PAVEMENT MATERIALS

& DESIGN
(110 401466)
Fall 2021-2022

Pavement Types

Dr. Roaa Alawadi

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Introduction to Pavement Engineering

Pavement Types and Layers

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 Major Topics To Be Covered
Contact
Topics No. of Weeks
hours*
Introduction to pavement engineering (pavement types and layers) 1 3
Flexible pavement materials: (bituminous materials, aggregate, and soil)
5 15
properties, testing, and evaluation
Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) mix design using Marshall method 3 12

Flexible pavement structural design using AASHTO 1993 method 3 12

Production, transportation, laying and compaction of HMA mixes 1 3

Quality control of production and acceptance of asphalt mixes 1 3
Introduction to new advances in asphalt mix design (Superpave and
Performance-Engineered Mix Design [PEMD]) and pavement structural design 1 3
( AASHTO ME)
Total 15 45
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What is a Pavement
■ Pavement is that part of the road or highway which supports the wheel loads
imposed on it from traffic moving over it.
■ Pavement is a multi-layered structure put as horizontal layers one above the
other, which distributes the vehicular loads over a larger area

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 Pavement Functions
■ Reduce and distribute the traffic loading so
■as not to damage the subgrade (natural soil)

■ Provide vehicle access between two points under all-weather conditions

■ Provide safe, smooth and comfortable ride to road users without undue delays
and excessive wear & tear
■ Meet environmental and aesthetics requirement
■ Limited noise and air pollution
■ Reasonable economy

Requirements of a pavement
■ Sufficient thickness
■ to distribute the wheel load stresses to a safe value on the sub-grade soil
■ Structurally strong
■ to withstand all types of stresses imposed upon it
■ Adequate coefficient of friction
■ to prevent skidding of vehicles
■ Smooth surface
■ to provide comfort to road users even at high speed
■ Dust proof surface
■ so that traffic safety is not impaired by reducing visibility
■ Impervious surface
■so that sub-grade soil is well protected
■ Long design life with low maintenance cost
■ Produce least noise from moving vehicles
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 Classification of pavements
Classification by function

Ports and
Highway Parking lots Airport Heavy industrial
pavement pavements pavements pavements 7
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Classification of pavements
Classification by structure

Flexible pavements Rigid (concrete)

(asphalt concrete) pavement
Gravel (unpaved ) Composite
pavements pavements 8

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 Flexible pavements
Definition
■ Pavements typically consist of asphalt
concrete placed over granular
base/subbase layers supported by the
compacted soil (referred to as the
subgrade )
■ Types
 Conventional flexible pavements
 Full-depth asphalt flexible pavements
 Semi-rigid pavements
 Contained rock asphalt mat (CRAM)
■ not widely accepted for practical use widely

 Perpetual Pavement
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Flexible Pavements
Types

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 Flexible Pavements
Types

ATB: Asphalt treated base CTB : Concrete treated base

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Flexible Pavements
Types

Contained Rock Asphalt Mats

Perpetual Pavement
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 Introduction to pavement engineering

Conventional Flexible Pavements

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Conventional flexible pavements

Cross section consist of (from top):
 Seal coat
 Surface course
 Tack coat
 Binder course
 Prime coat
 Base course
 Subbase course
 Compacted
subgrade
 Natural subgrade
*The use of various courses
is based on either necessity
or economy, and some of the
courses may be omitted
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 Conventional flexible pavement layers
Subgrade
■ Purpose
 Provide a platform for construction of the pavement
 Support the pavement without undue deflection that would
impact the pavement’s performance.

■ Subgrade can be either

 in situ soil
 layer of selected materials.

■ The top 6” of subgrade should be scarified and

compacted to the desired density near the
optimum moisture content.

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Conventional flexible pavement layers

Subgrade

Video source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aDe03CSlTSU 16

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 Conventional flexible pavement layers
Subbase
■ A layer or layers of specified or selected materials of
designed thickness placed on a subgrade to support a base
course.
 Usually of somewhat lower quality than the base layer

■ In some cases, the subbase may be treated with Portland

cement, asphalt, lime, fly ash, or combinations of these
admixtures to increase its strength and stiffness
■ A subbase layer is typically included when
 The subgrade soils are of very poor quality and/or
 Suitable material for the base layer is not available locally, and is, therefore,
expensive

■ A subbase layer is not always included, especially with rigid

pavements

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Conventional flexible pavement layers

Base course
■ A layer or layers of specified or select material of designed
thickness placed on a subbase or subgrade (if a subbase is not
used)
 to provide a uniform and stable support for binder and surface courses.
■ It usually consists of high-quality aggregates,such as
 Crushed stone, crushed slag, gravel and sand, or combinations of these
materials.
■ The base layer typically provides
 A significant portion of the structural capacity in a flexible pavement
system
 Improves the foundation stiffness for rigid pavements.
■ The specifications for base materials are usually more stringent
than those for the lower-quality subbase materials.

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 Conventional flexible pavement layers
Base and Subbase course layers

Video source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aDe03CSlTSU 19

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Conventional flexible pavement layers

Prime coat
■ Application of low viscosity Cutback asphalt Prime coat
to an absorbent surface such as
 untreated granular base on which asphalt layer will be placed on.

■ Uses
 Minimize flow of asphalt cement from the asphalt
concrete to the aggregate base
 Fill the surface voids and protect the subbase from
weather.
 Stabilize the fines and preserve the subbase material.
 Promote bonding to the subsequent pavement layer

*Cutback asphalt = AC + Petroleum solvent

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 Conventional flexible pavement layers
Prime coat

Video source :https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aDe03CSlTSU 21

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Conventional flexible pavement layers

Asphalt Concrete

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 Conventional flexible pavement layers
Surface (Wearing) course
■ The surface course is usually constructed on top of a
base layer of unbound coarse aggregate, but
 often is placed directly on the prepared subgrade for low volume roads

■ Must be:
 Tuff to resist distortion under traffic
 Provide smooth, uniform, and skid resistant
riding surface.
 Waterproof to protect the entire pavement from
the weakening effects of water.

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Conventional flexible pavement layers

Surface (Wearing) course

Video source :https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aDe03CSlTSU 24

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 Conventional flexible pavement layers
Binder course
■ Binder course is the asphalt layer beneath
the surface course.
 It is also known as Asphalt base course

■ Reasons for use:

 HMA is too thick to be compacted in one layer
 If the binder course is more than 3” it is placed in two
layers.
 More economical design,
 It doesn’t require high quality materials .
– Since it generally consist of larger aggregates and less asphalt and

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Conventional flexible pavement layers

Tack coat
■ A thin asphalt liquid asphalt, emulsion or cutback layer Tack coat
applied between HMA pavement lifts to promote
bonding.
Prime coat
■ It prevent of Inadequate bonding between layer
 Which can result in delamination (debonding) followed by longitudinal
wheel path cracking, fatigue cracking, potholes, and other distresses such
as rutting that greatly reduce pavement life

*Emulsified asphalt = AC + water + emulsifying agent

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 Conventional flexible pavement layers
Tack coat Tack coat

■ A thin asphalt liquid asphalt, emulsion or cutback layer

Tack coat
applied between HMA pavement lifts to promote
bonding.
Prime coat
■ It prevent of Inadequate bonding between layer
 Which can result in delamination (debonding) followed by longitudinal
wheel path cracking, fatigue cracking, potholes, and other distresses such
as rutting that greatly reduce pavement life

*Emulsified asphalt = AC + water + emulsifying agent

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Conventional flexible pavement layers

Seal coat (or chip seal )
■ Thin asphalt surface treatment
made of crushed aggregates
(chips)embedded in asphalt
binders.

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 Conventional flexible pavement layers
Seal coat (or chip seal )
Uses:
■ Very effective in improving the skid
resistance of asphalt pavements
■ Prevent moisture infiltration
■ Retard the oxidation of asphalt in
underlying layers
■ Excellent temporary surface,
temporary cover of base layers until
permanent HMA surface is placed
■ Proper surface treatment for light to
medium traffic roads; however it is
used on higher volume roads

■ Extend the service life of dry and ■ Popular treatment; low cost
weathered and deteriorated surfaces
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Conventional flexible pavement layers

Seal coat (or chip seal )

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 Introduction to pavement engineering

Full depth, Perpetual, and Contained Rock

Asphalt Mats pavements

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Full depth flexible pavements

■ Pavement constructed by placing one or more layers of HMA directly on
the subgrade or improved subgrade.
■ Used for
■Heavy traffic.
■When local materials are not available to minimize the administration and
equipment costs.

■ Advantages
■ Have no permeable granular layers to entrap water and impair performance.
■ Reduced construction time
■ Less affected by moisture or frost
■ Construction seasons may be extended
■ Provide and retain uniformity in the pavement structures
■ Little or no reduction in subgrade strength
– because moisture do not build up in subgrade when full-depth asphalt is used

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 Perpetual Pavement

■ A flexible but strong asphalt pavement

that doesn't exhibit structural damage
even when very high traffic flows
over long periods of time
■ Consist of
 Bottom layer
■ designed to be strong but flexible to resist strains that
could cause cracks to form from the bottom up.
 Intermediate layer adds
■ additional structural protection,
 Final layer
■ made of rut-resistant hot-mix asphalt (HMA), requires
only minimal maintenance

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Contained Rock Asphalt Mats

■ Place an additional asphalt layer below the
untreated granular materials but above the
subgrade

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 Jordanian National Building council
Specifications for highway and bridge construction

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Jordanian National Building council

Specifications for highway and bridge construction

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 Specifications for highway and bridge construction

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Specifications for highway and bridge construction

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 Specifications for highway and bridge construction

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Specifications for highway and bridge construction

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 Specifications for highway and bridge construction

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Specifications for highway and bridge construction

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 Introduction to pavement engineering

Rigid pavement

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Rigid pavements
Surface course

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 Rigid pavements
■ Pavement constructed of Portland cement concrete Pavements (150 -300 mm) placed
over granular base/subbase layers (100-300 mm) supported by the subgrade.

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Rigid pavements
Types
■ Jointed Plain Concrete Pavements (JPCP)
■ Jointed Reinforced Concrete Pavements (JRCP)
■ Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavements (CRCP)
■ Prestressed Concrete Pavements (PCP)

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 Jointed Plain Concrete Pavements (JPCP)
■ No reinforcement
distributed throughout the
pavement slabs
■ Contain tie bars across
longitudinal lane-lane joints
■ May contain dowel bars
across transverse joints;
■ modern designs include dowel
bars,

■ Short joint spacing

■15 and 30 ft

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Rigid Pavement

Image source: https://www.nbmcw.com/tech-articles/roads-and-pavements/39679-repair-of-scaled-surface-areas-of-newly-constructed-cement-concrete-pavement-slabs.html

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 Dowel Bars

■ Dowel bars are short steel bars

that provide a mechanical
connection between slabs
without restricting horizontal
joint movement.
■ They increase load transfer
efficiency by allowing the leave
slab to assume some of the load
before the load is actually over it.
This reduces joint deflection and stress in the
approach and leave slabs.

Image source: https://pavementinteractive.org/reference-desk/pavement-types-and-history/pavement-

types/dowel-bar/
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Dowel Bars

Image source: https://pavementinteractive.org/reference-desk/pavement-types-and-history/pavement-types/dowel-bar/

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 Dowel Bars

Image source: https://pavementinteractive.org/reference-desk/pavement-types-and-history/pavement-types/load-transfer/

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Tie bars

■ Tie bars are either deformed steel bars or

connectors used to hold the faces of
abutting slabs in contact
■ Although they may provide some minimal
amount of load transfer, they are not
designed to act as load transfer devices
and should not be used as such.
■ Tie bars are typically used at longitudinal
joints (see Figure 1) or between an edge
joint and a curb or shoulder.
■ Typically, tie bars are about 12.5 mm (0.5
inches) in diameter and between 0.6 and
1.0 m (24 and 40 inches long).

Image source: https://pavementinteractive.org/reference-desk/pavement-types-and-history/pavement-types/tie-bars/

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 Jointed Plain Concrete Pavements (JPCP)

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Jointed Plain Concrete Pavements (JPCP)

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 Jointed Reinforced Concrete Pavements (JRCP)
■ Contain steel
reinforcement
distributed throughout
the interior portion of
the slabs.
■ JRCP have longer joint
spacing (30 to 100 ft)
compared to JPCP
■ Steel reinforcement
holds the cracks tightly
dowels are used at the
transverse joints

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Continuously reinforced concrete pavements (CRCP)

■ Contain steel reinforcement
distributed throughout the
interior portion of the slabs.
■ The longitudinal reinforcing bars
are larger than those
found in JRCP
■ Its only joints are made at the end
of a day’s construction
■ Steel reinforcement holds the
cracks tight

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 Continuously reinforced concrete pavements (CRCP)

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Continuously reinforced concrete pavements (CRCP)

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 Rigid pavement construction

Video source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vet1ZMcvXlE

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Semi-rigid pavements
■ Similar to the rigid pavements except that
–bonded materials like the pozzolanic concrete, lean cement concrete,
or soil-cement are used in the base course or sub-base course layer,
■ The pavement layer has considerably higher flexural strength
than the common flexible layers.

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 Composite pavements
■ Consists of multiple structurally significant layers of different heterogeneous
compositions
■ Composed of both HMA & PCC.
■ Using PCC bottom layer & HMA top layer results in an ideal pavement with
most desirable characteristics.
■ PCC provide strong base
■ HMA provides a smooth non-reflective
surface.
■ Very expensive and rarely used.
■ Most of the available are the rehabilitation
of PCC using asphalt overlays.

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Composite pavements
Typical composite pavement sections.

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 Introduction To Pavement Engineering

Flexible Vs. Rigid Pavements

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Rigid VS. Flexible pavement

Load Distribution over the Subgrade
■ The essential difference between the two types of pavements,
flexible and rigid, is
– the manner in which they distribute the load over the subgrade.
■ Rigid pavement
 because of PCC’s high elastic modulus (stiffness),
tends to distribute the load over a relatively
wide area of subgrade
 The concrete slab itself supplies most
of a rigid pavement’s structural capacity.

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 Rigid VS. Flexible pavement
Flexible pavement Load Distribution

• Flexible pavement uses more flexible surface course and distributes loads over a smaller
area.
• It relies on a combination of layers for transmitting load to the subgrade
Image source: http://www.pavementinteractive.org/wpcontent/uploads/2010/12/Flex_layer_distribution.swf 65

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Rigid VS. Flexible pavement

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