. In India, Calcutta was the first city where a modern water supply system was constructed in 1870. The technique of clarification and filtration soon grew. By 1939, mechanically-sludged sedimentation tanks were in general use. The micro-strainer, for the removal of plankton from the impounded water was developed by Boucher, and was introduced by Glenfield and Kennedy in 1945. Coagulation of water with sulphate of alumina began experimentally in 1827, but was adapted practically only in 1881 to treat Bolton’s water supply. Activated silica was introduced by Bayliss in U.S.A. during 1937. The first permanent use of chlorination originated under the direction of Sir Alexander Houston at Lincoln 4 WATER SUPPLY ENGINEERING in 1905. In 1917, Paterson Engineerihg Company insialled the first gaseous chlorinator at the Rye Common Works. Super-chlorination and dechlorination was first applied in 1922 at the Deptford works of the Metropolitan Water Board. The art of softening water was also first developed in Great Britain. The first municipal softener was constructed by Plumstead in 1854. Development of the softener took a novel turn in 1912 by the construction, at the Hooten works of the West Cheshire Water Board, of a base exchange softener. Since India was under British occupation, water supply schemes in India were undertaken practically about the same time as in England, though with a slower rate. In 1870, a water supply system was const- Tucted at Calcutta. Till Independence, only few cities had protected water supply systems. 1.3. SOURCES OF WATER The following are common sources of water (Rain water (ii) Surface water (#i) Ground water — (iv) Water obtained from reclamation. 1, Rain Water (b) FROM PREPARED CATCHMENTS FIG. 1.1. DIRECT: COLLECTION OF RAIN WATER WATER SYSTEMS 5 (a) From roofs of houses and dwellings ; Water is stored in smail underground tank or cistern, for small individual supplies (Fig. 1.1 a). (b) From prepared catchments : The surface of catchments is made impervious by suitable lining material, and suitable slope is given so that water is stored in moderate size reservoirs. This water is used for communal supplies, mostly for drinking purposes. 2. Surface Water INTAKE TOWER TO PURIFICATION ‘WORKS: (c) WATER FROM RESERVOIR STORAGE FIG. 1.2. SOURCES OF SURFACE WATER aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book. aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book. 8 WATER SUPPLY ENGINEERING ‘1.4. WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS The primary objective of water treatment for public supply is to take water from the best available source and to ‘subject is to processing which will ensure water of good physical quality, free from unpleasant taste or odour and containing nothing which might be detrimental to health. The treatment of water to improve its quality involves additions to, substractions from, or chemical changes in the raw water. Municipal water systems consist of the following units. 1, Collection works 2. Transmission works 3. Purification works and 4. Distribution works. , These systems have been shown diagrammatically in Fig. 1.4. DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM FIG. 1.4. WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS L. Collection Works Collection works are meant for the development of surface water or ground water resources. For major cities, or where water requirements are large, water is collected from a surface source— mostly a river or stream. If the river is perennial, a direct intake structure can be built on the river bank. If, however, river is not perennial, a dam is built across the river so that water is stored aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book. aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book. aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book. 12 WATER SUPPLY ENGINEERING (2) Interflow or sub-surface run off A portion of precipitation infiltrates into surface soil and, depending upon the geology of the basin, runs as sub-surface run- off and reaches the streams and rivers. (3) Ground water flow or base flow It is that portion of precipitation, which after infiltration, per- colates down and joins the ground water reservoir which is ultimately connected to the ocean. Thus, the hydrologic cycle may be expressed by the following simplified equation. Precipitation = Evaporation + Run off @= € + provided adjustment is made for the moisture held in storage at the beginning and at the end of the period. 2.2, PRECIPITATION To the hydrologist, precipitation is the general term for all forms of moisture emanating from the clouds and falling to the ground. The foliowing are the essential requirements for precipitation to occur : 1. Some mechanism is required to cool the air sufficiently to cause condensation and droplet growth. 2. Condensation nuclii are also necessary for formation of droplets. They are usually present in the atmosphere in adequate quantities. 3. Large scale cooling is essential for significant amount of precipitation. This is achieved by lifting of air, Thus a meteorological ‘phenomenon of lifting of air masses is essential to result precipitation. Types of Precipitation Precipitation is often classified according to the factors respon- sible for lifting. Broadly speaking, there are four types of precipitation. (1) Cyclonic precipitation. (2) Convective precipitation (3) Orographic precipitation (4) Precipitation due to turbulent ascent. 1. Cyclonic Precipitation Cyclonic precipitation results from lifting of air masses con- verging into low pressure area or cyclone. The cyclonic precipitation may be divided into (a) frontal precipitation, and (b) non-frontal precipitation. aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book. aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book. aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book. 16 WATER SUPPLY ENGINEERING ‘CLOCK DRIVEN RECORD DRUM FIG. 2.3. WEIGHING BUCKET RAIN GAUGE 3. Tipping Bucket Type Rain-gauge The tipping bucket type rain-gauge consists of a 30 cm diameter sharp edge receiver. At the end of the receiver is provided a funnel. A pair of buckets are pivoted under the funnel in such a way that when one bucket receives 0.25 mm (0.01 inch) of precipitation it tips, discharging its contents into a reservoir bringing the other bucket under the funnel. Tipping of the bucket completes an electric circuit 1 30cm—4 FIG. 2.4. TIPPING BUCKET TYPE RAIN-GAUGE aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book. 18 WATER SUPPLY ENGINEERING Thus, if Pi, P, Ps... ... » Py etc, arf the precipitation or rainfall values measured at m gauge stations, we have eit Pt... + Py EP - - (2-1) Pow 2. Thiessen Polygon Method The arithmetic average method is the most approximate method since rainfall varies.in intensity and duration from place to place. Hence the rainfall recorded by each rain-gauge station should be “weighted according to the area it is assumed to represent. Thiessen polygon method is a more common method of weighting the rain-gauge observations according to the area. Thiessen polygon method is also called weighted mean method and is more accurate than the arithmetic average method. FIG. 2.6. THIESSEN POLYGON METHOD Procedure 1. Join the adjacent rain-gauge stations A, B, C, D etc., by straight lines. 2. Construct the perpendicular bisectors of each of these lines. 3. A Thiessen network is thus constructed. The polygon formed by the perpendicular bisectors around a station encloses an area which is everywhere closer to that station than to any other station. Find the area of each of these polygons shown hatched in Fig. 2.6. 4. Multiply the area of each Thiessen polygon by the rain-gauge * value of the enclosed station. 5. Find the total area (2A) of the basin. 6. Compute the average precipitation or rainfall from the equation HYDROLOGY 19 Poy = At Pit AoPa + agian tafe Ex?) (2.2) 3. Isohyetal Method The basic assumption in the Thiessen polygon method is that a rain-gauge station best represents the area which is close to it. However, this may not always be valid, specially when the rainfall is controlled by topography or results from intense convection. The isohyetal method is the most elaborate and accurate in such conditions. An isohyet is a line, on a rainfall map of the basin, joining places of equal rainfall readings. An isohyet map showing contours of equal rainfall presents a more accurate picture of the. rainfall distribution over the basin. FIG. 2.7, ISOHYETAL METHOD Procedure 1. From the rainfall values recorded at various rain-gauge sta- tions, prepare the isohyetal map for the storm causing the rainfall over the area. 2. Measure the areas enclosed between successive isohyets with the help of a planimeter. 3. Multiply each of these areas by the average rainfall between the isohyets. 4, The average rainfall is then computed from the expression Sa (2 +h) Pay =

    You might also like