APPROACH – ANSWER: ABHYAAS TEST 1 - 2031 (2021)

1. The Kakatiya dynasty left an indelible mark in the fields of architecture and literature. Discuss
with examples. (Answer in 150 words) 10
Approach:
Start with a brief introduction of the Kakatiya dynasty.
Discuss the contribution of the dynasty in the fields of architecture and literature.
Conclude appropriately.
Answer:
The Kakatiyas ruled parts of the present-day Andhra Pradesh and parts of eastern Karnataka and
southern Odisha from 1083 CE to 1323 CE. They were the first feudatories of the Western
Chalukyas of Kalyana.
The Kakatiya dynasty made several contributions and hence, left an indelible mark in the fields of
architecture and literature, as discussed:
a. Architecture:
They carried forward the stellate temple form and adopted the Vesara style of Vimana from
the Chalukyas and customised it as per the cultural geography of Telangana.
o Their use of simple materials like sand in the construction of foundation of a lofty temple
making it an earthquake resistant structure is a masterpiece in the field of construction
and geo-technology.
o The distinct style of Kakatiyas for the gateways to temple complexes confirms the highly
evolved proportions of aesthetics in temple and town gateways in South India.
The use of engineering innovation by creating floating bricks, sand-box foundations, material
selection knowledge and ingenuity in stone sculpting as a technological ensemble at
Rudreshwara Temple, at Palampet, Mulugu district, near Warangal is a masterpiece of
Kakatiyan style of Temple architecture.
An interesting feature of Warangal fort temple is there are four gateways called ‘’ Kirti
Stambhas’’ which face the four cardinal points of the compass.
b. Literature:
As great patrons of art and literature, the Kakatiyas took initiatives to promote Sanskrit,
because of which there was revival of Sanskrit literature during this period.
Telugu literature itself reached a level of maturity in the 14th century during the Kakatiya
period.
Nritta Ratnavali authored in 1253 A. D. Jayasenapati was inspired from the dancing female
figures carved in Ramappa Temple.
The famous Italian merchant and explorer Marco Polo had remarked highly about the art and
architecture of the Kakatiya dynasty. He held the Rudreshwara Temple as the brightest star in the
galaxy of medieval temples of the Deccan, establishing the indelible contribution of the Kakatiya
dynasty.
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2. Bal Gangadhar Tilak was instrumental in creating a national consciousness and giving political
voice to the masses during the course of national movement. Discuss. (Answer in 150 words) 10
Approach:
Give a brief introduction about Bal Gangadhar Tilak.
Then discuss how he was instrumental in creating a national consciousness and giving political
voice to masses during the course of national movement through his contributions in national
movements,
Conclude accordingly.
Answer:
Bal Gangadhar Tilak, was one of the first leaders of the Indian independence movement. He is called
"Father of the Indian unrest" and was conferred with the title of Lokmanya, which means "accepted by
the people as a leader". Mahatma Gandhi called him "The Maker of Modern India".
Because of his widespread publicity, he was able to stir national consciousness among the masses.
Some of his important contributions include:
Philosophy of Swaraj: The triumvirate Lal-Bal-Pal formed the major extremist faction of Congress
during the Bengal division. They represented the group which thought that moderate actions are
not enough to gain self-rule. Tilak was instrumental in adoption of ‘Swaraj’ as the goal of Congress
in 1906 Calcutta session presided by Dada Bhai Naoroji.
Nationalism: He recognized the tremendous symbolic significance of historical and religious
festivals, flags and slogans in arousing the spirit of nationalism. Therefore, he made very effective
use of such symbols in the form of Ganpati festival, references of Shivaji, and incidents from Geeta
and Mahabharata in his speeches to mobilize people against policies of the British government.
Theory of ‘boycott’ and ‘Swadeshi’: Tilak saw the value in the tools of boycott and swadeshi for
the reconstruction of Indian industry, trade and craft and rescue it from its dilapidated condition.
Propaganda through newspaper: Tilak founded two newspapers i.e., Kesari and Maharatta
which actively propagated the cause of national freedom. His fiery articles were blamed for inciting
murder of the British Officers who were members of the Special Plague Committee. His
imprisonments related to the sedition charges also inspired the masses to break laws in Gandhian
way and court arrest.
Home Rule League: In the backdrop of WW I, Tilak and Annie Besant started their Home Rule
Movement, which is believed to have set the stage for the Indian independence movement. The
movement put tremendous pressure on British rule, which had to introduce Montagu-Chelmsford
reforms, which formed the basis of constitutional reforms through the Government of India Act,
1919.
Tilak was a realist in his approach to political problems. His formula for preparing the ground for
political activism through culture, education and media was so powerful that it was later on adopted by
Mahatma Gandhi also.

3. The 1929 Lahore session of Congress shaped the vision for an independent India in many
important ways. Explain. (Answer in 150 words) 10
Approach:
Briefly give a background of the 1929 Lahore session of Congress.
Write about important decisions taken at the 1929 session and how they shaped the vision for an
independent India.
Conclude appropriately.
Answer:

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 The 1929 Lahore session of Congress happened in the backdrop of several important events that had
prepared a foundation for launching the next stage of Indian freedom struggle i.e., demand of
“Poorna Swaraj”. The Government of India Act, 1919 caused discontentment with the British policies
further compounded by the all-white Simon Commission of 1927. Lord Birkenhead had challenged the
nationalists to draft a constitution that was acceptable to all.
Also, the session took place amidst the breakdown of negotiations between leaders of the freedom
movement and the British over the question of dominion status as Lord Irwin retraced back on his
declaration that India would be granted dominion status in future. He changed his stance after backlash
in England and said that he could not promise dominion status anytime soon.
The key highlights of the 1929 session, which make it a defining moment in India’s freedom struggle
and shaped the vision for an independent India in following ways:
Declaration of Poorna Swaraj: The INC abandoned its long-standing demand of dominion
status and stated complete independence from foreign rule as its ultimate goal. Till now, the
Congress was demanding dominion status. But this change in guard pressurized Britishers for
further devolution of power to Indians as evident from future proposals like Cabinet Mission
plan, Wavell plan or Mountbatten plan.
Symbolic independence: A public declaration was made on 26th January, 1930- a day which INC
urged Indians to celebrate as Independence Day. The Indian tricolor was hoisted for the first time
on the banks of Ravi. It helped in keeping the masses interested in the freedom struggle. Masses
started participating more aggressively in future struggles like the CDM or Quit India movement.
Boycott of Round Table Conferences (RTC): It was decided to boycott the RTCs convened by the
British PM Macdonald as they were based on Simon Commission report thus making RTCs’ outcome
irrelevant in the absence of Congress.
Resolution of Civil Disobedience Movement (CDM): It was adopted to reinvigorate the masses
towards a mass struggle against exploitation. Massive participation of Indians in CDM and
acceptance of rights of Indians by the British to make salt for self-consumption are testament to the
success of CDM. It led to a new wave of consciousness and nationalism among the masses.
Recognition to socialist ideology: Jawahar Lal Nehru’s elevation to the presidency was a
recognition of acceptance of socialist ideology in INC. In later years, under two years of Congress
rule, this ideology gave people the real sense of freedom and masses became more aware of the
importance of freedom.
Hence, the 1929 Lahore session heralded a new phase of political struggle and ideology. The Indian
nationalists unambiguously upheld the principles of self-rule and self-determination by adopting
Poorna Swaraj, which reinvigorated the freedom struggle from time to time and was a major
causative factor for the events that unfolded till 1947.

4. Explain, in what ways, different historical experiences led countries like China and Japan on widely
divergent paths to building independent and modern nations. (Answer in 150 words) 10
Approach:
Give a brief context about the historical growth of a nation.
Write about different historical conditions, which led China and Japan on divergent paths of
building independent and modern nations.
Conclude accordingly.
Answer:
Historical circumstances of a nation play an important role in its growth and development. In East Asia,
two major economies, i.e., China and Japan, having different historical backgrounds pursued different
paths towards building independent and modern nations.

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 Japan:
Meiji restoration: It was a political revolution in 1868 that brought about the final demise of the
Tokugawa shogunate (military government). The Meiji constitution was based on a restricted
franchise and created a Diet (parliament) with limited powers.
Industrialization: Although the economy still depended on agriculture, industrialization was the
primary goal of the government. Development of strategic industries, transportation, and
communications, were undertaken.
Capitalism: Private firms were encouraged by the government and aided by the institution of a
European-style banking system in 1882.
Civilization and Enlightenment (“Bunmei kaika”): Western culture was widely promoted,
especially in clothing and architecture.
Aggressive nationalism: It led to strengthening of the military and expansion of Japan’s colonial
empire. Japan established colonial empires in Taiwan (1895) and Korea (1910). It defeated China in
1894, and Russia- an European power- in 1905.
Defeat by Anglo-American forces and re-emergence as global economic power: Japan's drive
for empire led to war and defeat at the hands of the Anglo-American forces. It also marked the
beginning of a democratisation and emergence as a global economic power in the 1970s.
Similarly, different historical conditions prevailing in China led it to a distinct path of
modernisation:
Colonial challenge: The demand for Chinese goods such as tea, silk and porcelain created a serious
balance-of-trade problem and attracted the colonial powers, leading to two Opium Wars in 19th
century. It undermined the ruling Qing dynasty and strengthened demands for reform and change.
Establishment of republic: The imperial government was overthrown and a republic was
established in 1911 under Sun Yat-sen with focus on the Three Principles: nationalism, democracy
and socialism.
Rise of the Communist Party of China (CPC): CPC was founded in 1921. There was a civil war
between Guomindang and CPC in which the Communist Party emerged victorious in 1949.
Establishing the New Democracy (1949-65): The Chinese reacted slowly and faced immense
difficulties to rebuild their national strength and become free from Western and Japanese control.
The government led by CPC found that both objectives, i.e., removing inequalities and rebuilding
the country, could be achieved through revolution (Cultural Revolution, Great Leap Forward, etc.).
Chinese model of communism: By the end of the 1970s, Chinese leaders felt that the ideological
system was retarding economic growth and development. This led to wide-ranging reforms of the
economy that brought back capitalism and the free market even as the Communist Party retained
political control.
Thus, the different history of the two nations put Japan on the capitalist path, while China became a
communist country. Yet, the experience of both nations has been inspirational for growth of the
countries, especially in the third world.

5. What is Madden-Julian Oscillation? How does it differ from El-Nino? Discuss its impact on Indian
Monsoon. (Answer in 150 words) 10
Approach:
Briefly introduce the answer with a definition of Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO).
Write about different phases or parts of MJO.
Highlight the major differences between MJO and El-Nino.
Write the impact of MJO on Indian Monsoon.
Conclude accordingly

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Answer:
Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) is
an eastward moving pulse of cloud
& rainfall in the tropics that recurs
every 30 to 60 days. It is
a traversing phenomenon and is
most prominent over the Indian and
Pacific Oceans.
MJO consists of two phases or
parts as follows:
Enhanced rainfall or
convective part: At this phase,
winds at the surface coverage
pushed up throughout the
atmosphere.
o After reaching the top of the atmosphere, the wind reverses.
o Such rising air motion in the atmosphere tends to increase condensation and rainfall.
Suppressed rainfall phase: Winds converge at the top of the atmosphere, forcing air to sink and,
later, to diverge at the surface.
o As air sinks from high altitudes, it warms and dries, which suppresses rainfall.
o This phase brings more sunshine and dryness in the suppressed convective phase.
Difference between El-Nino and MJO:
Although both El Nino and MJO are ocean-atmosphere interactions that occur in the equatorial region
they differ on account of their:
Nature: While El Nino i.e. the unusual warming of sea-surface Pacific waters off the South American
coast, is a stationary system, the MJO, on the other hand, is a moving system of wind, cloud and
pressure that brings rain as it circles around the equator.
Frequency: While El-Nino is associated with persistent features that last several seasons over the
Pacific Ocean basin, MJO events occur within a season (i.e. weather varies on a week-to-week basis).
Impact: Although the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), El-Nino and MJO are all oceanic and atmospheric
phenomena, which affect weather on a large scale. IOD only pertains to the Indian Ocean, but the
other two affect weather on a global scale-up to the mid-latitudes.
Impact of MJO on Indian Monsoon:
As it moves, strong MJO activity often splits the planet into two zones: one in which the MJO is in active
phase and brings rainfall, and the other in which it suppresses rainfall.
When it is over the Indian Ocean during the Monsoon season, it brings good rainfall over the
Indian subcontinent.
On the other hand, when it witnesses a longer cycle and stays over the Pacific Ocean, MJO brings
dry air and bad news for the Indian Monsoon.
MJO being a lesser-known phenomenon, it becomes important for the Indian Meteorological
department to study more and to track it timely to predict its impact on Indian Monsoon.

6. What are endogenic forces? Highlight their types and discuss the role played by them in forming
various landforms on the earth. (Answer in 150 words) 10
Approach:
Introduce by highlighting the meaning of endogenic forces.
Mention its various types.
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 Discuss in brief the various landforms formed due to it.
Conclude accordingly.
Answer:
The interaction of matter and temperature generates the forces or movements inside the earth’s
crust, which are known as the endogenic forces. These internal forces continuously elevate or build
up parts of the earth’s surface. In general terms, the endogenic forces are mainly land building forces.
Endogenic forces can be classified as those causing slow movements (diastrophic) and those causing
sudden movements:
Diastrophic forces refer to forces generated by the movement of the solid material of the earth’s
crust. All the processes that move, elevate or build portions of the earth’s crust come under
diastrophism. Diastrophism includes:
o Orogenic processes involving mountain building through severe folding and affecting long and
narrow belts of the earth’s crust.
o Epeirogenic processes involve uplift or warping of large parts of the earth’s crust.
o Earthquakes involving local relatively minor movements.
o Plate tectonics involving horizontal movements of crustal plates.
Sudden movements can result in volcanism, earthquakes and landslides.
Endogenic forces are also known as ‘constructive forces’ as they create relief features on the surface of
the Earth. Following are some of the landforms created by endogenic forces:
Structural plains: These plains are formed by the uplift of a part of the sea floor or continental
shelf. These are located on the borders of almost all the major continents. Example: Great Plains of
the USA.
Continental plateau: Plateaus formed by the upliftment or extensive spreading of lava on the
Earth’s surface. They are bordered on all sides by plains or oceans, forming away from the
mountains. An example of a continental plateau is the Antarctic Plateau or Polar Plateau in East
Antarctica.
Fold Mountains: When the sedimentary rocks are subjected to compressional forces for millions of
years, they get bent into up and down folds, which lead to the formation of anticlines and synclines.
Such Earth movements occur from time to time and lift the folds to a considerable height which
result into the formation of Fold Mountains, such as the Himalayas in Asia, the Alps in Europe, the
Rockies in North America, and the Andes in South America.
Block Mountains: When the forces of tension act on the rocks, they create faults in them. When the
land between the two almost parallel faults is raised above the adjoining areas, it creates block
mountains. Example: The Vosges in France; Black Forest Mountain in Germany.
Rift Valley or Graben: When a block between two normal faults is depressed, the valley formed in
the faults is known as Rift Valley or Graben. Example: East African Rift, the Baikal Rift Valley, the
West Antarctic Rift, and the Rio Grande Rift, Narmada rift valley.
Volcanic Mountains: Volcanic Mountains are formed when molten rock (magma) deep within the
earth, erupts, and piles upon the surface. Magna is called lava when it breaks through the earth's
crust. When the ash and lava cools, it builds a cone of rock. Rock and lava pile up, layer on top of
layer. Examples: Mount St. Helens in North America, Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines, Mount Kea
and Mount Loa in Hawaii.
Intermontane Plateau: The intermontane plateaus form either bordering the fold mountain range
or are partly or fully enclosed by Fold Mountains. Vertical movements raise these extensive
landforms of nearly horizontal rocks to thousands of meters above sea level. Example, the Plateau
of Tibet, surrounded by The Himalayas, Karakoram, Kunlun, Tien Shan.
The landforms created by the endogenic forces often further undergo change leading to new
modifications due to changes in climatic conditions and vertical or horizontal movements of
landmasses.

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7. In context of the significance of the Himalayan mountain system for South Asia, explain the factors
responsible for melting of glaciers and its impact on the region. (Answer in 150 words) 10
Approach:
Introduce the answer by writing about significance of the Himalayas for South Asia.
Bring out the factors that are responsible for the melting of Himalayas.
Bring out the impact of melting of glaciers in the Himalayas on the region.
Conclude accordingly.
Answer:
The Himalayan Mountain range is home to many of the world’s highest peaks. Passing through India,
Pakistan, Afghanistan, China, Bhutan and Nepal, it marks an important cultural and ecological location.
Significance of Himalayan Region for South Asia:
Water Source and glaciers: Some of the world’s most important glaciers are found in the
Himalayas from where some of the world’s largest rivers originate like Indus, Yarlung Zangbo River
etc. Nearly 2 billion people rely on Himalayas for drinking water, agriculture, Industries etc.
Barrier to Siberian Winds: These protect countries like India, Bangladesh from the cold Siberian
Winds.
Natural Border: This region acts as the natural border for several countries like Nepal, China,
Pakistan, India etc.
Source for Hydro Electricity: Countries like India, Bhutan, Nepal build small and large Hydro
Electric projects upon the streams of Himalayan Rivers.
Home to biodiversity: This region has many endemic species of flora and fauna, like Snow
Leopard, Rhododendrons etc.
However, glaciers in Himalayas have been recorded to be melting at a faster rate in recent past due to
various factors:
Climate change: Rising global temperatures leading to melting and breaking of large glaciers into
small ones. This fragmentation of glaciers further leads to faster melting.
Black carbon: Increasing concentration of black carbon from the brick kilns, burning of biomass
etc. are depositing on the glaciers, which reduce their albedo, thus, increasing melting rate.
Tourism: Tourist activities also lead to faster melting of glaciers because of the disposal of plastic,
greenhouse gas emissions from vehicular traffic etc.
Impacts of melting of glaciers in Himalayas:
Floods: In the short term, glacier melting can cause flooding as was seen in the recent Glacial Lake
Outbursts in Uttarakhand.
Drying up of rivers: In the long run, this may lead to drying up of perennial rivers like Ganga,
Indus etc., which will lead to water shortage in the region.
Geopolitical tensions: These may arise due to water shortage and force the Upper Riparian States
like China to build dams to divert water.
Change in monsoon pattern: Melting of glaciers and changes in pressure systems are also
believed to affect monsoon pattern in the region.
Reducing albedo: Melting of glaciers reduces albedo, which leads to increase in the average
atmospheric temperature in the region.
Mass Migration: Water shortage also leads to migration, thus impacting the demographic profile.
Thus, melting of glaciers in Himalayas may have a profound impact on the region. So, there is a need to
protect the Himalayan glaciers by reducing the carbon footprint, minimising vehicular traffic in the
region, curbing biomass burning, keeping the global average temperature at optimal level etc. In this
regard, the International Climate Initiative and National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan
ecosystem are steps in the right direction.

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8. The COVID-19 pandemic has not only exposed globalisation as highly vulnerable and fragile but
also forced a rethinking on its merits. Discuss. (Answer in 150 words) 10
Approach:
Introduce the answer with the context of the ongoing debate regarding the effects of globalisation
amidst the COVID-19 pandemic.
State the factors that have exposed the vulnerabilities of globalisation during the pandemic.
Suggest alternatives to deal with such a crisis in the future.
Conclude accordingly.
Answer:
Globalisation is the process of growing interdependence of the world’s economies, cultures, and
populations, through cross-border trade, technology, and flows of investment and information. The
COVID-19 pandemic has altered the global order and has impacted mobility, economy and healthcare
systems of countries.
Globalisation has been exposed as fragile and vulnerable due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the
following ways:
Disrupted global supply chains: Globalisation, in its pursuit of profits, has created a system that is
non-resilient, insufficiently diversified, and vulnerable to interruptions. During the COVID-19
pandemic, the global supply chains and distribution networks were susceptible to disruption as
countries imposed lockdowns and prevented movement of people and goods.
Hard borders: The ultimate decision on whether borders remain open or closed and hard or soft,
rests ultimately on States and their narrowly defined self-interests. For example, some countries
held on tightly to their own supplies of face masks and medical equipment, and others struggled to
source supplies.
Uneven access to critical resources: The uneven access to vaccines and resource pools during the
pandemic was testimony to the grave inequalities that emerged, leading to wider divides of haves
and have nots in the global arena.
Dysfunctionality of international organisations: International organisations are not seen as
either reflecting the changing power balances, or addressing the fallouts of an inter-connected
world. For instance, the WHO was called out for callous and delayed interventions during the
breakout of the pandemic.
Rethinking globalisation as a strategy for the post-pandemic world order:
Shift towards local and robust supply chains: Global firms should take greater account of risks,
and create supply chains that are more local and robust.
Balance between self-reliance and globalisation: As the world turns inwards, a balance must be
sought between self-reliance and globalisation. For example, in addition to convening South Asian
leaders together to craft a common regional response, India has focused on self-reliance through
Atmanirbhar Bharat and Make in India initiatives.
Plurality of actors and processes: There should be broader engagement of agencies like NGOs,
businesses, media and other non-state actors and processes to convene a regional strategy to put in
place a more stable, sustainable and long-term development plan.
Greater integration with sustainability goals: In pursuing goals for regional resilience, nations
need to ensure that the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are accounted for. For example, the
Sustainable Blue Economy (BE) Strategy adopted by the Seychelles.
Post-pandemic, as states turn inwards, there is a need for solutions that ensure self-reliance among
countries while also leaving room for global cooperation. Further, in this context, political realism and
the concept of New Regionalism stipulate that the most powerful regional power should lead the way,
such as Brazil in Mercosur, America in NAFTA, Germany and France in the EU. To this end, India too
must lead the way in pursuing regional initiatives in its neighbourhood.

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9. In what ways are caste-based inequities still manifested in urban India? Discuss with examples.
(Answer in 150 words) 10
Approach:
Briefly discuss the existing caste-based inequities in India.
Mention with examples, the ways in which the caste-based inequities are present in urban India.
Conclude accordingly.
Answer:
The caste system is a form of social stratification that is hierarchical in nature and is based on the
notions of purity and pollution. It is an institutionalized system of “domination and exclusion” that
structures opportunities and outcomes. In India, there is a clear dichotomy in how the caste system is
practised in rural areas vis-à-vis urban areas. In cities, where caste is not the fundamental basis of
distinction, there is greater mobility and choice, whereas, in rural regions, caste forms the basis of
hierarchy and segregation when it comes to occupation, social networking, etc.
In this context, despite the fact that urban areas have contributed more towards social transformation
based on reduction in caste-based differences and discrimination, caste inequities still exist and
manifest in different forms. This is reflected from the following:
Employment: According to an NSSO survey, caste and religion continue to play a key role in
recruitment in urban areas. For instance, Scheduled Castes are employed for fewer number of
days as compared to upper castes.
Housing or rental accommodation: Screening by landlords and often times the reluctance of
upper caste landlords prevents lower castes from accessing desirable housing regardless of their
ability to pay.
Educational opportunities: There is discrimination in seating arrangements in classrooms and
also while serving mid-day meals. Lower caste students are segregated and made to sit at
different places from the upper caste students.
Social networks: People mostly socialise within their caste group and there are several caste
group associations in cities, which result in strengthening caste hierarchies.
Marriage prospects: Although inter-caste marriages in urban areas have increased, caste is still
an important determinant of marital alliance. Even on matrimonial websites, people opt for
partners who belong to their caste group.
Issues of urban migrants: Caste hierarchies and identities experienced by migrants do not
disappear within cities, but are rather reorganized and reproduced as new collective identities
emerge along reformulated caste lines, which are unique to the urban context.
While some extreme indignities related to caste may be less prevalent in cities, caste-based
discrimination continues, often taking on new forms. Caste transforms, and in turn is transformed by
life in the city.

10. Menstruation has always been surrounded by taboos and myths that exclude women from many
aspects of socio-cultural life. Discuss in the context of India. Also, suggest some steps to combat
these taboos and myths. (Answer in 150 words) 10
Approach:
Introduce the answer by highlighting the taboos and myths associated with menstruation.
Discuss how it excludes women from many forms of socio-cultural aspects.
Mention some suggestions to address these taboos and myths.
Conclude on the basis of the above points.
Answer:
Menstruation is a natural process that begins in females usually between the age of 11 and 14 years and
is one of the indicators of the onset of puberty among them. Despite being a natural phenomenon, it has
been shrouded with secrecy, limitations and myths in many societies. For instance, in India,
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 menstruation invites several restrictions on women such as prohibition from touching water and
cooking, attending religious and cultural ceremonies, entering religious/cultural sites and engaging in
community activities.
The stigma around menstruation has a severe impact on the social development of girls and
women in India due to the following:
Exclusion from public life: Restrictions such as prohibiting menstruating females from entering
temples or kitchens or touching holy books can reinforce the idea that women and girls have less
claim to public spaces, and their ability to participate in public life is limited.
Undermining socio-economic advancement: The cultural shame attached to menstruation and
shortage of menstrual products prevent menstruating women from going to school and
undertaking jobs. This not only undermines gender equality but also restricts their socio-economic
advancement.
Hygiene and health issues: Approximately 88% of menstruating women in India resort to using
unsafe sanitary methods like newspapers, old rags, husk, ash, leaves, etc., which increases their
susceptibility to infection.
Barriers to opportunities: A common misconception is that women and girls have diminished
physical and emotional capacities due to their menstrual cycles. This can create barriers to
opportunities thereby reinforcing gender inequality.
Heightened vulnerability: The onset of menstruation, called menarche, is looked upon as an
indication that girls are ready for marriage or sexual activity. This can undermine their human
rights, as it leaves them vulnerable to a host of abuses, including child marriage and sexual violence.
Steps to combat these taboos and myths include:
Raising awareness: Raising awareness among adolescent girls about menstrual health and
hygiene through community-based health education campaigns can prepare them better for onset
of menstruation. This can be done by:
o Improving the educational status of women, as it plays an important role in improving the
health status of the community at large and overcoming cultural taboos, in particular.
o Including menstrual hygiene management curriculum in schools.
Educating males: Educating the male members of society about menstruation being a natural
phenomenon in order to bring about an effective change in society and destigmatising
menstruation.
Availability of associated infrastructure and menstrual products: Provision of sanitary napkins
and adequate facilities for sanitation and washing should be made available keeping gender
requirements in mind in educational institutions, public offices, etc.
Sensitization of health workers: This is to ensure dissemination of knowledge in the community
and mobilize social support against busting menstruation-related myths.
Menstrual leave policy: The State should formulate menstrual leave policy for working women
and female students to encourage the right to rest without being penalized in any way.
A multi-dimensional approach is required to address prejudices and myths related to menstruation.
There is also a need to link physical infrastructure and water and sanitation projects to health
education and reproductive health programmes and address the issue in a more holistic way.

11. Provide an account of the origin and spread of devotional Bhakti in South India and discuss how
this popular movement expressed itself in the vernacular literature of the south. (Answer in 250
words) 15
Approach:
Give a brief introduction about the Bhakti movement.
Mention the origin and spread of the Bhakti movement in South India.
Write about vernacular literature, which contains Bhakti movement.
Conclude accordingly.
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Answer:
The Bhakti movement as it originated in South India in the eighth century refers to the religious
movement during the medieval period, which propagated the concept of Bhakti i.e., intense love and
devotion to God while condemning rituals, ceremonies and superstitions. It sought to bring
religious reforms to all strata of society by adopting the method of devotion to achieve salvation. It
achieved a great deal of popularity through the poems of the Alvars and Nayanars, the Vaishnavite
and Shaivite poets.
Its origin and spread can be traced as following:
An earlier type of Bhakti that preaches a personal devotion, contemplative and sober, to a
personal Lord can be found expressed in the Bhagavad Gita.
Though exact time of beginning of Bhakti is uncertain, the earliest devotional bhakti poetry of
Tamil precedes the coming of Islam. The divination of Krishna and Rama emerged around the
beginning of the Christian era. Stories about Krishna were added to the Puranas, thus transforming
the Krishna myth and leading to slow transformation of Bhakti itself.
From the seventh to the tenth centuries a very extensive hymnal literature came to light. The
collections of these hymns acquired immense importance and soon came to be considered as the
‘Tamil Veda’.
The first clear manifestation of the new form of bhakti which was emotional, ardent, ecstatic, often
using erotic imagery- appears in the Tamil country in the early seventh century, in the poems of the
Nayanars and of the Alvars.
o Nayannars: They composed hymns in the praise of Lord Shiva.
o Alvars: Alvars, which literally means “those immersed in God”, were Vaishnava poet-saints
who sang praises of Vishnu or Krishna as they travelled from one place to another.
o Virashaiva Movement: They emerged in the 12th Century AD in Karnataka during the reign
of Kalachuri dynasty. They opposed the elaborate rituals prescribed by Hindu priests.
o Various saints: In the ninth century, Shankaracharya, born in Kerala, started a Hindu
revivalist movement giving a new orientation to Hinduism. In the twelfth century, Ramanuja,
born near modern Chennai, preached Vishishtadvaita. In the thirteenth century,
Madhavacharya from the Kannada region propagated Dvaita or dualism of Jivatma and
Paramatma.
Thus, the Bhakti movement spread in South India through various saints who denounced rigidities of
Hinduism. The vernacular language of the south depicts the Bhakti movement in following form:
In the Tamil region the hymns of the Alvars and the Nayannars soon gained the status of divine
scripture.
o Nayannars wrote ‘Tevaram’, which is also called the Dravida Veda.
o Alvars composed hymns in the praise of Vishnu and his avatars, which are compiled in the
‘Divya Prabandha’.
Virasaivas invented a new kind of Kannada literature called – the vachana. These were little
pieces of rhythmic prose sermons, meant for the people and inculcating bhakti to Shiva. The
Lingayats also left collections of hymns, and a hagiographic literature in praise of their saints.
o During Vijayanagar kingdom, the Mahabharata and other Sanskrit texts were translated
into vernacular. These were often followed by popular songs composed and sung by the
dasas, or mendicant singers.
Telugu literature follows closely the pattern of development of Kannada literature. Nannaya
translated part of the Mahabharata, which was later continued by Tikkana, and finished by
Yerraprgada. The Ramanayan and the great Puranas too were soon transposed into Telugu.
o Vemana wrote ‘sataka’ is a collection of gnomic verse with sarcastic attacks on the brahmans,
on polytheism, idolatry and pilgrimages.
The Bhakti was a mass movement, hence the saint poets chose vernacular as its vehicle to which the
common people could easily relate to.

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12. The idea of urban decay in India in early medieval times has been propounded by some but
evidences from various parts of the country suggest otherwise. Discuss. (Answer in 250 words) 15
Approach:
Introduce by explaining the meaning of urban decay.
Discuss in brief the idea of urban decay as propounded by some historians.
With the help of appropriate examples, give counter arguments for the same.
Conclude on the basis of the above points.
Answer:
Urban decay is the sociological process whereby a previously functioning city, or part of a city, falls
into disrepair and decrepitude. The idea of urban decay in medieval times has been recorded by
many historians like Hiuen Tsang, who believe that a decline in long-distance trade was the
trigger for it. This, in turn, undermined the position of urban-based artisans and traders who were
unable to pay taxes and ultimately had to migrate to the rural areas. This idea has been supported
by references to the transfer of rights over markets to donees and merchants transferring part
of their profits to temples.
However, the account of historians presents a complex picture of the extent of this process:
Decline only in a few urban centres: Hiuen Tsang, while mentioning decline of Kaushambi,
Shravasti, Vaishali, acknowledged that the urban centres like Thaneswar, Varanasi and
Kanyakubja were flourishing. This is supported by the vibrant city life showcased in numerous
literary works, sculptures and architecture, which must have been substantially patronised by the
urban elites.
Numismatics: Though there was a reduction of coin types and a decline in the aesthetic
quality of coins, no change in the volume of coins in circulation has been observed. This
highlights that the demand for coins was on the rise and thus supply of precious metals was
restricted.
Traders and Merchants: In Western India, the literary sources give inference that traders here
traded luxury goods along with staples like food grains, spices, oil, salt etc., which were taken
to the coastal areas. From here the Arab traders took these goods to other parts of the world
highlighting a sound maritime trade setup. Several Hundis or Bills of exchanges have been found
related to this era.
o Merchants also played an important role in the administrative setup of the Chalukyas,
occupying important civic and military posts like Mahamataya and Dandadhipati.
o This time period also saw the rise of India-China trade, especially in silk, which was later
diversified to include yarn, iron, pepper and horses.
Migration: This period also witnessed the settlements of trading communities along the
Gujarat, Konkan and Malabar Coasts. Also, the Arab expansion in West Asia led to several
movements of Christians and Parsis to the Kerala Coast.
Therefore, it can be said that the idea of urban decay in medieval times is a misnomer. Though, it might
have been true for some urban centres but the evidence from other parts of the country suggest
otherwise.

13. The essence of Gandhiji’s constructive programme went well beyond the anti-imperialist
nationalist struggle. Comment. (Answer in 250 words) 15
Approach:
Introduce the answer with the background of Gandhiji’s constructive programme.
Highlighting the essence of the facets of the constructive programme with appropriate examples.
Conclude with the strategic significance of this programme in the backdrop of anti-imperialistic
struggle.

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Answer:
In the 1920s, a significant space in the nationalist spectrum was occupied by Gandhiji’s constructive
programme. With the withdrawal of the non-cooperation after mob violence at Chauri-Chaura in
1922, the national movement got diverted into multiple channels. At one end was the politics of
‘constitutional opposition’ practiced by the Swarajists and at the other end, violent revolutionary
activities in Punjab, UP and Bengal emerged. Gandhiji’s constructive programme, however, remained
the major pillar of nationalist movement in this period.
The constructive programme was a multi-faceted phenomenon. It had social, economic and moral
dimensions providing it a strategic character, as discussed below:
Facets of the Constructive Program of Gandhi:
Focus on basic and adult education: Basic education or Nai Talim under the constructive
program was aimed at transforming village children into model villagers. Furthermore, in the form
of adult education, opening the minds of the adult pupils to the greatness and vastness of their
country was a key aspect of the program.
Health and village sanitation: Gandhiji believed that the fundamental laws of health and hygiene
are simple and easily learnt. The difficulty is about their observance. The art of keeping one's health
and the knowledge of hygiene was given greater emphasis through concerted efforts as part of the
program.
Socio-economic cohesion: The program focussed on promoting Hindu-Muslim unity, struggle
against untouchability and social uplift of the lower caste like Harijans for their dignified life
and cohesion among the masses for the larger goal/struggle.
Participation of illiterate masses: The rural component especially the illiterate masses of the
national movement were consolidated by Gandhian constructive work thus preparing the masses
for the next round of agitation and prevented demoralisation and disillusionment among the
participants in the struggle. It also helped enlarge the social base of the movement.
Economic alleviation of masses: It consisted of promotion of Khadi, spinning, village
industries, providing an alternative source of employment to poor villagers who could substitute
their incomes by taking to Khadi work. Under the leadership of All India Spinners Association
(AISA), the Khadi programme reached nearly five thousand villages and improved the conditions of
a large number of villagers and imbibed the idea of self-reliance.
Moral dimension: An ideal village life was Gandhiji’s answer to a centralised, aggressive and
coercive modernity. The village reconstruction had a great moral significance for Gandhiji. For
him the real India lived in its villages, not in the cities. For Gandhiji, the villages were the
repository of a superior moral life and an effective answer to the distortions that had crept into
human life as a result of excessive industrialisation.
Provided strategic continuity to the freedom struggle: The constructive work meant going to
the villages and focusing on village reconstruction. Under this impulse, many Ashrams opened up in
villages and took up the work of spinning and Khadi. The main importance of this type of work for
the nationalist struggle was that it provided continuity to the struggle and it helped to link up
different phases of agitations.
The multifaceted constructive programme thus formed an important component of Gandhiji’s anti-
imperialist struggle in which phases of agitation alternated with phases of constructive programme and
thus kept the movement going without any break. In this sense the significance went well beyond the
anti-imperialist nationalist struggle.

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14. Though the socio-political complexities of the Indian subcontinent may have made partition
inevitable, it was the failure of British leadership that led to a bloodbath. Discuss. (Answer in 250
words) 15
Approach:
Highlight the socio-political factors that made partition imminent.
Explain the socio-political realities which can be the reason of partition.
Bring out the issues pertaining to lack of leadership that ensured violence from both sides.
Conclude accordingly.
Answer:
The partition of India at the midnight of August 14 and 15, 1947 was one of the most significant events
in the history of the Indian subcontinent. It marked the birth of Pakistan, an independent India and
the beginning of the end of an era of colonialism. However, the hurried process of partition led to
slaughtering of more than a million people with about 15 million people being displaced.
It is said that the socio-political realities of the subcontinent made partition inevitable.
Policy of divide and rule: There was a growing support for a separate state of Pakistan or
partition of Punjab and Bengal during the last few years of colonial rule. It was largely due to the
policy of divide and rule of the Britishers which started from a separate electorate to minorities
from 1909.
Propaganda of the Muslim League: The propaganda of the Muslim League had a deep impact
on several sections of society. This helped to create not only support for a separate state in the
Muslim majority regions like Punjab and Bengal but also fuelled anxieties among the minorities in
these regions.
Panic within the Sikh community: The Singh Sabha movement strengthened the communitarian
identities of the Sikhs in the Punjab. The fear of being left defenceless, especially after the
community had played a vital role in the agricultural colonisation and military service, created a
vital unsettling factor.
Legal-constitutional arrangements: The communitarian differences between the communities
and different sections of the society were sustained by economic and legal-constitutional
arrangements like the Punjab Land Alienation Act of 1900.
Though the partition can be termed as the logical outcome of the socio-political situation of the time, it
was the failure of the of British leadership that made the partition a bloodbath:
Lack of due diligence: The partition was announced in haste without proper delineation of
boundaries and notifying the affected population causing the largest migration of the human
population in the history of mankind.
Advancing the date of partition: Lord Mountbatten was assigned the task to oversee the partition
of India. He arrived in India in February 1947 and was given until June 1948 to complete his
mission. Impatient to get back to Britain and advance his own naval career, he decided to bring
forward the date by 10 months, to August 1947.
Short deadline: Cyril Radcliffe, who headed the Boundary Commission, had never been to India
before. He was unaware about the area, as well as its socio-political realities. Tired of the July heat,
he took just one aerial survey of the North-West Frontier and couldn’t even visit Bengal and
despite his protestation, he was given only five weeks to complete the job.
Secrecy: Though the partition maps were prepared days before the actual partition, Mountbatten
decided to keep them secret. They were not to be shared with Indian leaders and administrators
until two days after partition.
Historians argue that this hasty preparation and secrecy at the top had disastrous consequences. The
uncertainty around details of the partition fuelled confusion, wild rumours, and terror among the
masses. There ensued bloodbath on both sides of the border when the partition was announced.

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15. Identifying the factors affecting the location of semiconductor and electronic chip making
industry, discuss the reasons behind their current global shortage. What steps has India taken in
recent times to support its electronic manufacturing ecosystem? (Answer in 250 words) 15
Approach:
Briefly introduce about the growth in semiconductor sector.
State the factors affecting location of this industry.
Explain the reasons behind the current global shortage.
State the list of measures taken by India to support its electronic manufacturing ecosystem
Conclude accordingly.
Answer:
In the past few years, growth of the global semiconductor industry has been driven largely by
demand from electronics such as smartphones and the proliferation of applications including the
Internet of Things and cloud computing. The global semiconductor industry is dominated by
companies from the United States, Taiwan, South Korea, Japan and Netherlands.
Factors affecting the location of semiconductor and electronic chip making industry:
Skilled workforce and Innovation ecosystem: The first and foremost requirement of this high-
tech industry is availability of skilled workforce i.e., qualified engineers. Other than that, countries
with strong IPR regimes and ecosystem of R&D attract these industries.
Availability of infrastructure: This industry requires a huge amount of uninterrupted electric
and water supply. The transportation ecosystem also needs to be advanced.
Market: Availability of local customer community also impacts the location of industry. The growth
of East Asia as a manufacturing hub of the semiconductor sector is partly due to availability of a
huge Asian market.
Raw materials: Availability of Electronics Grade Single cell purified silica is critical for
manufacturing wafers.
Cost of production: It is a capital-intensive industry. So, location depends upon the cost of skilled
labour, operations and incentives provided by the local government. Countries with huge subsidies
and capital support are able to attract the companies to invest and set up plants in their country.
Currently, the world is witnessing a global chip shortage due to the following reasons:
Impact of Covid:
o Manufacturing came to a standstill as most of the foundries had to work at severely reduced
capacities. This created a backlog of pending orders.
o Lack of supply chain resilience: Since, most of the capacity is located in limited geographies
and the world has less capacity elsewhere, any disruption in the region has a negative impact
everywhere.
o Due to a sudden shift in demand, the cost of shipping and air freight have both risen.
US-China trade war: US Sanctions on Chinese companies like SMIC and Huawei have exacerbated
the crisis.
Other events: In 2021, Texas faced a severe winter storm, which led to shut down of Samsung’s
plant and Taiwan experienced its worst drought in the last 50 years, which impacted the
production of its leading semiconductor industry TSMC. Other than that, fire broke out at a
Japanese Chip-making factory, Renesas electronics.
Expecting an increase in the global semiconductor market to $650 billion by 2025, India has launched
National Policy on Electronics 2019 (NPE 2019) to position itself as a global hub for Electronics
System Design and Manufacturing (ESDM). Under this policy:
The government has launched several schemes such as Scheme for Promotion of Electronic
Components and Semiconductors (SPECS) and Modified Electronics Manufacturing Cluster
Scheme (EMC) 2.0.

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 Other than that, 100% FDI is allowed in ESDM and an Electronic Development Fund (EDF) is
created.
Incentives are also provided up to Rs 10,000 crore through Modified Special Incentive Package
Scheme (M-SIPS) and Production Linked Incentives (PLIs).
Development of semiconductor industry is part of global strategic competition. Given its long gestation
period efforts need to be made to exacerbate the process through exploring possibilities of joint
ventures with Japan, South Korea and USA.

16. Identifying the active and passive factors affecting pedogenesis, explain the processes involved in
soil formation. (Answer in 250 words) 15
Approach:
Briefly describe pedogenesis.
Identify the active and passive factors affecting pedogenesis.
Explain the processes involved in the soil formation.
Conclude accordingly.
Answer:
Pedogenesis, or soil formation, is a continuous process regulated by the effects of environment, time
and geological history. It involves biogeochemical processes that act to both create and destroy order
within soils leading to development of layers, termed as soil horizons, distinguished by differences in
colour, structure, texture, and chemistry.
There are various factors responsible for soil formation:
a. Active factors, whose influence over soil development, is directly observed. These include:
Climate: Temperature and moisture affect the rate of weathering, organic decomposition and
biological activity. The high rate of heat and humidity accelerates the microbial action, on the
other hand colder and drier climate slows down these processes.
Biosphere/Organism: Soil formation is influenced by organisms and microorganisms,
burrowing insects, animals and humans as they add up to the soils.
b. Passive factors, as their effects are not immediately observed. They control how climate and
organisms affect soil development and formation. These include:
Parent material: Soil minerals are the basis of soil and they are produced from parent rocks
through the process of weathering and other processes of natural disintegration. The type of
parent rock and the conditions, under which it broke down, deeply influences the property of
the soil.
Topography/Relief: Topography and relief of a region affects the climatic conditions, which
ultimately influences soil formation processes and its characteristics.
Time: Young soils retain many of the characteristics of the parent material. Over time they
acquire other features resulting from the addition of the organic matter and the activity of the
organism. The most important feature of the soil is that they pass through a number of stages as
they develop, resulting in a deep profile with many well-differentiated horizons.
Processes involved in the soil formation: Soil formation takes place through various stages like
addition, losses, transformation and translocation which takes place through various processes like.
Weathering: The changes in climate factors such as temperature, moisture, frosts etc. disintegrates
rocks, breakdown and decomposes the minerals. It includes physical weathering, chemical
weathering and biological weathering.
Decomposition and humification: Decomposition is the process of breakdown of plant derived
materials into its simpler organic constituents which is accomplished by enzymes, earthworms,
mites and other organisms. On the other hand, Humification is the breakdown of plant remains
leading to the formation of different types of humus.
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 Leaching: The soluble minerals are leached or removed from the soil profile due to percolation of
water from top of soil. Continuous leaching tends to impoverish the upper mineral horizon. This
process helps in the formation of laterite soil due to leaching of parent rocks.
Translocation: The movement of minerals in solution or suspension from one horizon to another
is referred as the translocation. The upper mineral horizon from where the components are carried
is called Eluvial horizon and the lower horizon where these components are deposited are called
Illuvial horizon.
There are also other soil forming processes, which are much important in the macro-scale pattern of
soil formation, which includes:
Podzolization: It is a complex process of formation of Podzol soil where dissolved organic minerals
are accumulated. These are moved from the upper horizon to the lower part of the soil profile
depositing deep down under.
Calcification/ Salinization: Calcification involves the accumulation of calcium salts in the soil
profile, while salinization is the process of accumulation of salts in the soil.
Gleization: It is the process of formation of the clay soil or wetland soil due to poor drainage
conditions.
The collective interaction of these processes sets a course of soil forming process, which determines the
characteristics of soil.

17. Pre-monsoon season in India is characterised by thunderstorms, lightning and many such events.
In this context, explain how thunderstorms are formed and discuss the impact of pre-monsoonal
rainfall in various regions of India. (Answer in 250 words) 15
Approach:
Give a brief introduction about the pre-monsoon season and highlight examples of storms
happening in the season.
Explain the process of formation of thunderstorms.
Mention the impact of pre-monsoonal rainfall on different parts of India.
Conclude appropriately.
Answer:
A common feature of the weather during the pre-monsoon season, i.e., March, April and May, over the
Indian region is the outburst of severe local convective storms which often turn into thunderstorm and
lightning.
The intense convection activity due to strong heating of land mass over Chhotanagpur plateau and
movements towards southeast and mixing with warm air mass triggers the Nor Westers to develop
which is locally named as Kal-Baisakhi (Bengal region) and Bardoli Cheerha (Assam). Apart from
this, Mango Showers or Blossom Showers in Kerala and coastal Karnataka regions are some famous
local storms of pre-monsoon season in India.
Thunderstorms are characterized by towering cloud masses (mostly Cumulonimbus) with sudden
electrical discharges manifested by a lightning and thunder enjoined with vigorous circulations and
thus has the potential to spawn severe weather.
Formation of thunderstorms evolves in three stages:
1. Cumulus Stage
The Sun heats the Earth's surface during the day.
Warm plume of rising air starts.
Condensational heating causes air to remain warmer than the surrounding environment.
If the air is moist, then the warm air condenses into a cumulus cloud.

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 2. Mature Stage
When the cumulus cloud becomes very large, the water in it becomes large and heavy.
Raindrops start to fall through the cloud and meanwhile, cool dry air starts to enter the cloud.
Because cool air is heavier than warm air, it starts to descend in the cloud (known as a
downdraft). The downdraft pulls the heavy water downward, making rain.
This cloud has become a cumulonimbus cloud because it has an updraft, a downdraft, and rain.
Thunder and lightning start to occur, as well as heavy rain.
3. Dissipating Stage
After some time, the thunderstorm begins to dissipate.
This occurs when the downdrafts in the cloud begin to dominate the updraft.
Since warm moist air can no longer rise, cloud droplets can no longer form.
The storm dies out with light rain as the cloud disappears from bottom to top.

Impact of pre-monsoonal rainfall

Southern India:
o Mango Shower: A common phenomenon in Kerala and coastal areas of Karnataka. They help in
the early ripening of mangoes.
o Blossom Shower: With this shower, coffee flowers blossom in Kerala and nearby areas.
Eastern India: Nor Westers are dreaded evening thunderstorms in Bengal and Assam. However,
these showers are useful for tea, jute and rice cultivation.
Northern India: The pre-monsoon rainfall is vital for soil moisture required to raise paddy
nurseries and subsequently to sow the crops.
Western India: In Sahyadri range, Pre-monsoon showers are important for the growth of insects,
which help in maintaining the fauna in the region.
Pre-Monsoon storms mark the beginning of agricultural activities as it helps in ploughing and getting
the field ready for the season. However, these storms are also associated with hailstorm and high speed
winds of short duration, which are harmful for crops like mango and other standing crops.

18. Diversification of energy basket is no longer a choice for India, it has become a necessity.
Elucidate. (Answer in 250 words) 15
Approach:
Briefly highlight India’s energy basket.
Mention the need for diversification of energy basket.
Conclude by mentioning the measures taken by the government in this regard.

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Answer:
India is a major force in the global energy economy. Energy consumption has more than doubled since
2000, propelled upwards by a growing population and rapid economic growth. Continued endeavours
towards industrialization and urbanization will further increase the energy demand.
According to the India Energy Outlook 2021, India will be the main driver of rising demand for energy
over the next two decades, accounting for 25% of global growth. India's energy consumption is
expected to nearly double as the nation's gross domestic product expands to an estimated $8.6 trillion
by 2040. In this context, diversification of energy resources becomes a necessity for India:
Predominance of coal: As per the 19th Electric Power Survey, out of the all-India power generation
installed capacity by 2026-27, environmentally polluting coal-based projects would have a high 40
per cent share. Despite low per capita CO2 emissions, India is the third-largest global emitter of
CO2. The carbon intensity of its power sector in particular is well above the global average.
Menace of air pollution: Fossil fuel-based industry is a major source of particulate matter
pollution in India. It causes heavy smog and air pollution in Northern India. In 2019, there were
well over one million premature deaths related to ambient and household air pollution.
Growing price competitiveness: Price volatility poses a major challenge for the fossil fuel and gas
power plant operators as well as end users in India. On the other hand, the renewable energy sector
has witnessed tremendous advancement in the whole value chain, especially due to technological
advancement. Also, the market for renewable energy resources is maturing which will help drive
down the price.
Future proof: Generally, a wind or solar farm is built for up to 25 to 30 years of operation. The
average time running period for a hydro power project is even higher. The equipment can be
refurbished once its shelf life is over and newly upgraded solar modules or wind turbines will be
relatively more cost effective and efficient.
Ensuring energy security: In a fragile contemporary geo-politics, securing energy supplies and
sources is essential for any nation to assert its sovereignty. While oil and gas sources are limited to
certain regions of the world, renewable energy is available everywhere and is domestic. Not only
does it offer security of energy supply but also reduces dependence on imported sources.
International obligations: In the COP26 in Paris, India made a commitment to meet 50 percent of
its energy requirements from renewable energy by 2030 and by 2030, it will reduce the carbon
intensity of its economy by less than 45 percent.
Thus, the need for energy diversification for India cannot be overstated. Due to favourable policies by
the government, India is on track to meet its Paris Climate Change commitments. In 2021, with an
increase in renewable energy capacity to 102 GW, the total energy generation from renewable sources
is about 12 per cent. This points towards a positive trajectory towards energy diversification.

19. The contemporary Indian society finds itself caught at the intersection of a growing aspiration to
mimic the West and a revival of the conservative traditional outlook. Comment. (Answer in 250
words) 15
Approach:
Write a short note on the essential differences between the Indian and the Western cultural
outlook.
Highlight the popularisation of the modern liberal ideas of the West and factors behind it.
Throw some light on the revival of the conservative outlook in the recent years.
Conclude appropriately.
Answer:
Indian culture, one of the oldest and richest in the world, is characterized by diversity of languages,
customs, beliefs, ideas, works of art, architecture, rituals, ceremonies etc. On the other hand, Western
culture is considered as one of the most modern cultures in the world. Both cultures are vastly different
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 from each other, however, in the contemporary globalised world, the interaction between the two
cultures is increasing.
The effect of Western culture manifests itself through major transformation of our lifestyle and
interchanging world views and ideas. In the process, it is argued that there is a growing tendency to
mimic the West, as can be seen from the following:
Family: The concept of joint families is increasingly becoming uncommon in Indian cities and the
trend of nuclearisation of families is rising.
Social values: Consumerism has permeated and changed the traditional beliefs and practices of the
Indian people. Fast fashion, which is environmentally unsustainable, is increasingly gaining
traction. Also, festivals that have no cultural connection with India such as Halloween and
Valentine’s day are being celebrated with fervour.
Marriage: The increased incidence of marital breakdowns, increasing age of marriage, acceptance
of same-sex marriages etc. indicate that modern liberal values have seeped through our tradition
and culture. Further, live-in relationships are becoming more common, especially in cities.
Food and clothing: Western cuisines, especially fast food, are growing in popularity, as Western
fast food chains such as McDonald’s and KFC are increasing their stronghold on the Indian market.
Similarly, Indians are more inclined towards Western attires as compared to traditional Indian
wear.
Language: The ability to speak in English is seen as an advantage and a matter of prestige. Further,
‘Hinglish’ is widely spoken, especially by the youth.
Popular culture and mass media: Western movies and web serials are gaining popularity and
have a huge fan following. Also, sensationalism, marketing and product placement, which are
typically signs of Western hedonism, have been adopted in India.
However, India is also witnessing a revival and glorification of its past, traditions and customs.
This can be discerned through the following:
Concerted efforts are being made to popularize India’s traditions like yoga and meditation across
the world.
There is an increased interest in the Indian system of traditional medicine as can be seen in the
increased expenditure to promote research and development of ayurvedic and homeopathic
medicines.
There has been a resurgence of politics with an alternative view on nationalism, which is not based
on Western secularism.
Disapproval of Western impact on our culture is being expressed through organized protests
against literature festivals and monitoring of couples by vigilant groups during Valentine’s day
etc.
Indian and Western cultures represent their own tradition and values. Often times, cultures evolve and
progress by borrowing certain traits from others. However, such a process needs to be syncretic and
carefully balanced. In this context, Indian culture should not lie at either of the two extremes i.e. do
mindless mimicry to outdo the West or vehemently retaliate against it and should maintain a balance
between the two.

20. In view of the visible trends in India's urbanisation, discuss the key considerations for a new
urbanisation policy to guide the planning and management of cities in a sustainable manner.
(Answer in 250 words) 15
Approach:
Introduce with a brief note on current trends in India’s urbanisation.
Discuss the need for a new urbanisation policy.
List the factors that must be taken into consideration.
Conclude appropriately.

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Answer:
Urbanisation means a population shift from rural settlement to urban settlement. It can also be linked
with the level of development, as more urban areas indicate more development. In India, a major
increase in urban population can be seen after 1991, as the period witnessed rapid development.
According to the UN projections, Indian cities are estimated to house 870 million people by 2050 from a
population of 377 million in 2011.

India’s ambition of becoming a five trillion-dollar economy by 2025 and a 10 trillion-dollar economy by
2030 is centered on its cities. Despite their critical role, cities in India face several challenges like
inadequate affordable housing, proliferation of slums, problems of water supply and drainage, solid
waste management etc.
As India urbanises, it must ensure that not only are the above-mentioned challenges addressed, but
also greater needs necessitated by the growing population are accommodated. In 2011-12, estimates
by a high-powered expert committee indicated the need for investing nearly Rs 39-60 lakh crore in
urban infrastructure in the next 30 years, going well beyond the range of public budgetary support.
This necessitates a well-thought-out urbanisation policy to guide the planning and management of
cities. In this regard, a new urbanisation policy must address the following:
Size and density: A proper balance between agglomeration economies, manageability, density and
distance will hold the key in determining the right size for our cities. Large cities offer
agglomeration economies but are complex to manage and are vulnerable to the spread of diseases.
Decentralised urbanisation where multiple cities are clustered into growth regions can be
employed.
Finance: There is a need to tap resources other than solely relying on public budget. In this context,
capital markets offer a solution. However, basic services must be priced in a manner that allows a
reasonable return on investments. Other solutions could include monetising land assets, efficient
service delivery through the private sector and improving property tax collections.
Planned urban development: The policy must focus on efficient yet sustainable urban planning
instead of prioritising construction. The decision on infrastructure development must not be taken
in isolation.
Rural-urban linkages: There are strong economic linkages between cities and their rural
hinterland and also between multiple cities in a region and peri-urban areas. An estimated 180
million rural people live next to India’s 70 largest urban centres. Thus, the planning boundary must
not be limited to a city’s political and administrative boundary but should encompass regional
linkages. The land use plan for a city should not be divorced from a regional economic plan but
should be guided by it.

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 Climate change: Building resilience to mitigate the negative impacts of climate change will also be
critical to urban planning. The urbanisation policy must guide cities into a low-carbon growth path.
Energy-efficient buildings, clean energy, water harvesting, segregation of waste, electric mobility,
public transport etc. are sustainable practices that need to be mainstreamed into urban planning.
Adaptation to change: Developments in technology that make it easier to work remotely are likely
to change work culture, its associated travel patterns and the need for transport infrastructure.
Travel patterns are getting limited to shorter distances, requiring more non-motorised transport
infrastructure rather than high-speed systems better suited to longer trips. An urbanisation policy
should take cognisance of future mobility patterns.
A sound urbanisation policy should accommodate and enable India’s growth ambitions and also assure
its residents of a good quality of life in a sustainable manner. It should also incorporate factors relating
to how the growing urban population lives, works, and plays in India’s cities of the future. In the context
of rapidly urbanising India, there should be no delay in conceiving and implementing such a policy.

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