aq) Designation: E 1444 —01 Standard Practice for Magnetic Particle Examination’ ‘This sands swe he fed Sergson srg eto he cate f pene spin) nats on teal eae em nate mney ving agin ns eo ‘ te le sano earn ‘Ths nad has Ben apne or ees ofthe Deore af ese 1. Scope 1.1 This practice establishes minkmum requirements for ‘magnetic panicle examination used for the detection of surface or slightly subsurface discontinuities in ferroniagnetic material. Guide E 709 ean be used in conjunetion with this practice as a tutorial None |—This Practice replaces MIL-STD- 194, 1.2 The magnetic particle examination method is used to detect cracks, laps, Seams, inclusions, and other discontinuities on or near the surface of ferromsgnetic materials. Magnetic Daricle examination may be applied to raw material, bile, finished and semifinished materials, welds, and in-service pars. Magnetic particle examination is not applicable to ‘nonferromagnetic metals and alloys such as austenitic stainless steels. See Appendix X5 for additional information, 13 All areas of this Practice may be open to agreement between the Cognizant Enginesring Orgenisaton and the supplier, or specific diction from the Cognizant Enginesring (Organiastion. 14 This standard does not purport 1o address all of the safety concerns, if any, aszociated with ls use. lt & the responsibility ofthe usar of this standard to extablich appro- priate safety and health practices and determine the appica- Dilly of regulatory Himuations prior to use 2. Referenced Documents 2.1 The following documents form a part of this standard practice to the extent specified herein 22. ASTM Standards ‘A2TSIA 275M Test Method for Magnetic Particle Exami- nation of Steal Forgings? ‘4.456 Specification for Magnetic artcle Inspection of Large Crankshaft Forgings? 1D 1966 Test Methods for Foots in Raw Linseed Oi? 545 Pracuce tor Evaluating Agencies that Perform Non- destructive Testing* "spate tune he jwitton of ASTM Camis 7 on Node ‘tie Ten an ih deepen of Seats 2703 on ied Penet nd Mapa erie Mtns ‘Care eition Feb 1.20, Paid Api 201, Oighaly pbb on late" Ca evi eon =o ul Back of AST Sanaa, VL "na! Bok9f ASH Sars, Ws 0201 * sal Bao of AST Soa VL O30. prt © AST 100 Br Her Oe, Wat Carnac, A EH Und Soe 18-709 Guide for Magnetic Particle Exnmninition* E 1216 Terminology for Nondestructive Exats 23. ASNT Documents: SNE-TC-IA Recommended Practice No, “Personsel Quili- fication and Certification in Nondestructive Testing ° ANSUASNT CP-189 Standard for Qualification and Certi- fication of NDT Personnel? 24 Society of Automotive Engineers (SAB)-AMS Docu ‘AMS 2300, Premium Aircraft Quality. Steel Cleanliness Magnetic Particle Inspection Procedure? AMS 2301. Aircraft Quality See! Cleanliness Magnetic Par= ticle Inspection Procedure? AMS 2303 Aircraft Quality Steel Cleanliness Martensitic Corrosion Resistant Steels Magnetic Particle Inspection Proceduce” AMS 2641 Magnetic Particle Inspection Vehicle” ‘AMS 3040 Magnetic Particles, Nonfluoreseent, Ory ‘wethod” AMS 3041 Magnetic Particles, Nonfuoreseent, Wet Method, Oil Vehicle, Ready-To-Use™ "AMS 3042 Magnetic’ Particles, Nonfuorescent, Wet Method, Dry Powder? AMS 3043 Magnetic Particles, Nonfluorescent, Wet Method, Oil Vehicle, Aerosol Packaged ” AMS 3044 Magnetic Particles, Fluorescent, Wet Method. Dry Powder” AMS 3045 Magnetic Particles, Fluorescent, Wet Method. Oil Vehicle, Ready-To-Use” ‘AMS 3046 Magnetic Particles, Fluorescent, Wet Method Oil Vehicle, Aerosol Packaged ” ‘AMS 5062. Steel, Low Carbon Bars, Forgings, Tubing, Sheet, Sip, and Plate 0.25 Carbon, Maximum? AMS 5335 Investment Castings? ‘AMS I-83387 Inspection Process, Magnetic Rubber” ‘AS 4792 Water Conditioning Agerts for Aqueous Magnetic Particle Inspection” alate am Ames Swit fir Noles Tsing (01 ete Paz #0, Boe HSIN, Cohen, OW AIHONT "Cas of wand erica wing nb ns raga by tevcanincing sty us dee by the teatnsng ce "aval fom Soc of Auta Eagnco. 20 Combats i, enema.ih & 1444 ‘AS 5282. Tool Steel Ring Standard for Magnetic Particle Inspection” ‘AS S371. Reference Standards Notched Shims for Magnetic Particle Inspection” 25 Federal Standard FED-STD-313 Material Safety Data Sheets, Preparation and the Submission of FED-STD-595 Colors" 26 Military Standard:* MIL-STD-1907 Inspection, Liquid Penetrant and Magnetic Particle Soundness Requirements for Materials, Parts, and ‘Weldments* MIL-STD-2175 Castings, Clasifcation and Inspection off A-A-S9230 Fluid, Magnetic Particle Inspection, Suspen- 27 OSHA Document” 29 CFR 1910.1200 Hazard Communication 28 ANSI Document:® ANSUNCSL Z 540-1 General Requirement for Calibration Laboratories and Measuring Test Equipment!” 29° 180-Dacument: ISO 10012-1 Quality Assurance Requirements for Measuce ing Equipment!" 2.10. AIA Document NAS 410 Certification and Qualification of Nondestructive “Test Personnel!? 2.11 DoD Coniracts—Unless otherwise specified, the edi- tions ofthe documents that are DoD adapted are those listed in the issue of the DoDISS (Deparment of Defense Index of Specifications and Standards) cited in the solicitation, 2.12 Order of Precedence—In the event of conflict between the text of this practice and the referenced documents cited herein, the text ofthis practice takes precedence 3. Terminology 3.1 Definitions —The definitions relating to magnetic pare ticle examination, which appear in Terminology E 1316, shall apply tothe terms used in this practice. 3.2 Defintions of Terms Specific 10 This Standard 32.1 Cognizant Engineering Organization—the company, agency, or other authority responsible for the system oF component for which magnetic particle examination is re- quired. This, in addition to design personnel, may include ‘personnel from material and process engineering, stress analy= sis, NDT or quality groups and others as appropriate. 4. Sig 4.1 Magnetic particle examination consists of magnetizing cance and Use Arable fom Sundarxicn Dacunens Oder Dek By 4 Seon D0 Rotlns Ae Puen. PAIS, At: NPODS. “pri fam Sipeitandet of Daaenens. US. Gevenmet Feng fe, Waban 0.6 20002. "hale fom Nana! Contec of Sundar Later, 1400S. Sai 505%, Boule, CO. HI Ail fo Inematral Osea for Sardasion, Cae Pose 56, Genes, Stern "Shab om hecepace Ini Aston of Ams, iy 1250 ye Si NW Washigon C2005, the area to be examined, applying suitably prepared magnetic particles while the area is magnetized, and subsequently interpreting and evaluating any resulting particle accumla- tions. Maximum detectability occurs when the discontinuity is positioned on the surface and perpendicular to the magnetic flux 5. General Practice 5.1 Acceptance Requirements The aecepiauce sequire- iments applicable to the part or group of parts shall be incorporated as part of the writen procedie either specifically or by reference to other applicable documents. such as MIL. 'STD-1907, containing the necessary information, When parts are zoned, the acceptance criteria for each zone stall be specified. Methods for establishing acceptance requirements for large crankshaft forgings are covered in. Specification ‘A456, Methods for establishing requirements for steel forg- ings are covered in Test Method A 27S/A 275M, Methods for classifying metal castings are given in MIL-STO-2175 and AMS 5355. 5.11 Aireraft- Quality Steet Cleantiness ~ The examination of aircrat-qualty steel for cleanliness using magnetic panicle i be as specified in AMS 2300, 2301, or 2303 riate to the type of steel being inspected. However, inspection of parts fabriested from this material shall be in accordance withthe requitements of this practice. 5.2 Personnel Qualfcatton Personnel perforsting exam nations in accordance with this practice shall be qualified in accordance with ASNT Recommended Prictice No. SNT-TC- TA, ANSUASNT Stondaed CP-I89, NAS 410, oF os specified inthe eontract or purchase order. 53 Agency Qualification—If specified in the contractual agreement, NDT agencies shall be qualified and evaluated as described in E 43. The applicable edition of E 543 shall be specified in the contractual agreement. 4 Writen Procedure—Magnetic particle examination shall be performed in accordance with a written procedure applicable to the part ur group af pans under examination. The procedure shall be in accordance with the requirements of this Practice. The process, when conducted in aceordance with the ‘writen procedure, shall be capable of electing she rejetable Aiscontinuties specified in the acceptance evtenia, The written procedure may be general if it clearly applies to all of the specified parts being examined and meets the requirements of this practice. All written procedures, inchuing technique sheets for specific parts. shall be approved by an individual qualified and cetified at Level [II for magnetic particle examination in accordance with the requirements of 5.2. Procedures shall be submitted 10 the Cognizant Engineering Organization lor review and/or approval when cequestd. 5.4.1 Elements of the Brinen Procesure— The writen procedure shall include at least the following elements, either directly or by reference tothe applicable dueuments: 5.4.1.1 Procedure identification number and the date it was writen: 5.4.12 Identification of the part(s) to which the procedure applies; this shall include the materia! and alloy. 5.4.13 Sequence of magnetic particle examination a8 re lated to manufacturing process operation, if applicable;Qe tase 54.14 Identification of test pars used far system perfor. ‘vance vetfcation (see 7.1.1 and 7.1.2), 54.1 Areas of the part to be examined (include an ilastration, either a drawing or photo); 54.1.6 Part preparation requited before examination; 5.4.17 Directions for positioning the item with respect to the magnetizing equipment; 5.4.1.8 The type of magnetizing current and the equipment tw be used 54.1.9 Method of establishing the magnetization (head, coil, prods, yoke, eable wrap, ete) 5.4..10 Directions of magnetization to be used, the order in whieh they are applied, and any demagnetization procedures to be used berween shots; 541.11 The current level;br the number of ampere tums, to be used and the duration ofits application; 541.12 Type of magnetic particle material (dry or wet, visible or fluorescent, etc.) tobe used and the method and equipment be used for its application and, fr the ease of wet particles, the particle concentration limits; 54.113 Type of records and method of marking parts after S414 Acceptance requirements, to be used for evaluating ingiations and disposition of parts after evaluation; and 54.115 Post-examination demagnetization and cleaning re- ‘quirements, 55. Examination Sequence—Perform magnetic particle ex: amination after all operations which might cause or reveal siscontiouities. Such operations include, but are not Hmited 1, forging, heat treating, electroplating, forming, welding, grind. ; straightening, machining, and proof loading. 5.5.1 Perform magnetic particle examination prior to shot peening (to provide a beneficial compressive layer) and prior 0 applying protective fishes such as priming, painting, plating {see 6.12 through 6.1.4.5) or ather coatings 5.5.2 In-process examinations may not be substituted for final examination. 56 Recond of Examination—The results of all magnetic parle exanatong sal be recorded, Records shal provide for traceability to the specific par or lot examined, serial tuber if sete, and hey sha deny the NDE conta tor or facility and the procedures used in the examination, the lot size, and the numberof parts accepted, All recorded results shall be identified, filed, and made available for review by the contacting agency upon request. 3.0 Lighting: 5.1.1 Vasible Light—Conduet visible light intensity mea- surements upon inital light installation or when changes occur that would cause the light intensity to change and at the lonervals specified in Table 1 5.7.1.1 Visible light shall be used when examining with ronfluorescent magnetic particles and for interpretation of indications found with fluorescent magnetic panicles. A mini- ‘mum light intensity of 100 fo (1000 fx) shall be available atthe surface of the part undergoing examination or evaluation. 571.2 Ambient Visible Light—Fluorescent magnetic por- ticle examinations shell be performed in a darkened area with TABLE 1 Required Verification Inarvals Ting * eet ian (371.1) ‘Antler (31.2 Baer nay (872.735) Say spon Petamanee 977440242) ly ‘Wot parte crconratin (22.1) Sus or vay a cheng ‘Wat arte caramoaton'* (7212) “week ‘Wr es et (722) oy ‘eupmant carbuon aes ‘nema assy (73) 6 mite ‘inert (732), Sonne Grex baa (79.9) Smonne ‘eke dead wai cha (034) Se Sin om we gre mere Senne Sanat stay Simcha “Wren ha mopacionayoan opera. 2 Tha maxi tne between varisaore ay edu rete when psa yao teat Sa, 2 maxima ambient visible ight level oF (20 bk) measured atthe part surface. 5.72 Black Light-—Inspetion black fights sall met the requirements oF 735. The minimum aceepable intensity is 1000 u Wem? (10 W/m?) at the surface being examined, Black lights shal be checked periodically for cleanliness and inte sity and shall be cleaned, repaired or replaced as appoprie Parodi checks of cleanlinessintegrity need not be rece 5.73 Restricted Area Examination Where. limps. ae shyscally too Tage to eet ikimiate the examination Surface, special iting, such en UV pencil lights or UV ight tides or borescoper shall be taed. The image vied man fave sulcint resolution to efcrvely evahate the required discontinuities, Ligh intensity shall be measured a the exe pected working distance and shall mest te regirements of SH. and 5.72 a appopriate 58 Materials 581. Dry Parle Reguirementt—Dry pails sal meet, the requirements of AMS 3040 5.82 Wer Porte Requirments—Wet particles shall mee the requirements of AMS 3041, 2042, 3043, 2084, 3043, or 3046, a appiabl. 583. Suspension Yehictec—The suspension vehicle forthe ‘wet method shall bea light petroleum catia conforming to [AMS 2641 (Type 1) ofDoD-F-47935, ora suitably conditioned water that ‘conforms 19-the requirements of 5%. When Approved bythe contracting agency, AMS 2641 (Type tf may te used. When specified, th ol suspension vehicle shall met the salient characteristics specified ia A-A- 39230 584 Condtoned Water Vekcle—Wihen water is wed a « suspension vehicle for magnetic panicles, the conitoning gents used shal comply with AS'4792, Proper weting shall be determined by 1 water break tes (see 74.2, Smeoiher surfses generally require & greater percent of weting agent than rough surfaces. Foaming of ne ath mst be ined 0 the point that it doesnot inefere with te inspection process 583 Parle Concenraion—The concentration ‘of par sce inthe suspension bath shall be a specifi inthe writen procedure. Parte concentrations outside othe range of 1 to 14 rl 10m bath sample for uoreseent patil and 1.2 to 24 mina 100 mi sample for nonorescentpatiles shalGh E1404 not be used. Fluorescent particles and nonffuorescent particles shail not be used together. 6 Specie Practice 6.1 Preparation of Pars for Examination 6.11 Preinspecion Demagnetzaion— The part shall be demagnetized before examination if prior operations have produced a residual magnetic Hild that may interfere withthe 6112 Surface Cleanliness and Finish The surface of the pao be examined shall be essentially smooth, clean, dey and fre of ol, scale, machining marks, or other contaminants or condiione that might interfere with the eBicency of the examination. 6.13 Plugging and Masking—Plugging and masking is required when specified by the Cognizant Engineering Onga- nization 6.14 Plating and Coatings—Examine parts which will reezve either patng of coating as follows 6.14.1 Examination is required prior to all lectopated coatings 6.1.42 Examination is required prior to electroplating when the Final plating thickness will exceed 0.0008 in (0.02 mm). 6.143. Examination is required after electroplating and or arinding of elecroplated surfaces withthe folowing excep- tions: 2) magnetic parle examioation is not required for plating thickness” grecer than 0.005 in (0.13 mm) and. 2) ‘magnetic pariele examination isnot required for steals with & tensile strength less than or equal 160 ks G-l4 Use caution wien examining parts wily an elem plated nickel coming as indications may form in the nickel Plating tse 6.145 For in-service examination, plating or coatings do ot requte vemoval prior to examination unless they are Gamages or they interfere withthe examination process 6.2 Magnetization Methods 62.1 Typer of Magnenzing Current—The types ofeurents used for magnetic particle examination are full-wave rectified alternating (FWDC) eurtent (Io 3 phase), half-wave rectified sitenating (HWDC) current, and alternating (AC) current. The ‘uipment use shal fulfil the magnetizing and demagnetizing requirements adequately as outlined herein, without damage the part under examination, and they shall include the neces sary features required for safe operation (622 Permanent Magnets—Permanent magne ace not t9 be used for magnetic particle examination unless specifically aumronaea oy ine Cognizant engineenmg Organization. wen Permanent magne are used, adequate magnatic fed sengeh Shall be established in accordance with 73.4. 623 Yokes—When using yokes (electromagnetic probes) for magnetic paricle examination, adequate magnetic feld strength shall be established in accordance with 7.3.4 6.24 Magneizing Current Application — Alternating ou rent isto be uted only for the detection of defects open to the surface. Fullwave retifed alternating current has the deepest possible penetration and must be used for inspection for defects below the surface when using the wet magnetic particle method. Halfwave rectified alternating cureat is advanta- geous forthe dry powder method because it creates a pulsating unidirectional Feld shat yives increased mabilly Io the par tices 6.2.5 Magnetic Field Directions ~Discontinuites me diff cult to detect by the magnetic particle method when they make an Angle less than 43° 10 the dieection af magnetization. To fengure the detection of discontinuities in any digection, each part must be magnetized in a minimum of two directions at approximately right angles to each other. Depending on part geometry, this may consist of eitcular magnetization in two or more dreetions, multiple circular and longitudinal maynetiza- tion, of of longitudinal magnetization in two or more diree- tions. Exceptions necessitated by part yenmetey, size, or otter Factors requite specific approval ofthe C ‘Organization. 62.6 Multidirectional Magnetization — Multidirestional magnetization may be used to fulfill the requirement for ‘magnetization in two directions if itis demonstrated that itis effective in all areas. Test pars in accordance with 6.3.1.1 oF shims manufactured to the requirements of AS S371, of as otherwise approved by the Cognizant Engineering Organiza- tion, shall be used 10 verily field direction, sirength, and balance in multidirectional magnetization. Balance of the field intensity is critical. The field intensity shall be balanced in all directions. The particle application must be timed so that dhe ‘magnetization levels reach full value in all directions while the particles are mobile on the surface under examination 6.2.7 Direct Magnerization—Dicect magnetization is. a€- complished by passing current directly through the part under examination, Electrical contact is made to the part using head and tail stock, prods, clamps, magnetic leeches. or by other ‘means, Caution shall be taken t9 easute ths! the electrical current i not Rowing while coniacis ate being applied or removed and that excessive heating does not occur in the contact area. Unless otherwise specilied by the Cognizant Engineering Organization, prods shall not be used for the examination of aerospace components (light hardware) or 0” finished surfaces. 6.2.8 Indirect Magnetizarion—Indicect part magnetization uses pre-formed cui, cable wraps, yokes, field (Mux) flow fixtures, of a central conductor to indice 9 mayuetic Bell in a part when no electrical contact is made - 6.29 Induced Currom Magnerization— Induced current magnetization (toroidal or circumieremial field) is accom: plished by inductively coupling a part to an electrical coil to create a suitable eurrent flow inthe part as illustrated i Fig. | ‘Thi method i often advantageous on ring-chaped parte with » central aperture and with an. L/D ratio less than three, espe cially where the elimination of arcing or burning is of vital importance, 63. Magnetic Field Sirengih 63.1 Magnetic Field Srengih—The applied waynes tet shall have sufficient strength to prodece satisfaciry indica- tions, bu it must not be so strong that it causes the masking of relevant indications by noncelevant accumulations of magne particles. Adequate magnetic feld strength may be determined by one or a combination of three methods 63.1.1 By examining paris having known or artificial dis- continuities of the type, size, and location specified in the icantip E 1444 Multi-Turn Magnetizing Primary Magnetic ‘hs prarymognate Red des Soe inHg shaped pat unr FIG. 1 Example of induced Current Magnetization acceptance requirements or by using the notched shims as defined in Appendix X2; 6.3.12 By using a Fall effect probe gaussmeter capable of ‘measuring the peak values of the tangent eld, and 63.13 By using the current levels specified in sections 6.344 oF 635 of the formulas given in Appendix X4, These current levels and formulas provide only a rough guide and shall be used in conjunction with another field streagth monitoring method, 63.2 "Tangental-feld strengths in the range of 30 to 60 Gauss (G] (30 to 60 X 10 Tesla [T]) measured at the part surface are normally adequate magnetization levels for mag- netic particle examination when using a Hall effect probe ‘aussmeter Insure that field strengths inthis range are present in all areas of the part to be examined. Current levels that provide a 30 to 60 G (30 to 60 X 107) field may be used Instead ofthe current levels specified in paragraphs 6.3.4 and 63.5 or the current used in the formulas af Appendix XA 633 Magnetization Current Lovele—The current values given are average current values and are applied directly to full-wave rectified current. For other types of current, the operator's manual or the equipment manufacturer should be consulted, 634 Prod Current Levels—When using prods on material cin. (19 mam) in thickness or less, 90 to 115 Alin, of prod spacing (3.5 to 4.5 A/mm) shall be used. For material greater than Yin. (19 mmm) in thickness, 100 to 125 Alin, of prod spacing (4.0 t0 5.0 A/mm) shall be used. Pred spacing shall not be fess than 2 in, (50 mm) of greater than & in. (200 ram). The effective width of the magnetizing field when using prods is ‘one fourth ofthe prod spacing on each side of fine through the prod centers. 63.5 Direct Cireular Magnetizorion—- When magnetizing by passing current directly through the part dhe norninal cureent, shall be 300 to 800 A/in. of part diameter (12 932 A/mm}. The diameter of the part shall be taken as the greatest distanee ‘between any two points on the ouside eiseumiference of the part, Curents will normally be 500 Alin. (20 A/mm) or lower, with the higher currents up to 800 Ain. (32 A/mm) being used to examine for inclusions or to examine low-permesbiliy alloys such as precipitation-hardened steels, Amiperages of less than 300 Ain. may be used when patt configuration dictates and approval is obtaivd fin dhe Level Ilan the Cognizant Engineering Organization 6.36 Central Conductor Circular Magnetization —Circular ‘magnetization may be provided by passing curren through « conductor that is positioned inside the part. In this case alternating current is be used only wren the Sole purpose of the test is to examine for surface discontinuities on the inside surface of the par. If only the inside of the partis to be ‘examined, the diameter shall be the greatest distance between two points, 180 degrees apart on the inside circumference Otherwise, the diameter is determined as in 6.3.5 63.6.1 Centrally Located Conductor Whe the ais of the central conductor i located near the central ais of the pat, dhe same cutrent levels 35 given in 6.3.3 shal epply 63.62 Offset Cental Conductor —When the conductor tht is positioned inside the partis placed against an inside wall oF the part, the current levels as given in 6.3.5 shall apply, except tha the total diameter shall be the sum of the diameter of the central conductor plus twice the wall thickness ofthe part. The distance along the past circumference (interior) that may be effectively examined shall be taken as approximately four times the diameter ofthe central conductor up t0 360 degrees provided the presence of suitable fields is verified, The entire circumference shall be examined by eotatiag the part on the conductor, allowing for approximately a 10% magnetic field overlap. See Fig, 2 for an illuteation 63.7 Longitudinal Magnetization Using Coils— Longitudinal magnetization i often accomplished by passing current through 2 coil encircling the part, or section ofthe part, to be examined (that i, by using a coil shoN). This produces a ‘magnetic fel parallel tothe axis of the col The eflective eld extends a distance on either side of the cuil center approxi- rately equal to the radius of the coil, The actual effective distance must be demonstrated based on the patie part to bbe examined. For parts longer than these effective distances, the eatce length shall be examined by repositioning the part within the coil, allowing for approximately 10% effective magnetic field overlap. See Appendix Xé for formulas that can be used in coil magnetization. 64 Particle Appticaion: 64.1 Dry Magnetic Particle Application, Continuous ‘Method—When using dey particles, the flow of magnetizing current shall be initsted prior to application of the magnetic particles to the surface under examination and terminated after powder application hes been completed and any excess blown Off, Precautions shall be taken to prevent aay damage to theqe 1444 Effective Region of Examination Central Conductor FIG. 2 The Eiectve Region of Exami onset antral Conductor is Equal to Four the Conductor as incicsted part due to overheating, ‘4.1.1 Apply dey powder so that light, uniform, dusttike coating setles on the surface of the part under examination while the partis being magnetized. Specially designed powder blowers or shakers using compressed air ot hand power shall ‘be used. The applicators shall introduce the particles into the air in a manner such that they reach the part surface in uniform cloud with a minimum of fone 64.12 After the powder is applied, and before the magne izing ores is emoved, excess powder shall be removed, if t imereres with interpretation and evalution, by means of adey ir current with sufficient force to remove the excess particles ‘but ot strong enough to disturb particles held by a leakage field that is indicative of discontinuities, {n order to recognize the broad, fuzzy, lightly beld powder patterns formed by near-surface discontinuities, the formation of indications must bbe observed carefully during both powder application snd removal ofthe excess powder. The dry particle method shall not be used to examine aerospace components (fight hard- ware) 64.2 Wer Magnetic Particle Application, Continuous ‘Method-—Fluotescent or nonfluorescent particles suspended in aliquid vehicle atthe required concentration shall be applied by gently spraying or flowing the suspension over the area to bbe examined or by immersion of the part in the suspension, 642.1 Proper sequencing and timing of part magnetization and application of particle suspension are required to obtain the proper formation and retention of indications. This requires that the steam of suspension be diverted from the part simultaneously wit, or slightly before, energizing the mage 642.2 The magnetizing current shall be applied for © uration of at least 4s foreach application, with a minimum of two shots being used. The second shot shall follow the fist in rapid succession. It should come after the flow of suspension has been imterrupted and before the partis examined for indications, 6.423 Under special circumstances, such as the use of automated equipment or for cial par, the Ys duration and the two-shot requirement may be waived provided it is demonstrated thatthe procedure con detect known discontina ties in reference parts 6424 Care shall be exercised t0 prevent any damage to the part due to overheating or other causes. Weakly held indies tions on highly finished parts are readily washed away, and henes care must be exercised to prevent high-velecity low aver critical surfaces 6.43 Residual Mognctizorion Methorl— tn the residual magnetization method, the magnetic particles are applied ty the part under examination immediately afier the magnetizing force has been discontinued, The residual method is not as sensitive a8 the continuous method. It cai be useful, for example, in detecting service induced fatigue eracks on the surface of materials with high retentivity. 1 is also useful for the examination of parts or areas of parts which, because of geometric constraints, cannot be examine! withthe continuous method, The residual method shall be used only when specif cally approved by the Cognizant Engineering Organization or when it has been documenied that i can detet discontinuities ‘or artificial discontinuities ia parts under examination, The test parts shall have the same material and processing steps, and similar geometry fo, the actual parts being examined 6.44. Magnetic Siurry/Paint Application— Magnetic paints ‘or slurries ae applied to the part with a brush, squeeze botle, (oF aerosol can before or during the magnetization operation ‘This method is for Ger ose an ono or tae Noe2 (248 mm) Gaz mm) (9800 me) (1am) (995 134mm Nore IAll ole diameters ave =0.05 i. Nore 2—Tolerance onthe D distance i 0005 in. (20.13 mi). Nore Jl ther dimensions are =0.0) in (20.76 mm, 13 tm: Ring wit holes 10 they 12 ate options FIG. X11 ANSI KETOS Stoel Too! Ring ‘or other suitable applicator while the current is owing. X13.5 Examine the ring within | min. afer curent appli cation under a minimum of 100 fe (1000 Ix) of visible light. XI3.5.1 The number of hole indications visible shall meet or exceed those specified in Table XI. 1, Table X1.2, andi the written procedure, X13.82 Current levels used and number of holes observed may be limited by equipment current capacity X2. REFERENCE STANDARD NOTCHED SHIMS FOR MAGNETIC PARTICLE INSPECTION PER AS 3371 X21 The following standard flawed shims are typically used to establish proper field direction and ensure adequate field strength during technique development in magnetic par- ticle examination, The shims of Fig, X2.1 may be used to censure the establishment and balance of fields in the multai- rectional magnetization method. X21.1 The shims ave available i two thicknesses, 0.002 in. (0.05 ram) and 0.004 in. (0.10 maa), Thinner shims are used when the thicker shims cannot conform to the part surface in the area of interest. X21.2 The shims are available in two sizes, 0.78 in, (19 mm) square for Figs. X2.1 and X22 and 0.79 in. (20 sm) square of Fig, 2.3. The shims of Fig. X2.3 are eu, by the user into four 0.395 in. (10 mn) square shims for use in restricted X22. Shims shall be low carbon steel , AMS 5062. oF equivalent X23. Shims shall be used as specified in AS $371, Shims ave placed in the area(s) of icerest withthe notches roward the surface ofthe part being examined. Use enough shims wr pce the shim in multiple areas to ensure proper field directions and strengths are obtaineddiy & 1444 }+——*357,——» ‘Shim Type CX-230 ars qv) ‘ (a2s2m) oar ovr) 4234 Siem =1& Shim Type OXAS0 aren norm ———>4 prmmco SEE Leen Hy tara coe | as | aon oo L sero op ws =a reroiger werowerm rh 7 ete Boe owe Eilon sotee 2294 | Sime BSS 0 a Shim Type 364-234 Shim Thickness 0.004” (0.102 mm} Shim Type 302-234 Shim Thickness 0.002" (0.05 mm) 16. X22 Shims fr Magnet Partcl Testing(ib © 1444 ae rye) 2.08 mn az (ve) Ram | | gzar00 ‘enn eta) ‘ena oT 5 2 oo) Bo] to Shim Thickness 0.002" (0.051 mm} Shim Type CX4-230 a Daan, ee sy 3 omar, (mn sar om [So ner xs 00.00 ‘saa | cae vey Aim Sone) (208 ay maaan aes Shim Thickness 0.004" (0.102 mm) Shim Type CX4-430 FIG. x2: Shims for Magnetic Particie Testing X3, MEASUREMENT OP TANGENTIAL FIELD STRENGTH X3.1_ Care must be exercised when measuring the tangen- ‘applied field strenguhs specified in 63.2. The ative area of the Hall effect probe should be no larger than 0.2 ia (5.1 mm) bby 0.2 in. (5.L_mm) and should have 2 maximum center location 5 mm from the part surface. The plane ofthe probe rust be perpendicular tothe surface of the pat at the location ff measurement to within S dogrees. This is dificult to sccomplish by hand orientation, therefore the probe should be held in a jig oF fixture of some type. IF the current is being applied in shots, oF if altemating current or half-wave rectified alernating current is being used, the gaussineter should be set to read the peak value during the shot. The gaussmeter should have a frequency response of O to 300 Mz or higher. The direction and magnitude of the tangential field on the part, surface can be determined by two measurements ade a right angles to each other at the same spot. The gaussmeter probe leads should be shictled or twisted to prevent reading errors due to voltage induced during the large Feld changes encoun tered daring magnetic particle examination X4, FORMULAS FOR DETERMINING PROPER CURRENT VALUES FOR COILS X4.1 The following formulas have been used for many years to develop techniques for examining parts using longi- tudinal fields produced by coils and cable wraps. Keeent studies have indicated that the fields produced by these Tormulas may be excessive for some parts, They may be used 2s a guide to establish preliminary magnetizing current values and should be verified by one of the magnetic field strength ‘monitoring methods referenced in 63.1 X42 Coil and Cable Wrap—The following formulas hold only if the LID is greater than 2 and less than IS. [FLD is less than 2, pole pieces (pieces of fereomagnetc material wit the same diameter as the part being examined ) may be placed on fone or each end to effectively increase the LID to 2 or greater {fhe part has hollow portions, D may be replaced with Day ‘outlined in X4.24, X41. Longitulinal Megnetizaion with Low Fill Factor Coils—When the eros-sectonal area ofthe calls ten or more times the cross-sectional ares of part being examined, the following formulae apply XA2.L1 For pars positioned tothe side of the col xa where: N= the number of ums in the el 7% the current in amperes applied to the coil, K = 45000 A turns,Q) © 1444 042) where ra a i the number of turns in the coil, the eurent in amperes applied to the coil, radius ofthe cil, mm (or in), 1690 if R is in mem (43 000 if is in inches), lenges of the part, and % the diameter ofthe part in the sam units asthe length, x L > XA22 Longitudinal Magnetization with Cable Wrap or High Fill Fecior Coils—When the ecoss-sectional area ofthe coil is less than twice the crost-ectional area (including hollow portions) of the part under examination, the following Tormala applies wo peeRIsIOM oe where WV" the aumber of runs in the coil 1 = the curent in amperes applied to the coil, K = 350004 ums, Ls the length ofthe part, 1D = thediamerer of the part in the same units as the length X423 Longindinal Magnetization for Intermediate Fil Factor Coils—When the cross-sectional area of the col is between 2 and 10 times the cross-sectional area of the past being examined, the following formula applies; =f 257] on [33] xa where Y= the qumber of turns inthe coil T= the current in amperes applied tothe coil, (VD, = value of IW calculated Tor low ll factor coils using X42.1 o¢ X8.21 (VD, value of MF calculated for highefl tctor coils sing X42.2, and = the ratio ofthe cross-sectional area ofthe coil 10 the cross-sectional area ofthe pat. For example, it the cols 10 in. in diameter and the pati Sin ameter, then (3) eam “4 es asi HA24 Calewlacing she LID Ruta for Hallow or Patil Alollow Part—When calculating for a hollow ow patially Illa pat, D may he mpc than fete ate Oy the following formulae: (Rata whee: A, = the woul eross-setional aren of the pas 9, ox nd i, = the trl cross-sectional area ofthe hollow sections of the part For hollow cylindeieal parts this is equal s the following De Voor oan where OD = the outside diameter of the cylinder, and 1D = the inside diameter of the cylinder XS. SUITABILITY OF MATERIALS FOR MAGNETIC PARTICLE EXAMINATION XS.1 Some materials ate far more suitable for magnetic particle examination than others. In some cases, penetant inspection may be a more reliable examination method X52 _ Some of the precipitation hardening (PH) steels are austenitic in the annealed or low heat teat ranges. Austenitic ‘materials cannot be examined by the magaetis particle method. X53. Care must be wen with low permeability stele, uch as the PH siels, 10 use a bigh enough amperage to provide Droper ied strength, X54 Stels with very high permeability are easily magne- tized but should not be examined with the residual method, X55. Fig. XS.t is a tabulation of stzinless sid corrosion esistant sleet ad Geis sulabiliy for examinaion withthe ‘magnetic particle method XS.6 Aluminum and aluminum based alloys, copper and copper based alloys, and nickel based alloys cannot be exam- ined by the magnetic pacticle method XS2_ All ow-alloy carbon stets, 1000 series (1020, 1050, 1119, 1340 ete), 4000 series (4130, 4330 4340M, ete, S00. 6000, $000, 9000 series, HY 80, HY 100, ONiACo, and Maraging steels are ferro-magnetic snd can be examined with the magnetic particle method.fh © 1444 i i i — — Seams | [samme || rene = ee) ee] Gee] Ge] ee FIG. X5.1 Tabulation of Staniass and Corrosion Resistant Steels Te American Soe Testing and Matas ake poston respecting Ihe val oy oan ih exsenesn connection wan ay ier atone Bs tna. Userso ths saad are aereay advan’ tal ennai athe rua oy Sch ate ris, andthe nk ofitingerert of Such Mts, ae anya expo, ‘Thi stands ubect revsion tay tna by he reseonsbe lec! common and unt evnwad vey fv yours and ‘Ynotaise er reapronad or wit, You comnts ive ee fr revo he standard of ato) sanards ‘ang sou be adress io ASTM Headquarters. You corais recat cre cose aon ats mtg ct ro repone ble "ceca commits wich you may ser you fo! a your cones hve ol acaba 9 ar DEY YOu Std tae Foot ‘ws town 9 in ASTM Carmios on Standard ah aie sow Baan. Ie standart copyrgted by ASTM, 100 Bar Harbor Ove, PO Box £700. 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