MATH

Arithmetic Sequence: An =A 1 + ( n−1 ) d

A 1+ A n
Arithmetic Series: Sn=n( )
2

Geometric Sequence:

An = nth Term
A1= 1st Term
r = common ratio
n = nth

A1
Geometric Series: Sn=
1−r

 Convergent – infinite series that has a sum because its sum converges to a
specific value; when the value of r is between -1 to 0 or 0 to 1 or that /r/ < 1
 Divergent – an infinite series that does not have a sum; when the value of r is
greater than or equal to ±1 or that /r/ ≥ 1
Case 1: if r = 1
Sn = n(a1)
Case 2: if r = -1
Sn = 0 if n is even
Sn = a1 if n is odd
Case 3: if r ≠ 1 or -1
Sn = a1−anr1−r or Sn = a1−a1rn1−r
 1
Harmonic Sequence: An = A + ( n−1 ) d
1

Fibonacci Sequence: n n−1+ F n−2

F =F

*Add the last number, to the recent number, to get the next number
*ex: 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13… is a Fibonacci Sequence

BTECH
 Sample Account Names
ASSESTS LIABILITIES EQUITY REVENUES EXPENSES
Bank (Cash) Income Tax Capital Sales Purchases
Accounts Receivable Payables Equity Income Costs
Fees Receivable Unearned Revenue Drawings Revenue Expenses
Supplies Withdrawals Earnings Dividends
Inventory Current Earnings
Insurance Prepared
Land
Buildings
Vehicles
Equipment

 ASSETS – Value owned by the business and expected to benefit the

business
 CURRENT ASSETS – Realized or converted to cash easily or consumed
1. Cash – Medium of exchange; Cash in Bank or in Hand
2. Accounts Receivable – Claims against debtors or customers for
merchandise or services on account
3. Notes Receivable – claims against debtors or customers with written
promise to pay later for merchandise or services
4. Supplies – goods used in operations
 - Store Supplies – used in store; tapes, boxes, bins
- Office Supplies – used in office; clips, paper, folders
- Shop Supplies – used in shop; printing shop, ink, toners
5. Prepaid Assets – expenses paid in advance
- Prepaid Insurance – Advanced payment of insurance
- Prepaid Rent – Advanced payment in rent
- Prepaid Tax – Advanced payment of tax
- Prepaid Advertising – Prepayment of advertising
 Fixed Assets – Permanent in nature, subject to depreciation except for land
- Furniture and Fixtures - Shelves, tables, chairs, cabinets, lights, air
conditioners
- Office Equipment – Used for office work; fax machines, copiers,
computers
- Delivery Equipment – Automobiles used for delivery purposes
- Building – Structures where business is conducted
- Land – Piece of land, or lot where a building could be located
 Intangible Assets – Right and privileges enjoyed by the business
- Goodwill - patronage given by the general public and customers
- Franchise – right awarded by the government
- Copyrights – right to receive due credit and acknowledgement
 Liability Accounts – creditor’s equities or interests in a business; debts
incurred
 Current Liabilities – debts due within a short period of time
- Account Payable – owed to creditors for goods purchased or services
received
- Notes Payable – owed to creditors for goods purchased or services
received supported by a written promise to pay later
- Salaries & Wages Payable – owed to the employees/skilled workers for
their services rendered
- Rent Payable – owed to lessor for unpaid use of property
- Interest Payable – interest on money borrowed incurred but not yet paid
at the end of the period
- Taxes and Licenses Payable – amount due to the government for unpaid
taxes and licenses needed to operate a business
- Utilities Payable – amount owed to utility companies
 Longer-Term Liabilities – debts due for a relatively long period of time
- Mortgage Payable – due to creditors on loan secured by collateral
- Bonds Payable – indebtedness, usually of the government from the sale
of bonds to the public
 Capital/Equity Accounts – represent the interest of the owner in the
business; the right of the owner over the assets of the business
- Owner’s Capital – claims of the owner over the business; debt of the
business to the owner
- Owner’s Withdrawal/Drawing – owner’s withdrawal of assets from the
business
 Income Accounts – revenue or income; inflow of assets resulting from the
sale of goods or rendering services for a fee
- Service Revenue – income of businesses that render services for a fee
- Professional Fee – income of professionals like teachers, physicians,
dentists, lawyers, etc.
- Talent Fee – income of performer or artist like actors and actresses,
directors, scriptwriters, etc.
- School Fees – income of a school comprised of tuition and other fees
- Commissions Income – revenue earned from a commission in discharging
of transactions
- Admission Income – revenue earned from the sale of tickets
- Salaries & Wages Income – income of employees/skilled workers
- Interest Income – income of a person lending money for interest
- Sales – income from the sale of merchandise
 Expense Accounts – costs of doing business
- Advertising Expense – amount paid for advertisement
- Salaries Expense – amount paid for the salary of employees
- Supplies Expense – amount paid for the purchase of supplies and their
consumption
- Rent Expense – amount paid for the use of another person’s property
- Taxes & Licenses Expense – amount paid for the privilege of operating a
business
- Transportation Expense – amount paid for transportation
- Gas & Oil Expense – amount paid for the purchase of petrol products
- Utility Expense – collective term for distinct titles:
 - Light & Water Expense – amount paid for the consumption of light and
water
- Telephone & Telegram Expense - amount paid for the receipt of
telephone and telegraph services
- Wage Expense – amount paid for the wage of laborers
- Interest Expense – amount paid for the interest incurred by the use of
borrowed money
- Miscellaneous Expense – amount paid for miscellaneous spending
- Depreciation Expense – amount allocated for the decrease in the value of
fixed assets
 Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP)
- Business/Economic Entity Assumption – concept provides that
accounting for a business or organization be kept separate from the
personal affair of its owner, or from any other business or organization
- Monetary Unit Assumption – any non-financial or non-monetary
information that cannot be measured in terms of money is not recorded in
the accounting books
- Full Disclosure Principle – states that any and all information that affects
the full understanding of a company’s financial statements must be
included with the financial statements
- Time Period Assumption – requires a business to complete the whole
accounting process of a business over a specific operating time period.
- Revenue Recognition Principle – states that revenues are recognized as
soon as goods have been sold or service has been rendered regardless of
when the money is actually received
- Matching Principle – requires that expenses be matched with revenues;
the revenue recorded should have its corresponding expense recorded, in
order to show the true profit of the business
- Cost Principle – refers to the amount spent when an item was originally
obtained, all assets should be valued and recorded based on the actual cash
equivalent or original cost of acquisition
- Going Concern Assumption – a business entity is assumed to remain in
existence for an undetermined time in the absence of contrary information;
This assumes that a company will continue to exist long enough to carry out
 objectives and commitments and will not liquidate in the foreseeable
future
- Accrual Business Assumption – requires that all business transactions and
other events are recognized in the accounting records when they occur,
rather than when the cash is received or paid
VALUE RECEIVED = VALUE PARTED WITH
(Something of value gained) (something of value given off)

 Business Transactions
- an event that has some effect on the resources of a firm or on the source
of a firms’ asset
- buying and selling of goods and services
- exchange of values
- a transaction involves a value received and a value parted with
- If done with a business and an outsider, it is an external transaction
- if done within the business and does not involve outsiders, it is an internal
transaction
- evidence of a transaction that describes the essential facts of the
transaction is the source document

ENG
 Persuasive Essay
- Presents arguments, research and data.
- Argumentative essay.
- Attempts to make the reader agree.
- Backed up by logic and reason.
- A clear thesis or controlling idea that establishes and sustains your focus.
- An opening paragraph that introduces the thesis.
- Body paragraphs that use specific research evidence to illustrate your
informative or argumentative points.
- Smooth transitions that connect the ideas of adjoining paragraphs in
specific, interesting ways.
 - Use of counterarguments to summarize and refute opposing positions.
- A conclusion that emphasizes your central idea without being repetitive.
 ETHOS – Ethics, Authority, Credibility; Greek for “Character”
 PATHOS – Emotional Appeal; Greek for “Suffering” or “Experience”
 LOGOS – Logical Appeal and Reasoning; “Logic”
 Rhetorical Techniques
- Analogy - relationship of similarity; Similes/Metaphors
- Allusion - reference to other literary works
- Antithesis - presenting the opposite side to make your side appealing
- Call to action – the action the speaker or writer is persuading the
audience or reader to take
- Claim – debatable controversial statement the speaker or writer intends
to prove with evidence
- Commentary – connecting the evidence to the claim (How does
evidence support claim?)
- Concession – respectful acknowledgement of opposing viewpoint
- Hook – the beginning of a persuasive essay meant to capture the
reader’s attention (quote, profound statement, imagery, etc.)
- Evidence – support for writer’s claim (examples, anecdotes, facts,
statistics, research, etc.)
- Thesis – a sentence that expresses the writer’s position on a certain
topic
- Qualifier – puts limits on a claim (usually, sometimes, in most cases,
etc.)
 Compound Adjective
- Number + Singular Noun
- Adjective + Noun
- Adjective + Past Participle
- Noun + Present Participle
- Noun + Adjective
- Noun + Past Participle
- Adverb + Past Participle
- Adjective + Past Participle
 Literary Devices
Hypothesis - is a scientific or intelligent guess formulated prior to
 conducting research or experiment. In the of literature, this term is used as
an alternative to predicting texts
Foreshadowing - is a literary device used by the author to give clues
regarding the next events to follow
Chekov's Gun - Concrete foreshadowing, commonly referred to as
"Chekov's Gun", is when the author explicitly states something that they
want you to be aware of for the future

Flashback - Evocative foreshadowing, or the "Flashback/Flash-forward", is

when an author needs the reader to know something that doesn't fit with
the current story line. The author will usually use a flashback or flash-
forward to give the reader the information
Symbolic - Abstract or "Symbolic" foreshadowing is much harder to pick up.
It is abstract and requires thinking outside the box. It is an even more
oblique hint than other types of foreshadowing
Red Herring - Fallacy, or "The Red Herring", is the most fun of all the types.
A red herring is a wild goose chase or smoke screen that diverts readers'
attention. Its only purpose is to throw the reader off, causing more
suspicion, intrigue, and surprise
Prophecy - Prominent foreshadowing, also known as the "Prophecies", is
linked to a fortune or prophecy that a character will receive, which
explicitly tells the reader what will happen in the future

SCIENCE
 The Ring of Fire - also referred to as the Circum-Pacific Belt; a path along
the Pacific Ocean characterized by active volcanoes and frequent
earthquakes
 Subduction - is the tectonic process at convergent margins by which slabs
of oceanic lithosphere descend into the mantle; Older, denser oceanic crust
is subducted forming a volcanic island arc
 Earthquake - is a trembling or shaking of the ground caused by the sudden
release of energy stored in the rocks beneath Earth’s surface
 Fault - Fracture in the rocks that make up the earth's crust
 Epicenter - Point at the surface directly above the focus
 Focus - also known as the Hypocenter; point within the Earth where an
earthquake rupture starts
 Plates - massive rocks that make up the outer layer of the Earth
 Tectonic Waves:
- Seismic Waves - waves that transmit the energy released by an
earthquake
- Body Waves - Travel through the earth; 2 types: have different motion
- Primary (P) waves - Particle motion is parallel to wave direction (left to
right); Travel fastest (arrive first); Travel through solid or fluid
- Secondary (S) waves - Particle motion is perpendicular to wave direction
(Up and down); Travel slightly slower; Only travel through solid
- Surface Waves - Slowest type of seismic waves produced by
earthquakes
- Love waves - side-to-side motion of the ground surface; Can’t travel
through fluids
- Rayleigh waves - ground moves in an elliptical path opposite the
direction of wave motion; Extremely destructive to buildings
- Seismometers - used to measure seismic waves
- Seismographs - recording devices used to produce a permanent record
of the motion detected by seismometers
- Seismograms - permanent paper (or digital) records of the earthquake
vibrations; Used to measure the earthquake strengths
 - Intensity - a measure of the effects an earthquake produces in a
particular location (on both structures and people)–Modified Mercalli
scale

- Magnitude is a measure of the amount of energy released by an

earthquake–Richter scale

- PHIVOLCS - A Philippine institution dedicated to provide information

about Earthquake and Volcanic activities

- Shadow Zone - It is an area of the Earth's surface where seismographs

cannot detect an earthquake after its seismic waves have passed
through the Earth
 Faults:
- Hanging Wall - is the slope which hangs.
- Foot Wall - is the slope on which the hanging wall hangs onto.
- Fault Plane - The fault line
- Fault Zone - The area around the fault line
- Normal Fault - Caused by Tension; Occurs when tension pulls the fault
apart and the Hanging Wall drops
 - Reverse Fault - Caused by Compression; Occurs when compression
pushes the two parts of the fault together and the Hanging Wall moves
up
- Strike-Slip Fault - Caused by Shear Stress; Shear causes the parts of the
fault to slide past one another
 Mountains:
- Orogenesis - process of forming mountains and mountain ranges.
- Mountains - natural landforms that reach high elevations; usually have
narrow summits and steep slopes; rise at least 600 meters above the
surrounding land
- Mountain range - group of adjacent mountains with same general shape
and structure
- Mountain system - group of adjacent mountain ranges
- Fold Mountains - Formed through plate convergence; syncline is a fold
in which the youngest rocks occur in the core of a fold, whereas the
oldest rocks occur in the core of an anticline
- Fault-Block Mountain - forms when faults or cracks in the earth's crust
force some materials or blocks of rock up and others down
- Dome Mountain - are the result of a great amount of melted rock
(magma) pushing its way up under the earth crust
- Volcanic Mountain - are formed when molten rock (magma) deep
within the earth, erupts, and piles upon the surface

FIL
ASPEKTONG PERPEKTIBO O PANGNAGDAAN
 Ito ay nagsasaad na tapos na / naganap na ang isang kilos.
Ginagamitan ito ng:
Unalaping = nag
Gitlaping = um, in
Hulaping = -an
ASPEKTONG IMPERPEKTIBO O PANGKASALUKUYAN
 Ito ay nagsasaad na ang isang kilos ay kasalukuyang nagaganap, nangyayari o
ginagawa.
Ginagamitan ito ng:
Unalaping = nag
Gitlaping = um + inuulit ang unang pantig ng salitang-ugat
Hulaping = –an kung kinakailanganin

ASPEKTONG KONTEMPLATIBO O PANGHINAHARAP

 Ito ay nagsasaad na ang isang kilos ay gagawin pa lamang .
Ginagamitan ito ng :
Unalaping = mag + inuulit ang unang pantig ng salitang-ugat o di kaya ay pag-uulit
lamang ng isang pantig ng salitang ugat
Hulaping = -an

Pag-ugnay at Mga Uri Nito

Pang-angkop ang tawag sa mga katagang nag-uugnay sa panuring at salitang
tinuturingan.
Dalawang uri ng Pang-angkop
na – ginagamit kapag ang salitang sinusundan ay nagtatapos sa katinig maliban sa
titik n.
ng - Ito’y idinurugtong sa salitang inaangkupan. Ginagamit ito sa mga salitang
nagtatapos sa patinig

Pang-ukol ang tawag sa kataga o salitang nag-uugnay sa pangngalan sa iba pang

salita sa pangungusap.
hal.
sa ayon sa/kay
hinggil sa/kay
Kay/kina
ukol sa/kay
Alinsunod sa/kay
para sa/kay
Laban sa/kay
tungkol sa/kay

Pangatnig mga kataga/salita na nag- uugnay ng dalawang salita, parirala, o sugnay

Mga Uri:
Pangatnig na pandagdag - nagsasaad ng pagpuno o pagdagdag ng impormasyon.
hal. at, pati

Pangatnig na pamukod - nagsasaad ng pagbubuklod o paghihiwalay.

hal. o, ni, maging

Pagbibigay sanhi/bunga - pag-uugnay ng mga lipon ng salitang nagbibigay katwiran o

nagsasabi ng kadahilanan.
hal. dahil sa, sapagkat, palibhasa

Paglalahad ng bunga o resulta - nagsasaad ng kinalabasan o kinahatnan.

hal. bunga, kaya

Pagbibigay ng kondisyon - nagsasaad ng kondisyon o pasubali.

hal. kapag, pag, kung, basta

Pagsasaad ng kontrast o pagsalungat - nagsasaad ng pagkontra o pagtutol

hal. ngunit, subalit, sapagkat

Mga Hudyat Sa Pagsusunod-sunod ng Pangyayari

  Sa pagsisimula: - Una, sa umpisa, noong una, unang-unab.
 Sa gitna: - ikalawa, ikatlo,…, sumunod, pagkatapos, sakac.
 Sa wakas: - sa dakong huli, sa huli, wakas

Panghalip At Uri Nito

Unang panauhan-tumutukoy sa nagsasalita

Ikalawang panauhan-tumutuko’y sa taong kinakausap
Ikatlong panauhan–tumutukoy sa taong pinag-uussapan

UNANG PANAUHA: Nako, kita, kata, kami, tayoko, natin, namin, Akin, atin, amin
IKALAWANG PANAUHAN: Ikaw, ka , kayomo, ninyoIyo, inyo,
IKATLONG PANAUHAN: siya, silaniya, nilakaniya, kanila

Panghalip Pananong
Ito ang mga panghalip na ginagamit sa pagtatanong tungkol sa bagay, tao, hayop,
pook, gawain, katangian, panahon at ibapa.
Ano-para sabagay, hayop, katangian, pangyayario ideya
Kailan– para sa panahon at petsa
Saan- para sa lugar
Bakit- para sa dahilan
Magkano- para sa halagang pera
Sino at kanino- para sa tao

Panghalip Panaklaw
Ito ay panghalip na nagsasaad ng kaisahan, dami o kalahatan ng ngalang tinutukoy na
maaaring tiyakan o di-tiyakan. Ito ay sumasaklaw sa kaisahan o kalahatan ng
pangngalan. Ito ay may tatlong kaurian.
Kaisahan - isa, iba, balana
Dami o kalahatan - ahat,pawa,madla
Di-katiyakan - gaanuman, alinman, saanman,anuman,kailanman

Panghalip Pamatling
Ito ay ginagamit sa pagtuturo ng tao, bagay,hayop,lunano pangyayari. Sa panghalip na
pamatlig nalalaman ang layo o lapit ng bagay nai tinuturo. Mayroon itong apat na uri.
Pronominal - ire , ito, iyan, yaan,iyon, yaon)nire,nito, niyan, noon, niyon)dine, dito,
diyan, doon
Panawag pansin o pahimatona - ere, ito, iyan, ayan
Patulada - ganire, ganito, ganyand, ganoon, gayon
Panlunan - Narini, nadini,narito,nandiyan, nariyan,nandiyan, naroon,nandoon

SOCS
Different Natural Disasters
 Typhoons - It is typically forms over a large body of water.
 Storm Surges - It is the abnormal increase of water level in seashores when
a storm nears coastal lines.
 Flooding - It is frequent in low-lying areas in our country.
 Landslides - They may occur when there is heavy and continuous rainfall in
high places, volcanic eruptions, or earthquakes.
 Earthquake - It is a sudden, rapid shaking of the earth caused by the
breaking and shifting of rocks beneath earth surface.
 Geohazard - These are naturally occurring geological phenomena that pose
danger to people’s lives, properties, infrastructure, and communities.
 Tsunamis - These are series of enormous seismic sea waves caused by
underwater earthquake, landslide, or volcanic eruption
 Tropical Cyclone - is an intense low-pressure system with minimum
sustained winds of 35 kilometers per hour (kph). It develops over topical or
 subtropical waters where sea surface temperatures are greater than 26
degrees Celsius.
 Classifications of Tropical Cyclones:
- Tropical Depression- maximum sustained wind speed of 61 kph
- Tropical Storm- maximum sustained wind speed of 62-88 kph
- Severe Tropical Storm- maximum wind speed of 89-117 kph
- Typhoon- maximum wind speed of 118-220 kph
- Super Typhoon- maximum wind speed exceeding 220 kph
 El Niño
- is a naturally occurring phenomenon that is linked to a periodic warming
in sea surface temperatures across the central and east-central
Equatorial Pacific.
- Causes drought

 La Niña
- is caused by a build-up of cooler-than-normal waters in the tropical
Pacific, the area of the Pacific Ocean between the Tropic of Cancer and
the Tropic of Capricorn.
- Causes Intense rainfall and floods
 Volcanic Eruption- Located in an area with subducting plates and trenches,
the Philippines is prone to volcanic eruptions.
 Classifications of Volcanoes:
- Active Volcanoes - These volcanoes erupted within the last 600 years based
on historical records.
- Potentially Active Volcanoes - These volcanoes do not have historical
record of eruption and were described as morphologically young.
- Inactive Volcanoes - These have no record of eruptions and their physical
form is weathered by wind and rain.
Risk Prevention Caused by Natural Disasters
 National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council
- This agency was established as the lead agency in preparing for and
responding to natural disasters in the country.
 Goals of Disaster Mitigation
 - Implement building codes and infrastructure design to withstand the
onslaught of any natural disasters.
- Plan orderly and sustainable use and management of land.
- Disseminate information about natural disasters.
 Structural Measures for Disaster Risk Reduction
- It focuses on quality construction and the use of efficient proper
engineering practices.
- Designing of transportation
- Electrical power systems can withstand earthquakes
- Typhoons
- Burying transmission lines underground for protection from hurricanes.
- building of dikes
- Dams to minimize floods

 Non- structural Measures for Disaster Risk Reduction

- They focus to the activities done to reduce disaster risk
- Efficient planning and management of land use
- Implementation of zoning ordinances and building codes.
- public education and training
- coastal and mountain reforestation
Government Agencies focused on Disaster Prevention
 National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council
- This agency was established as the lead agency in preparing for and
responding to natural disasters in the country.
- Implement building codes and infrastructure design to withstand the
onslaught of any natural disaster.
 Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD)
- It is responsible for government programs that serve the poor and the
needy.
- It provides service and assistance to the affected communities.
 Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG)
- It oversees the local government by providing the budget and promoting
peace and order in municipalities, cities, and provinces by implementating
laws and ordinances in these areas.
 Metropolitan Manila Development Authority
- Created to provide direct service to Metro Manila or NCR residents.
- It gives real-time road travel conditions in Metro Manila and aids in flood
control.
 Department of Education (DepEd)
- It manages the education of elementary, high school, and tertiary levels of
all public and private schools in our school.
- When there is an approaching natural disaster, public schools are often
used as temporary shelter of affected residents.
 Department of Health (DOH)
- It holds the overall responsibility over the health of Filipino citizens as it
provides programs for disease control and prevention of communicable
diseases.
- Francisco Duque III
 Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH)
- It undertakes major infrastructure projects such as national roads, bridges,
dikes, and other damaged during floods or earthquakes and other natural
disasters.
- Mark A. Villar
 Department of National Defense (DND)
- It protects the safety of the citizens against crimes such as kidnapping,
robbery, theft and more.
- Delfin Lorenzana
 Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR)
- It protects the environment and natural resources of the country.
- It implements programs for the sustainable development of our forests and
marine life, and preservation of natural resources.
 Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical Services
Administration (PAGASA)
- It reports about the strength of the wind, amount of rainfall, and path of
typhoons.
- It provides information of scope of lava and lahar reach during a volcanic
eruption in order to warn and allow people living around.
 Philippine Coast Guard
- An agency under the Department of Transportation and Communications
that enforces maritime safety, security, and search- and –rescue
operations.
 Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines
- An agency under the Department of Transportation and Communication
tasked to implement policies on civil aviation.
 Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS)
- It is a Philippine national institution dedicated to provide information on
the activities of volcanoes, earthquakes, and tsunamis, as well as other
specialized information and services primarily for the protection of life and
property and in support of economic, productivity, and sustainable
development.
 Climate change
- Is one of the issues with huge impact on various parts of the world. It has
disastrous effects in our ecosystem.
- Climate change has effects to our lives and environment.
- It refers to the drastic variation in the state of the climate or weather in the
whole world
 Causes of climate change:
- Humans
- Sun
 Natural Factors:
- Continental Drift
- Volcanoes
- Ocean currents
- Earth’s tilt
 Comets and Meteorites
 CAUSES OF CLIMATE CHANGE
- Natural change of the climate brought about by the effects of the sun on
earth and heat from underground
- Deforestation
- Excessive use of energy
- Severe pollution
- Using of products and doing activities that increase greenhouse gases
 THE GREEN HOUSE GASES
- It is the trap of heat in the atmosphere that prevents from coming back in
to space.
- Is a gas in an atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiation within the
thermal infrared range
- This process is the fundamental cause of the greenhouse effect

 Different Types of Green House Gases

- Water Vapor - causes cloud formation, precipitation, and controls the
intensified heat in the atmosphre
- Carbon Monoxide & Carbon Dioxide - come from the natrual process like
breathing of humans and animal and also animals and volcanic eruptions
- Chlorofluorocarbons - chemicals damage the ozone layer on Earth, it is
used as refrigerants, aerosol propellant, etc...
- Methane - Formed from natural process in the environment, it is more
severe than Carbon Dioxide, even though it has less concentration in our
atmosphere
- Nitrous Oxide - is formed from the use of commercial and organic fertilizer
 Effect of Climate Change on Humans
- Allergy caused by pollution
- Malaria and dengue because of the increase in mosquito population
- Leptospirosis from floodwater contaminated with rat urine
- Respiratory system diseases caused by pollution and changing weather
- Abdominal pain, diarrhea and cholera due to drinking of contaminated
water and food
 Effects on Agriculture and Environment
- Global warming causes changes in the weather system that bring
- Floods
- Drought
- Sickness
- Death of Animals
- Death of plants
- Destruction of Coral Reefs
 Effect of Climate Change on the economy.
- Higher demand due to warm weather.
- Decline business and other livelihood opportunities.
- Infrastructures near water are at risk.
- Shortage may occur
 Environmental Problems in the Community
- Air Pollution
- Land Pollution
- Risk on Plants and Animals
- Water Pollution
- Population growth
- Deforestation
 Ways to help in solving the problem of climate change
- Planting trees
- Reduce use of energy
- Avoid burning garbage
- Keeping the environment clean
- Avoid using of plastic materials and poisonous chemicals
- Recycle waste material
 Ways to help in solving the problem of climate change.
- Use of alternative energy.
- Solar energy and ways to use it.
- Photovoltaic cells – Convert sunrays into electricity as used in solar
calculators or watches.
- Solar thermal power – The heat from the sun becomes steam that is used
to produce electricity.
- Solar heating – Heat from the sun is used for drying clothes, salt
production, drying of salted fish and others.
- Ways to help in solving the problem of climate change.
- Use of alternative energy.
 Geothermal energy
- Is the heat from the hot springs And beneath the earth’ s surface, this is
then turned into electricity by a geothermal power plant
  Hydropower Energy
- Energy for water is renewable because it is naturally replenished.
- Hydroelectric dam – energy from rivers.
- Wave power – energy from ocean surface waves using a special type of
buoy.
- Tidal power – energy from tides using a turbine while the waves come and
go along the seashores
 Wind Energy
- Large turbine can produce enough alternative energy for the people in the
provinces. It can provide electricity for telecommunication.
- Some of these can be found in Ilocos Norte and Rizal province.
RESPONSE TO CLIMATE CHANGE
 The UNFCCC and the COp21 - To mitigate the effects of climate change,
one of the major international political responses was the Rio Earth Summit
1992 which resulted to the adoption of the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The countries that joined the
UNFCC cooperate to limit the increase in climate temperature which leads
to climate change. In 1995, the Convention realized the need to strengthen
global response to climate change. This led the Convention to adopt the
Kyoto Protocol which binds developed countries to have a target in
reducing their gas emissions.
 Republic Act No. 9729 - The Philippines government, as a response to
climate change, passed Republic Act No. 9729, also known as the Climate
Change Act of 2009. RA 9799 created the Climate Change Commission, an
independent and autonomous body with the president of the country as
the chairman. The commission is the lead institution that oversees and
evaluates government programs on climate change and makes sure that
the national and local government units are working together for a climate-
resilient and climate-smart Philippines.
Response to Climate Change in the Philippines
 Republic Act 8435 also known as the Agriculture and Fisheries
Modernization Act of 1997- the law aims to work on the modernization of
agriculture and fishing industries to enable it to compete in the global
market while taking into consideration sustainable development. According
to the law, government agencies will work hand in hand in addressing
problems related to agriculture and fishing such as the concern on
irrigation, energy, communication, information and education.
 Republic Act 8749 also known as the Philippine Clean Air Act- The law
contains the comprehensive air quality management policy and program
which aims to achieve and maintain a clean and healthy air for all Filipinos.
The law aims to protect the environment while the country develops its
industries.
 Republic Act 9003 also known as the Ecological Solid Management Waste
Act of 2000 -The law indicates that the state shall have a systemic and
comprehensive policy on ecological solid management program that will
ensure the protection of public health and the environment through proper
segregation, collection, transport, storage, proper use of the natural
resources, and cooperation on the implementation of the programs on the
environment.
 Republic Act 9275 also known as the Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004
-The law aims to improve the implementation and protection of water
resources. It also aims to create a holistic national program that will ensure
better protection for the waters which will ultimately lead to the
improvement of public health, the ecology, and the quality of life. The law
also states an information campaign that will encourage people to take part
in monitoring and taking care of the quality of water.
 Republic Act 9512 also known as the Environment Awareness and
Education Act 2008 - The law states that there must be an integration of
government agencies such as the Department of Education, Commission of
Higher Education, Technical Education and Skills Development Authority,
Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Department of Science
and Technology, and other agencies that can take part in creation of a
 curriculum and dissemination of information not only in schools but also in
communities where daycare centers and out-of-school youth are found.
 The Qualities a Filipino Worker
- In April. 2019, the Philippine Statistics Authority reported that around 2.3
million Overseas Filipino Workers (OFW's) were employed overseas
between month of April to September.
- Employment abroad helps the economy survive despite the calamities that
have stricken the country.
OFW's are the most in demand workers in most parts of the world, and this can
be attributed to their qualities which separate them from the competitors.
- Competent - The competence of Filipino workers is attributed to the
training that they get from their education and their willingness to work
extra hours to acquire the skills needed to be competent and credible at
their job.
- Team Player - Filipinos are great team players which may be rooted on
their sense of family, where they help one another overcome trials and
adversities.
- Adaptable - One of the most notable qualities of Filipino workers is their
adaptability. It is not difficult for them to learn the culture of the country
where they are in.
- Fast Learners - in the report of the National Statistics Office in 2013, the
literacy rate of the country was at 97.5%. Those who were surveyed were
from the age of 15 and above. A person's literacy has a big effect on his or
her capacity to acquire new skills in his or her place of work.
- Industrious - Working for more than the required number of hours, either
with extra compensation or not, is something that most Filipinos are
accustomed to.
- Family Oriented - Filipinos are known for having their families as their main
priority. The family is their major motivation for working hard.
- Warm and Friendly - Filipino warmth and friendliness are said to be one of
a kind. Filipinos are very welcoming and easy to talk to.
- Labor Force Surveys (LFS) - are statistical surveys conducted in a number of
countries designed to capture data about the labor market.
 Full-time job – working for eight hours or more a day.
 Part-time job – working for four hours or less.

 The Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) - serves as the central statistical

authority on primary data collection in the Philippines by conducting
censuses on different sectors of the Philippine economy such as population,
housing, agriculture, fisheries and business.

 THE INTERNATIONAL LABOR ORGANIZATION (ILO)

- A United Nations agency whose mandate is to advance social justice and
promote decent work by setting international labor standards.
- Estimates the fast growth of the labor force in the Philippines, Malaysia,
Cambodia, and Laos at the rate of 1.5% per year.
 EMPLOYMENT
- Employment is an agreement between an employer and an employee.
- Employees work in return for payment.
- Employment is typically governed by employment laws, regulations or legal
contracts.
 EMPLOYED PERSONS FALL INTO ANY OF THESE BROAD CATEGORIES
- Wage and salary workers.
- Self-employed workers without any paid employee.
- Employers in an own family operated farm or business.
- Unpaid family workers.
 UNDEREMPLOYMENT
- It refers to people who are working in a lower capacity than they are
qualified for, including in a lower-paid job or for fewer hours than they
would like to work.
- A measure of employment and labor utilization in the economy that looks
at how well the labor force is being utilized in terms of skills, experience
and availability to work.
- The underemployed are workers who want to have more working hours in
their current job, other opportunities for additional income, or new jobs
with longer working hours.
  DEPARTMENT OF LABOR AND EMPLOYMENT (DOLE)
- Manages the policies and problems of labor and employment.
- It protects the welfare of employees in order that they may not be
exploited by their employers.
- In a study by the DOLE, underemployment is widespread in the regions of
our country, especially in agricultural areas.

 UNEMPLOYMENT - Occurs when a person who is searching for work is

unable to find employment.

 CAUSES OF UNEMPLOYMENT
- Lack of opportunities for work
- Population increase
- Lack of a comprehensive and long-term plan for job creation
- Mismatch between courses completed or educational qualification and
available jobs
- Non-payment of proper wages to workers, few benefits, and poor working
conditions
- Laziness
- Onslaught of calamities in the country
- Complicated process of establishing a business
- Corruption in the government

MUSIC
ELECTRONIC MUSIC
 Music that used digital and electronic instruments.
 Provides learners move towards into 21st century occurrences, trends and
developments.
 Electronic music is music that employs electronic musical instruments and
electronic music technology in its production
BRIEF HISTORY OF ELECTRONIC MUSIC
 The first electronic instruments were developed at the end of the 19th
century.
  During the 1920s and 1930s, electronic instruments and electronic music.
 Electronic generators were first produced in Germany in 1953 and in the
beginning of the 1950s people in Japan and the United States also created
electronic music
 In the 1970s, electronic music began having a significant influence on
popular music.
 Genres such as krautrock, disco, new wave and synthpop emerged.
 In the 1980s, electronic music became more dominant in popular music
which relied more and more on synthesizers, programmable drum
machines and bass synthesizers.
 Digital technologies for synthesizers including digital synthesizers became
popular in the early 1980s.
 Electronically produced music became prevalent in the popular domain by
the 1990s, because of the advent of affordable music technology.
 Magnetic Tape Recording - a medium of magnetic recording or
revolutionized sound recording and reproduction and broadcasting
 Synthesizers - is an electronic musical instrument that generates audio
signals; generate audio through methods including subtractive synthesis,
additive synthesis, and frequency modulation synthesis
 Electronic Computer - Perhaps the most important development in
electronic music is the use of digital computers.
Edgar Varese
 His musical compositions are characterized by an emphasis on timbre and
rhythm and “organized sound”
 He is the “Father of Electronic Music.”
 Some of Varese compositions Are: Poeme Electronique; Hyperprism
CHANCE MUSIC
 Is a music composition or way of performance, all determine by elements
of chance or predictability.
 Most of the sounds emanate from the surroundings, both natural and man-
made.
John Cage
  A pioneer of indeterminacy in music, electro acoustic music, and non-
standard use of musical instruments.
 He became famous when he created 4’33, a three-movement composition
with a duration of 4 minutes and 33 seconds of silence.
 It is a piece for any instrumental or combination of instruments.

ARTS
Expressionism
 Started as German expressionism and dealt with artists own personality,
feelings and emotions.
 The artworks exhibit the use of intense colors, wavy linear brushstrokes
that suggests agitation, and space that depicts of a muddled atmosphere.
 The art shows distortion, exaggeration, primitivism, and fantasy through
vivid, jarring violent or dynamic application of formal elements.
Edward Munch
 Pioneer in the expressionist movement in modern painting
 The best forerunner of this movement.
 His life is tortured by sickness, death insanity, unhappy love affairs and
guilt.
 His artworks often depict image of death or suffering.
 Painted “The Scream, 1983”
Neo-Primitivism
 A new movement of Russian painting in the early 20th century.
 Instead of creating elaborate sketches, paintings or drawings, these artists
took unfamiliar techniques that the society not yet seen before.
 Used them to go against art standards.
 It broke away from traditional techniques and focused on the foundation of
homo sapiens art.
 Characteristics are: simplistic, not detailed, primitive, included elements of
African artifacts, earth tones and female nudes.
Dadaism
 Dada was a literary and artistic movement originated in Europe during of
World War I.
 They refused their anger through an artistic tradition of protesting.
Rules of Dadaism:
 Never follow any rules
 Its art was intended to provoke an emotional reaction from the viewer.
 It was nonsensical to the point of being whimsical
 No predominant mediums and styles in Dadaist. They can use assemblage,
collage, photomontage, and use of ready-made objects.
Surrealism
 A movement grew out from Dada and began in 1920s.
 Appreciates the mysteries of dreams and the unconscious.
 For the surrealists, the world is made of pure imagination and personal
expression.
 Surrealists paints discomforting, illogical scenarios with photographic
precision and create strange creatures from everyday objects.
 And it aims to unlock the power of imagination.
Giorgio de Chirico
 Was an Italian artist born in Greece in 1988.
 He was strongly associated with Surrealism, as he was one the forerunner.
 He was a huge influence on the 20th century cultural movement.

Abstract Expressionism
 Developed during WWII and developed in NYC in the 1940s.
 Is the first American Art Movement.
 Arose from the perspective of the intellectuals in the 20th century and
dealt more on the logic and reason such as analysis.
 The subjects are reduced into patterns of geometry and colors
  Abstractionism wherein there is an absence of recognizable subject that the
viewer can perceive.
Jackson Pollock
 American painter and a major figure in the Abstract Expressionist
movement.
 Widely noticed for his “drip technique” of pouring or splashing liquid
household paint onto his canvas.
 This extreme form of abstraction divided the critics: some praised the
immediacy of the creation, while others derided the random effects.

PE
Recreation
 Are experiences or organized activities that you actively participate in with
others, to have fun and enjoy life during your free time.
 This includes experiences that require physical activity and interactions and
playing with other people.
 Embraces both indoor and outdoor activities that refer to sports and
exercise leading to the attainment of enjoyment as well as managing our
desired weight.
Lifestyle - The way you live your life in an everyday basis, it includes eating habits,
physical activity participation and recreational choice.
Lifestyle - change the best way of preventing illness and early death.
Healthy Lifestyle
 Engage yourself in a regular physical activity.
 Eat healthy food
 Find time to manage stress
 Follow a good personal healthy habit.
Active Recreation
 Are activities that require a considerable expenditure of energy.
  It involves using a lot of energy and makes a person to move around a lot
making him/her active.
 These activities elevate the heart rate and help boost one’s immune
system.
 Include outdoor activities such as organized sports and playground
activities.

Passive Recreation
 Are activities that involve little exertion but generally sustained.
 They are more leisure or relaxation activity, calm and not required to move
much.
 This will include outdoor recreational activities such as nature walking,
hiking, listening to music and reading.
 Physical benefits
- tones and strengthen the body, relaxation, rest and revitalization
 Health benefits
- Promotes an active and healthy lifestyle and enhance quality of life.
- Provides work and life balance.
- Prevents cardiovascular diseases.
- Reduce obesity.
 Mental and Emotional Benefits
- Empowers, inspires and motivates an individual
- Contributes to a higher level of self-esteem and self-worth
 Social Benefits
- Develop life skills, leadership skills
- Brings people together for social interactions
- Creates of opportunity for volunteering
- Creates positive alternatives for youth to anti-social behavior and crime

HEALTH
Consumer Education
  Relates to imparting knowledge to and developing skills in consumer
regarding to consumer rights, consumer law and product and quality
standard.
Consumer Health
 Not just about buying health products and services but also involves the
facts and have a deeper understanding that enable people to make wise
choices.
 Aims to develop a person’s ability to evaluate and utilize health
information, products and services wisely and effectively.
 It includes intelligent decisions, and understanding to make wise choices
about health concern.
Health Consumer
 Someone who examines health information in products and services.
(DOH, BFAD, DTI, FDA etc.)
 Consumer is the one who purchases and utilizes the goods and services.
Guidelines and Criteria in the selection and evaluation of health information
 Reliability (who is/are giving the information)
 Credibility (what is their reputation to the community and in the country/)
 Professionalism (educational background)
 Purpose (educational? Science-based? Advertisement or marketing
gimmick?)
 Motivation (is it intended to improve health and well-being or for profit?)
Consumer Rights
 Right to basic needs
 Right to safety
 Right to information
 Right to choose
 Right to representation
 Rights to consumer education
Health information
 Is everything that is seen, read or heard in relation to human and
community health.
Examples: print media and electronic and digital media.

Sources of Trusted Health Info:

 Family doctor or school
 Medical specialists
 Local health officials and health centers
 Health teachers/workers
 Food and Drug Administration
 Phil. Dental Assoc.
 Phil. National Red Cross
 BFAD
 DOH
Sources of Risky Health Info:
 Outdated culture and traditions
 Personal options and incomplete information
 Unreliable media and testimonials
 Quack or pseudo healers

Health Products
 It may be consumable such as medicine, food or drinks or non-consumable
such as tools for body exercise, relaxing music, health equipment for health
and many more.
 Over-the-Counter (OCT) Drugs - is a product marketed for use by the
consumers without the intervention of a health care professional.
 Examples: pain relievers-aspirin, ibuprofen, acetaminophen
 Cosmetic products - intended for external use
Skin care products- moisturizers, deodorants
Hair care products
Oral care products
Health Services
 Are often connected to healthcare. Programs aim to appraise the health
conditions of individuals through screening and examinations, cure and
treat disorders,
 Prevent and control the spread of diseases, provide safety, emergency care,
first aid and ensure a follow-up program for individuals who have
undergone treatments.
Health Care Providers/Health Professionals
 Nurses- worked in hospitals or outpatient facilities, where they provide
hands on care to patients.
 Doctors- provide diagnosis and treat patients who are suffering from
diseases and injuries.
 Dentists- provide diagnosis, prevention and treatment of diseases,
disorders and conditions of the oral cavity and adjacent and related
structures and tissues.
 Medical Technicians- professionals who analyze and test body fluids and
tissues like blood, urine, synovial fluid and all types of tissue sample.
 Pharmacists- dispense prescriptions medications to patients and offer
expertise in the use of prescriptions.
 Physical Therapists- diagnose and treat individuals of all ages, from new
born to the oldest who medical problems that limit the patient’s ability to
move and perform functional activities in their daily life.
 Nutritionist Dietician- licensed to assess, diagnose and treat nutritional
problems. They are expert in human nutrition and regulation to diet. A
dietitian alters their patients’ nutrition upon their medical condition
and individual needs.
  Health Care Facilities
 Hospital –institution where people undergo medical diagnosis, care and
treatment.
 Walk-in Surgery center- facility that offers surgery without the patient
being admitted in the hospital.
 Health Center- the services in a health center cater to a specific population
with a various health need.
 Extended Healthcare facility- provides treatment, nursing care and
residential services to patients, often the elderly.
Intelligent Consumer
 Research information from research engines and social networks
 You prioritize your needs and limit your purchase on your ability to pay.
Spendthrift Consumer
 You lavish yourself with anything or everything that indicates luxury
 Thrift or economy is not in your vocabulary
Bargain Addict
 You have an obsession for all types of bargain sale and becomes an easy
prey to the sales traps laid by deceitful traders
Closed-Fisted Consumer
 You are someone who hoards money but you deprive yourself of your
needs
Panic Buyers
 You are easily agitated by rumors of rising prices, product shortages, and
political disorders.
 Tend to hoard unreasonable quantities of household products and thereby
contribute to the price increase and artificial shortages
Impulsive Buyers
 You do not prioritize your needs
 You buy anything that you think you need or like and regret it afterwards
Wasteful Consumers
 You have the habit of leaving the light on, ignoring leaking faucets, and
buying more than enough food that you can consume and throw away
good food afterwards