BMFS 4613

CNC MACHINING

SESSION: 1 2021/2022

ASSIGNMENT 2

NAME MATRIX NO.

MUHAMMAD SHAMIL BIN SHAMSUL BAHRIN B051910074

MOHAMAD SHAFI BIN ABDULLAH B051910082

MUHAMMAD IZZUL HAIKAL BIN MOHD RAIS B051910092

MOHAMAD SHAFIQ BIN MUSTAFAR B051910065

MUHAMAD ADIB FARHAN BIN MOHD NARAWAI B051910058

LECTURED BY : PROFESSOR MADYA DR. RAJA IZAMSHAH BIN RAJA

ABDULLAH
CLASS : BMFG 7/1
DATE : 30 DECEMBER 2021
List of Contents
1.0 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1

2.0 Product Description ....................................................................................................... 2

2.1 Product Design ........................................................................................................... 2

2.2 Application and Material of Wheel Hub ..................................................................... 3

2.2.1 Function of Wheel Hub ........................................................................................ 4

2.2.2 Important of Wheel Hub ...................................................................................... 5

3.0 Machining ....................................................................................................................... 6

3.1 Stock Size .................................................................................................................... 6

3.2 Job Sheet ..................................................................................................................... 7

3.3 G-Code For The Machining Operations...................................................................... 8

4.0 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 9

5.0 References ..................................................................................................................... 10

1.0 Introduction
A lathe is a machine tool that removes metal from a workpiece to give it the form and
size that you want. Typically, a lathe machine is used to shape material into the required shape
by eliminating surplus material from a workpiece. Metalworking and metal spinning are
common uses for lathes. Computerized numerically controlled or CNC lathe machines are the
most popular because they are the fastest, most accurate, and most advanced type of lathe
available(“4428109 Lathe : Friedric Seeger, Wissmar, Federal Republic Of Germany Assigned
to Heyligenstaedt & Co Werkzergmaschinenfabrik GmbH,” 1984). At the absolute least, CNC
lathes can operate the cutting tool using g-code control on two axes, referred to as X and Z.
To create the product, the CNC simulation software has been used. Where the software
are mathematical programs that are used to forecast the behaviour, performance, and outcome
of manufacturing processes. The software allow user to test and verify their CNC program,
which is normally written in G-code, before sending it to the machine.
G-code is a CNC machine control software programming language. G-code is
expressed in a simple, logical manner, even for complicated CNC machining(CNC Machining:
The Manufacturing & Design Guide | Hubs, n.d.). A “G” must follow by a number, which is
a command to change geometry. For instance, “G00” represent for rapid movement.
Aluminium alloy has been selected as a material of the product. Aluminium alloys are
nonferrous alloys that are the most typically utilized for casting components. The great material
qualities produced by mixing aluminium with other light metals such as copper, magnesium,
or zinc are what make aluminium alloys in all its forms so desirable in the foundry business.
Among the benefits are corrosion resistance, high temperature resistance, self-healing property,
suitability for tough working environments and very light material for lightweight design. All
the benefits are very important to manufacture the wheel hub.

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2.0 Product Description
2.1 Product Design

Figure 2.1: Wheel Hub Isometric Front View

The product that we have chosen in figure 2.1 was a wheel hub for non-driven wheels
such as a front wheel hub on a rear wheel drive (RWD) car and a rear wheel hub for a front
wheel drive (FWD) car. The design that has be chosen is to accommodate for a spindle or
knuckle to be attached through the center of the wheel hub and held together by a bolt with a
45° seat angle. This wheel hub is made for applications such as 4x100, 4x114, and 5x114.

Figure 2.2: Wheel Hub Isometric Rear View

Figure 2.2 shows the isometric rear view for the wheel hub. As this is a wheel hub for
a non-driven wheel, we have to accommodate for a bearing press fitted from the back of the
wheel hub prior to installation on the vehicle.

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 Figure 2.3: Wheel Hub Detailed Drawing

2.2 Application and Material of Wheel Hub

Figure 2.4: Wheel Hub

Few things in cars are as straightforward as they appear. Take the wheels, for example.
At first appearance, it may appear that they just spin when a driver presses the accelerator and
stop when the brakes are used, but there are numerous smaller steps involved in getting from

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driver input to wheel motion, as well as various hidden pieces that make the process easier.
"Wheel hub bearings" are one of the components. They are located between the brakes and the
axles of a car and play an important role in making cars drive smoothly. When they fail, the
car's performance can suffer, and it may even cease moving completely (Bkasalo, 2017).
The wheel hub assembly is located between the drive axle and the brake drums or discs
on each wheel. The wheel is linked to the bolts of the wheel hub assembly on the brake disc
side. The hub assembly is mounted to the steering knuckle either as a bolt-on or press-in
assembly on the side of the drive axle. To see the wheel hub assembly, first remove the wheel,
then the brake calliper, and finally the brake rotor. A wheel hub assembly is included in each
wheel of most late-model cars made after 1998. When an assembly fails, it is dismantled and
replaced with a new one. Front-wheel-drive automobiles employ wheel hub assemblies at each
wheel until 1997, while rear-wheel-drive cars use two individual bearings and seals in both
front wheels. Bearings, unlike wheel hub assemblies, may be serviced (MOOG, 2021).
Hub, Knuckle, Bearings, and Wheel are commonly incorporated as unibody or part
components in car wheel assemblies. Cast iron, mild steel, aluminum alloys, ductile iron, and
steel spokes are the most common materials utilised for these components. In this paper, the
use of a different material, such as Nylon-6,6, is advocated as a way to lower the overall weight
of the wheel assembly (Mohan Poojari et al., 2019). The inertia, or work required to move or
stop the vehicle, would be reduced if the hub and wheel assembly were lighter. For our product,
we use aluminum alloy to manufacture it.
2.2.1 Function of Wheel Hub

The steering system's wheel hub assembly is an important component. It keeps the
wheel fixed to the car while also allowing it to turn freely. The wheel hub assembly is located
in the middle of each wheel, and it is responsible for housing the wheel bearings. Bearings are
utilized to aid in the smooth rotation of an object. Therefore, the car's wheels would not revolve
smoothly without them. The wheel hub assembly's primary duty is to contain the bearings that
keep the wheels spinning smoothly. The car would not be able to function as a vehicle without
the hub assembly. The hub assembly is also responsible for housing speed sensors that govern
the car's anti-lock braking system, in addition to bearings. The same speed sensors that are
employed by the cruise control system are also used by your car's traction control system
(Zamil Syaheer, 2020).
The wheel hub assembly's primary duty is to contain the bearings that keep the wheels
spinning smoothly. The car would not be able to function as a vehicle without the hub assembly.

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The hub assembly is also responsible for housing speed sensors that govern the car's anti-lock
braking system, in addition to bearings. The same speed sensors that the anti-lock braking
system uses are employed by the traction control system in the car. These two systems work
together to keep you in command of the vehicle. The anti-lock braking system and traction
control would be impaired without a properly functioning hub assembly, resulting in a vehicle
that is unsafe to drive (MobilTM, 2021).
2.2.2 Important of Wheel Hub

Despite the fact that the hub assembly is rarely seen, it is important to the car's
performance. The hub assembly is in charge of delivering a smooth ride and has an impact on
other areas of the car's performance, such as fuel economy and the anti-lock braking system,
often known as ABS. All of these features must be able to work together smoothly in order for
an automobile to be safe and functional. They may do so thanks to the hub assembly, which is
an important part of a car's performance. As a result, a good hub assembly is an important part
of a safe and functional vehicle (Staff, 2017).
It is extremely unsafe to drive with a broken or malfunctioning wheel hub assembly, as
it can cause ABS and traction system failure. The wheels on your car will not turn smoothly if
the bearings inside the hub assembly wear out. Your vehicle may become unsteady, and the
wheels may become loose. Furthermore, if the hub assembly is broken or faulty, the steel in
the assembly may give way, causing your wheel to fall loose from the car. You should take
your car to a trained, trustworthy mechanic for service if you feel your hub assembly is
deteriorating or damaged. Figure 2.5 shows a wheel hub which has damage issue.

Figure 2.5: Damaged Wheel Hub

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3.0 Machining
3.1 Stock Size
The diameter of the workpiece is 130mm and the length is 100mm. The reason why the
length of the workpiece more than 30mm compared to the product is to allow the chuck hold
the workpiece during operation. Figure 3.1 shows the size of the stock before makes a product
or before cutting process.

Figure 3.1: Stock Size

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3.2 Job Sheet
After making the machining process, all processes and tools are listed to facilitate the
next work. Among the processes involved are facing, roughing, drilling, boring, grooving and
finishing. All of these processes are directly involved in making the wheel hub. Each process
has certain characteristics as shown in table 1.

Table 1. Job sheet for wheel hub

Job sheet
Part name: Wheel Hub Material: Aluminium Alloy
No Operation Tool Description Speed Feed Rate Comment
Cut the outside
T1-Left hand diameter of the
1 Facing 2000 200
roughing workpiece to get a
certain shape

T4-Right hand Cut the workpiece

2 Roughing 2000 200
roughing diameter to 130mm

Making a hole in the

T22- Drill
3 Drilling 2000 200 middle of the
diameter 20mm
workpiece
Extend the hole of the
T11-Internal
4 Boring 2000 200 workpiece to form a
Roughing
certain shape
Cut grooves or forms a
T12- 2mm narrow cavity of a
5 Grooving 2000 200
Grooving internal certain depth on
internal surface
Make a smoother
T2- Left hand
6 Finishing 2000 200 surface to get a better
finishing
product

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3.3 G-Code For The Machining Operations.
This is the G-code for the machining operations that will be used to make the part. It
demonstrates the use of the cutting tools for a separate operation in the part, as well as the G-
code for cutting tool movement.

($Lathe) G70 P70 Q120 U0.1 W0.1

($Millimeters)
($AddRegPart 1) T22 M6
(Assignment 2)
N130 G00 X0 Z0
%1 N140 G01 Z-70
G92 Z78 N150 G00 Z2
T1 M6
S2000 F200 M03 M08 T11 M6
G00 X0 Z0
G00 X130 Z0 G71 U1 R1
G71 U1 R1 G71 P160 Q181 U-0.1 W0.1
G71 P10 Q60 U0.1 W0.1 N160 G00 X56 Z0
N10 G00 X60 Z0 N170 G01 Z-22
N20 G01 X66 Z-3 N180 G01 X30 Z-35
N30 G01 Z-42 N181 G01 Z-50
N40 G01 X130 G70 P160 Q181 U0.1 W0.1
N50 G01 Z-50
N60 G00 Z2 T12 M6
G70 P10 Q60 U0.1 W0.1 G00 X0 Z-50
G71 U1 R1
T4 M6 G71 P190 Q210 U-0.1 W0.1
G00 X130 Z-50 N190 G00 X0 Z0
G71 U1 R1 N190 G01 Z-50
G71 P70 Q120 U0.1 W0.1 N200 G01 X50
N70 G00 X130 Z-50 N210 G01 Z-70
N80 G01 X60 G70 P190 Q210 U0.1 W0.1
N90 G01 Z-68
N100 G01 X56 Z-70
N110 G00 X130 (Enter your CNC code here)
N120 G00 Z2 M30

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4.0 Conclusion
In short, by using the CNC lathe machine. The product can be produced with fast and
accurate, that can help the production produce a lot of products in a short time include with
accurate dimension. The most advanced type of lathe available inside the machine help the user
to create the product with excellent. The CNC simulation software also helps to predict the
behaviour, performance, and outcome of certain manufacturing processes. By using the
software, it can help the people to learn about making the G code and can produce the final
product in 3D visualization. Having isometric view from CATIA software also help the planner
product to create the G code easily by refer the dimension that attached in the isometric view(G-
Codes Explained: An Introduction to Common G-Code Codes, n.d.). By choosing the
Aluminium alloy as a material for a product (wheel hub) is the best choice due to the criteria
of the material following the required standards. Where, it will provide comfort and ensure
safety to users.

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5.0 References
4428109 Lathe : Friedric Seeger, Wissmar, Federal Republic Of Germany assigned to
Heyligenstaedt & Co Werkzergmaschinenfabrik GmbH. (1984). International Journal of
Machine Tool Design and Research, 24(3), 248. https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-
7357(84)90023-4
Bkasalo. (2017, January 26). The Purpose of Wheel Hub Bearings Explained for Students in
Auto Technician Courses. Autotrainingcentre.com.
https://www.autotrainingcentre.com/blog/purpose-wheel-hub-bearings-explained-
students-auto-technician-courses/

CNC machining: The manufacturing & design guide | Hubs. (n.d.). Retrieved December 30,
2021, from https://www.hubs.com/guides/cnc-machining/
G-Codes Explained: An Introduction to Common G-Code Codes. (n.d.). Retrieved December
30, 2021, from https://www.thomasnet.com/articles/custom-manufacturing-
fabricating/introduction-gcode/

Lathe, lathe operations types & lathe cutting tools. Engineering Articles. (2015, August 26).
Retrieved December 30, 2021, from https://www.engineeringarticles.org/lathe-lathe-
operations-types-and-cutting-
tools/#:~:text=A%20lathe%20is%20a%20machine,performed%20with%20a%20lathe
%20machine.

MobilTM. (2021). Anti-lock braking system (ABS) problems | Mobil.com.

https://www.mobil.com/en/lubricants/for-personal-vehicles/auto-care/vehicle-
maintenance/anti-lock-braking-system-abs-problems
MOOG (2021). All About Hub Assemblies. MOOG Parts | Steering, Suspension & Drivetrain
Parts. https://www.moogparts.com/parts-matter/all-about-hub-
assemblies.html#:~:text=First%20and%20foremost%2C%20the%20wheel,traction%20
control%20system%20(TCS).
Mohan Poojari, Ashwin Kamarthi, Shetty, K. K., & Palan, K. V. (2019, August 29). DESIGN
AND ANALYSIS OF THE WHEEL HUB FOR AN ALL- TERRAIN VEHICLE WITH THE
PLASTIC POLYMER: NYLON- 6,6. ResearchGate; unknown.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335496655_DESIGN_AND_ANALYSIS_O

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 F_THE_WHEEL_HUB_FOR_AN_ALL-
_TERRAIN_VEHICLE_WITH_THE_PLASTIC_POLYMER_NYLON-
_66#:~:text=Wheel%20assemblies%20used%20in%20automobiles,ductile%20iron%2
C%20and%20steel%20spokes.

Marc. (n.d.). CNC Lathe programming. GCodeTutor. Retrieved December 30, 2021, from
https://gcodetutor.com/cnc-machine-training/cnc-lathe-programming.html

Naidu, & caddoctor247, caddoctor. (n.d.). Boring operation on Lathe Machine.

OurEngineeringLabs. Retrieved December 30, 2021, from
https://ourelabs.blogspot.com/2018/01/boring-operation-on-lathe-machine.html

Staff, C. (2017, September 5). WATCH: Why a Wheel Hub Assembly Is So Important.
Counterman Magazine. https://www.counterman.com/watch-wheel-hub-bearing-
important/

Sysuser. (2020, March 9). What is Grooving Operation & Tool in lathe machine – how to
groove on CNC lathe? machined Parts at Best Price in China. Retrieved December 30,
2021, from https://www.zjcncmachine.com/what-is-grooving-operation-tool-in-lathe-
machine-how-to-groove-on-cnc-
lathe/#:~:text=What%20is%20Grooving%20Operation%20in%20Lathe%20Machine%
3F,(face%20grooving%20or%20trepanning).

Zamil Syaheer. (2020, April 28). Stability control is not the same as traction control.
Wapcar.my; WapCar.
https://www.wapcar.my/news/stability-control-is-not-the-same-as-traction-control-
2041

Yeo, G. S. (2020, August 29). 10 turning operations you need to know - swiss-turning
specialists. Turntech Precision. Retrieved December 30, 2021, from
https://turntechprecision.com/clueless-machinist/2020/8/25/10-machining-operations-
performed-on-a-lathe

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