Lithium chloride

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Lithium chloride

__ Li+     __ Cl−

Names

Preferred IUPAC name

Lithium chloride

Systematic IUPAC name

Lithium(1+) chloride

Identifiers

CAS Number  7447-41-8 

3D model (JSmol)  Interactive image

ChEBI  CHEBI:48607 

ChEMBL  ChEMBL69710 

ChemSpider  22449 

ECHA InfoCard 100.028.375 

EC Number  231-212-3

MeSH Lithium+chloride

PubChem CID  433294

RTECS number  OJ5950000

UNII  G4962QA067 

UN number 2056

CompTox  DTXSID2025509 
Dashboard (EPA)

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InChI

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SMILES

Properties

Chemical formula LiCl

Molar mass 42.39 g·mol−1

Appearance white solid

hygroscopic, sharp
Density 2.068 g/cm3

Melting point 605–614 °C (1,121–1,137 °F; 878–887 K)

Boiling point 1,382 °C (2,520 °F; 1,655 K)

Solubility in water 68.29 g/100 mL (0 °C)

74.48 g/100 mL (10 °C)

84.25 g/100 mL (25 °C)

88.7 g/100 mL (40 °C)

123.44 g/100 mL (100 °C)[1]

Solubility soluble

in hydrazine, methylformamide, butanol, seleniu

m(IV) oxychloride, propanol[1]

Solubility in metha 45.2 g/100 g (0 °C)

nol 43.8 g/100 g (20 °C)

42.36 g/100 g (25 °C)[2]

44.6 g/100 g (60 °C)[1]

Solubility in ethano 14.42 g/100 g (0 °C)

l 24.28 g/100 g (20 °C)

25.1 g/100 g (30 °C)

23.46 g/100 g (60 °C)[2]

Solubility in formic 26.6 g/100 g (18 °C)

acid 27.5 g/100 g (25 °C)[1]

Solubility in aceton 1.2 g/100 g (20 °C)

e 0.83 g/100 g (25 °C)

0.61 g/100 g (50 °C)[1]

Solubility in liquid 0.54 g/100 g (-34 °C)[1]

ammonia 3.02 g/100 g (25 °C)

Vapor pressure 1 torr (785 °C)

10 torr (934 °C)

100 torr (1130 °C)[1]

Magnetic −24.3·10−6 cm3/mol
susceptibility (χ)

Refractive 1.662 (24 °C)

index (nD)

Viscosity 0.87 cP (807 °C)[1]

Structure

Coordination Octahedral
geometry

Molecular shape Linear (gas)

Dipole moment 7.13 D (gas)

Thermochemistry

Heat capacity (C) 48.03 J/mol·K[1]

Std molar 59.31 J/mol·K[1]

entropy (S o
298 )
Std enthalpy of -408.27 kJ/mol[1]
formation (ΔfH⦵298
)
Gibbs free -384 kJ/mol[1]
energy (ΔfG˚)

Hazards

Safety data ICSC 0711

sheet (SDS)

GHS labelling:

Pictograms

[3]

Signal word Warning

Hazard H302, H315, H319, H335[3]
statements

Precautionary P261, P305+P351+P338[3]
statements

NFPA

704 (fire diamond)

2
0
 0
Flash point Non-flammable

Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):

LD50 (median 526 mg/kg (oral, rat)[4]

dose)

Related compounds

Other anions Lithium fluoride

Lithium bromide

Lithium iodide

Lithium astatide

Other cations Sodium chloride

Potassium chloride

Rubidium chloride

Caesium chloride

Francium chloride

Supplementary data page

Lithium chloride (data page)

Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in

their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).

 verify (what is   ?)

Infobox references

Lithium chloride is a chemical compound with the formula LiCl. The salt is a

typical ionic compound (with certain covalent characters) , although the small size of the
Li+ ion gives rise to properties not seen for other alkali metal chlorides, such as
extraordinary solubility in polar solvents (83.05 g/100 mL of water at 20 °C) and
its hygroscopic properties.[5]

Contents

 1Chemical properties
 2Preparation
 3Uses
o 3.1Commercial applications
o 3.2Niche uses
 4Precautions
  5See also
 6References
 7External links

Chemical properties[edit]

Color produced when lithium chloride is heated

The salt forms crystalline hydrates, unlike the other alkali metal chlorides. [6] Mono-, tri-,
and pentahydrates are known.[7] The anhydrous salt can be regenerated by heating the
hydrates. LiCl also absorbs up to four equivalents of ammonia/mol. As with any other
ionic chloride, solutions of lithium chloride can serve as a source of chloride ion, e.g.,
forming a precipitate upon treatment with silver nitrate:
LiCl + AgNO3 → AgCl + LiNO3

Preparation[edit]
Lithium chloride is produced by treatment of lithium
carbonate with hydrochloric acid.[5] Anhydrous LiCl is
prepared from the hydrate by heating in a stream
of hydrogen chloride.

Uses[edit]
Commercial applications[edit]
Lithium chloride is mainly used for the production
of lithium metal by electrolysis of a LiCl/KCl melt at 450 °C
(842 °F). LiCl is also used as a
brazing flux for aluminium in automobile parts. It is used as
a desiccant for drying air streams.[5] In more specialized
applications, lithium chloride finds some use in organic
synthesis, e.g., as an additive in the Stille reaction. Also, in
biochemical applications, it can be used to
precipitate RNA from cellular extracts.[8]
Lithium chloride is also used as a flame colorant to produce
dark red flames.
Niche uses[edit]
Lithium chloride is used as a relative humidity standard in
the calibration of hygrometers. At 25 °C (77 °F) a saturated
solution (45.8%) of the salt will yield an equilibrium relative
humidity of 11.30%. Additionally, lithium chloride can be
used as a hygrometer. This deliquescent salt forms a self-
solution when exposed to air. The equilibrium LiCl
concentration in the resulting solution is directly related to
the relative humidity of the air. The percent relative
humidity at 25 °C (77 °F) can be estimated, with minimal
error in the range 10–30 °C (50–86 °F), from the following
first-order equation: RH=107.93-2.11C, where C is solution
LiCl concentration, percent by mass.
Molten LiCl is used for the preparation of carbon
nanotubes,[9] graphene[10] and lithium niobate.[11]
Lithium chloride has been shown to have
strong acaricidal properties, being effective against Varroa
destructor in populations of honey bees.[12]
Lithium chloride is used as an aversive agent in lab animals
to study conditioned place preference and aversion.

Precautions[edit]
Lithium salts affect the central nervous system in a variety
of ways. While the citrate, carbonate, and orotate salts are
currently used to treat bipolar disorder, other lithium
salts including the chloride were used in the past. For a
short time in the 1940s lithium chloride was manufactured
as a salt substitute, but this was prohibited after the toxic
effects of the compound (tremors, fatigue, nausea) were
recognized.[13][14][15]

See also[edit]
 Lithium chloride (data page)
 Solubility table

References[edit]
1. ^ Jump up to:                        lithium chloride
a b c d e f g h i j k l
2. ^ Jump up to:    Seidell, Atherton; Linke, William F.
a b

(1952).  Solubilities of Inorganic and Organic

Compounds. Van Nostrand. Retrieved 2014-06-02.
3. ^ Jump up to:a b c Sigma-Aldrich Co., Lithium chloride.
Retrieved on 2014-05-09.
4. ^ ChemIDplus - 7447-41-8 - KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-
UHFFFAOYSA-M - Lithium chloride - Similar structures
search, synonyms, formulas, resource links, and other
chemical information
5. ^ Jump up to:a b c Wietelmann, Ulrich; Bauer, Richard J.
(2005). "Lithium and Lithium Compounds".  Ullmann's
Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-
VCH.  doi:10.1002/14356007.a15_393.
6. ^ Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. Inorganic
Chemistry Academic Press: San Diego, 2001. ISBN 0-12-
352651-5.
7. ^ Hönnerscheid Andreas; Nuss Jürgen; Mühle Claus;
Jansen Martin (2003). "Die Kristallstrukturen der
Monohydrate von Lithiumchlorid und
Lithiumbromid".  Zeitschrift für anorganische und
allgemeine Chemie. 629 (2): 312–
316.  doi:10.1002/zaac.200390049.
8. ^ Cathala, G.; Savouret, J.; Mendez, B.; West, B. L.;
Karin, M.; Martial, J. A.; Baxter, J. D. (1983). "A Method
for Isolation of Intact, Translationally Active Ribonucleic
Acid".  DNA. 2  (4): 329–
335.  doi:10.1089/dna.1983.2.329.  PMID  6198133.
9. ^ Kamali, Ali Reza; Fray, Derek J. (2014). "Towards
large scale preparation of carbon nanostructures in
molten LiCl". Carbon.  77: 835–
845.  doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2014.05.089.
10. ^ Kamali, Ali Reza; Fray, Derek J. (2015).  "Large-scale
preparation of graphene by high temperature insertion of
hydrogen into graphite"  (PDF). Nanoscale. 7  (26):
11310–11320. doi:10.1039/c5nr01132a. PMID 2605388
1.
11. ^ Kamali, Ali Reza; Fray, Derek J. (2014). "Preparation of
lithium niobate particles via reactive molten salt synthesis
method".  Ceramics International. 40: 1835–
1841.  doi:10.1016/j.ceramint.2013.07.085.
12. ^ Ziegelmann, Bettina; Abele, Elisabeth (January 12,
2018). "Lithium chloride effectively kills the honey bee
parasite  Varroa destructor  by a systemic mode of
action".  Scientific Reports.  8 (1):
683.  Bibcode:2018NatSR...8..683Z. doi:10.1038/s41598-
017-19137-5. PMC  5766531.  PMID  29330449.
13. ^ Talbott J. H. (1950). "Use of lithium salts as a
substitute for sodium chloride".  Arch Intern Med.  85  (1):
1–10.  doi:10.1001/archinte.1950.00230070023001.  PMI
D 15398859.
14. ^ L. J. Stone; M. luton; J. Gilroy (1949). "Lithium Chloride
as a Substitute for Sodium Chloride in the Diet".  Journal
of the American Medical Association.  139  (11): 688–
692.  doi:10.1001/jama.1949.02900280004002.  PMID  18
128981.
 15. ^ "Case of trie Substitute Salt".  Time. 28 February 1949.
Archived from  the original on March 2, 2007.

 Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 71st

edition, CRC Press, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1990.
 N. N. Greenwood, A. Earnshaw, Chemistry of
the Elements, 2nd ed., Butterworth-Heinemann,
Oxford, UK, 1997.
 R. Vatassery, titration analysis of LiCl, sat'd in
Ethanol by AgNO3 to precipitate AgCl(s). EP of
this titration gives %Cl by mass.
 H. Nechamkin, The Chemistry of the Elements,
McGraw-Hill, New York, 1968.

External links[edit]
[1]

Wikimedia Commons has

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chloride.

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Categories: 
  Chlorides
 Alkali metal chlorides
 Lithium compounds
 Metal halides
 Mood stabilizers
 Desiccants
 Rock salt crystal structure
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 This page was last edited on 31 December 2021, at 12:34 (UTC).
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