Unit2 RDBMS and Basic SQL

Unit 2: Basic SQL
Pratian Technologies (India) Pvt. Ltd.

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Overview
UNIT 1 – Introduction to RDBMS
Relational DBMS
UNIT 2 – Introduction to SQL

DDL – Create, Alter, Drop, Truncate
UNIT 3 – Data Manipulation Language

DML – Insert, Update, Delete, Transactions – Commit, Rollback
Copyright © 2010 Pratian Technologies

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Basic SQL
Overview
UNIT 4 – Select Statements
Select statement – Where clause
Like, Logical operators, In and between predicates
Null, Not null, Aggregate functions
Order by
Group By

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Basic SQL
UNIT 1
Introduction to RDBMS

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Basic SQL
Relational DBMS
RDBMS is a model in which all data is logically
structured with relations
Data is stored in tables
It is a two dimensional table with special properties
Students Table
StudentId Name Age CourseId
1001 Krishna S 19 1
1002 Raghav K 21 2
Courses Table
CourseId Course
1 Basic SQL
2 Excel

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Relational DBMS
Rows – Tuples [collection of records]
Each record contains same fields
Columns – Attributes – Domain specific
Different types of data exist mainly - Character,
Numeric, Date
StudI Name Age JoinDate Fees CourseI
d d
1001 Krishna S 19 14-MAY- 1000 1
2010
1002 Preethi J 21 15-MAY- 2000 2
2010
1003 Sriram V 21 15-MAY- 1200 1
2010
CourseId Course
1 Basic SQL
2 Excel
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Basic SQL
Relational DBMS - Properties
Entries of column and row values have to be single
valued
Entries of attributes [columns] are of same kind
No two rows are identical
Order of rows and columns are unimportant
Every column has to be uniquely defined

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Basic SQL
Relational DBMS – Database Schema
Organization of information within database for single or
multiple users
Store of data that describes the content and structure of

physical data store
It contains various information like data types,

relationships, access controls etc..

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Relational DBMS - Architecture
Users
DATABASE Application Programs/Queries

SYSTEM
DBMS
Software to process queries/programs
Software to access stored data
Stored Data Defn. Stored Database

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Relational DBMS - Users
Application Programmers
Responsible for writing application programs that use the
database
End Users
Interact with the system from workstations or terminals. A given
end user can access the database via one of the applications
Administrators
One who manages the database centrally
Decides on the type of internal structures and relationships
Ensures security of the database
Controls access to data through codes and passwords
Can restrict views or operations users can perform on database

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Basic SQL
Relational DBMS – Data Integrity
Data integrity
Refers to wholeness and roundness of the database
Achieved by using integrity constraints and domain constraints
Primary Key
Uniquely identify a particular record
Foreign Key
Primary key in one table will be referenced in another table
CourseId is the foreign key here
Stud_Id Name Age CourseId
1 Krishna 19 1
2 Radha 21 2
CourseId Course
1 SQL
2 Excel
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Basic SQL
Summary
Understand database concepts
Know characteristics of a DBMS
Understand Relational DBMS concepts

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Basic SQL
UNIT 2
Introduction to SQL

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Basic SQL
What is SQL?
SQL stands for Structured Query Language
Simple, powerful and standard data access language

for relational database management systems
It is a specialized language for updating, deleting and

requesting information from databases

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Basic SQL
Standard SQL Statement Groups
Group Statements Description
DQL SELECT DATA QUERY LANGUAGE
Used to get data from database
DML INSERT DATA MANIPULATION
UPDATE LANGUAGE
DELETE Used to add or change database
data
DDL CREATE DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE
ALTER Used to manipulate database
DROP structures and definitions
TRUNCATE
DAL GRANT DATA ADMINISTRATION
REVOKE LANGUAGE
Used to grant and revoke access
rights to database objects

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Basic SQL
Data Types in SQL
Data type Description
CHAR(n) To store fixed length string. Maximum length = 255
bytes
VARCHAR(n) To store variable length string. Maximum length =
255 bytes
TEXT or BLOB To store maximum length of 65535 characters.
Binary Large Objects – Text, images, files etc..
TINYINT If signed: -128 to 127. If unsigned: 0 to 255. You
can specify a width of up to 4 digits.
SMALLINT If signed : -32768 to 32767. If unsigned : 0 to
65535. You can specify a width of up to 5 digits.
INT If signed : -2147483648 to 2147483647. If
unsigned : 0 to 4294967295. You can specify a
width of up to 11 digits.

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Basic SQL
Data Types in SQL
Data type Description
FLOAT(M,D) You can define the display length (M) and the
number of decimals (D). Decimal precision can go
to 24 places for a FLOAT.
DOUBLE(M,D) You can define the display length (M) and the
number of decimals (D). Decimal precision can go
to 53 places for a FLOAT.
DATE A date in YYYY-MM-DD format, between 1000-01-
01 and 9999-12-31. For example, December 30th,
1973 would be stored as 1973-12-30
DATETIME A date and time combination in YYYY-MM-DD
HH:MM:SS format, between 1000-01-01 00:00:00
and 9999-12-31 23:59:59. For example, 3:30 in
the afternoon on December 30th, 1973 would be
stored as 1973-12-30 15:30:00

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Basic SQL
Creation of Database Objects - DDL
Table
Tables are objects which store data
A table can have a maximum of 1000 columns
Syntax
CREATE TABLE table_name

(
{col_name col_datatype [[CONSTRAINT
const_name][col_constraint]]}
[table_constraint],…
)
[AS query]

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Example
CREATE TABLE Students

(
StudentId int,
Name varchar(100),
JoinDate date
);
CREATE TABLE Courses
(
CourseId int,
Course varchar(50)
);

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Naming of tables
Name of the table must begin with a letter A-Z or a-z. It may
contain numerals and the special character _ (underscore)
It can be 30 characters in length
It must not be a SQL reserved word

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Basic SQL
Specifying Integrity Constraints
A database is said to be “integrated” if the values in the
database are correct according to a set of rules
Checking of consistency must be carried out to ensure

data integrity
The definition of a table may include the specification of

integrity constraints

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Basic SQL
Specifying Integrity Constraints
Types of Constraints
Column constraints – associated with a single column

Table constraints – associate with more than one column
A constraint can be named
If not named, will be automatically generated by DBMS

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Types of Integrity Constraints
NOT NULL
UNIQUE
PRIMARY KEY
FOREIGN KEY

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NOT NULL CONSTRAINT
User will not be allowed to enter null values
Example:

(
StudentId int,
Name varchar(100) NOT NULL,
JoinDate date NOT NULL
);

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Basic SQL
DEFAULT CLAUSE
To specify a default value for an attribute if no value is
given
Example:

(
StudentId int,
Name varchar(100),
JoinDate date,
City varchar(100) DEFAULT ‘BANGALORE’
);

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Basic SQL
UNIQUE CONSTRAINT
The keyword UNIQUE specifies that no two records can
have the same attribute value for a column
Example:
CREATE TABLE Courses

(
CourseId int,
Course varchar(50) UNIQUE
);

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PRIMARY KEY CONSTRAINT
A primary key constraint enables a unique identification of
each record in a table
Example:

(
StudentId int NOT NULL Auto_Increment,
Name varchar(50),
JoinDate date,
PRIMARY KEY (StudentId)
);

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FOREIGN KEY CONSTRAINT
This constraint specifies a column or list of columns as a
foreign key of the referencing table
Referencing table is called “Child table”, referenced table
is called “Parent table”
Example:

(
StudentId int,
Name varchar(100),
CourseId int NOT NULL,
Foreign Key (CourseId) REFERENCES Courses(CourseId)
);
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Basic SQL
MODIFYING A TABLE
The ALTER command is used to modify an existing table
Syntax:
ALTER TABLE table_name

[ADD (col_name col_datatype col_constraint,..)] |
[MODIFY existing_col_name new_col_datatype new_constraint] |
[ADD (table_constraint)] |
[DROP CONSTRAINT constraint_name] |
[DROP COLUMN existing_col_name];

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Basic SQL
MODIFYING A TABLE
ADD clause
The ADD clause is used to add a column or a constraint to an
existing table
MODIFY clause
The MODIFY clause is used to modify existing columns of a table
DROP clause
DROP clause is used to remove columns or constraints from a
table

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Basic SQL
MODIFYING A TABLE
Example:
ALTER TABLE Students ADD Location varchar(100) DEFAULT

‘BANGALORE’;
ALTER TABLE Courses MODIFY Course varchar(100) UNIQUE;
ALTER TABLE Courses CHANGE Course CourseName

varchar(100) UNIQUE;
ALTER TABLE Students DROP JoinDate;

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Basic SQL
DROP A TABLE
To remove the definition of a table from the database
DROP TABLE command is used
Example:
DROP TABLE Courses;

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Basic SQL
Summary
Understand SQL as the standard language for interacting
with relational database
Know the type of SQL statements
Understand DDL statements to create relational tables

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Basic SQL
UNIT 3
Data Manipulation

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DATA MANIPULATION
DML – Data Manipulation Statements are used to make
changes to the data stored in a table
The manipulations that can be performed on a table are

Add
Data is inserted into table using INSERT statement
Update
Any modifications to table data are made using
UPDATE statement
Delete
Table data is deleted using DELETE statement

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Basic SQL
INSERT STATEMENT
INSERT statement is used to add new data into the table
Syntax:
INSERT INTO table_name
[(col_name1, col_name2,…)]
{VALUES (value1, value2, …) | query };
Example:
INSERT INTO Courses (CourseId, Course)
VALUES (2, ‘EXCEL’);

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INSERT STATEMENT
Insert using query output
Example: [CoursesOffered is another table with fields as Courses]
INSERT INTO Courses (CourseId, Course)

SELECT * FROM CoursesOffered

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INSERT STATEMENT – GENERAL RULES
Values should match data type of the respective columns
Number of values should match the number of column

names mentioned
All columns declared as NOT NULL should be supplied

with a value
Character strings should be enclosed in quotes
DATE values should be enclosed in quotes

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Basic SQL
UPDATE STATEMENT
Update statement is used when we need to modify data in
a table
Syntax:
UPDATE {table_name | alias}
SET col_name = value |
col_name = (SELECT Statement)
[WHERE Condition];

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UPDATE STATEMENT
Update all rows
UPDATE Students
SET JoinDate = ’2010-10-17’;
Update only certain rows

UPDATE Students
SET JoinDate = ’ 2010-10-17’
WHERE Name = ‘Krishna’;
Update multiple columns

UPDATE Students
SET JoinDate = ’ 2010-10-17’, Name = ‘Krishna S’
WHERE StudentId = 2;

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Basic SQL
DELETE STATEMENT
DELETE statement is used to delete rows from a table
Syntax:
DELETE [FROM] {table_name | alias }
[WHERE Condition];
Delete all rows from table

DELETE FROM Students;
Delete particular row from table

DELETE FROM Students WHERE StudentId = 2;

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Summary
We know how to manipulate data in a table using DML
commands
Know how to save or undo changes made to table data

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Basic SQL
UNIT 4
SELECT STATEMENT

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SELECT STATEMENT
We will be looking at the following
SELECT STATEMENT
How to retrieve data from tables
Column aliases
Where clause
Pattern matching LIKE
SELECT STATEMENT - more options
Logical operators – AND, OR, NOT
IN
BETWEEN
IS NULL / IS NOT NULL
GROUP BY / ORDER BY

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Basic SQL
SELECT STATEMENT
Syntax:
SELECT [ALL | DISTINCT ] { * | col_name,..}

FROM table_name alias
[WHERE expr1]
[CONNECT BY expr2 [START WITH expr3]]
[GROUP BY expr4] [HAVING expr5]
[UNION | INTERSECT]
[ORDER BY expr | ASC | DESC];

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Basic SQL
COLUMN ALIAS AND DISTINCT
Giving alias
SELECT StudentId, Name, JoinDate “JoiningDate”
FROM Students;
DISTINCT – To get unique values

SELECT DISTINCT Name FROM Students;

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WHERE CLAUSE
WHERE Clause
Where clause is used to do selective retrieval of rows
Rows which meet search condition are returned
WHERE <search condition>
List of Operators
= Equal to
<> Not equal to
< Less than
> Greater than
<= Less than equal to
>= Greater than equal to

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WHERE CLAUSE
To get all rows where join date is equal to a date
SELECT * FROM Students WHERE JoinDate = ’ 2010-10-17’;
To get all rows where StudentId is greater than 2

SELECT * FROM Students WHERE StudentId > 2;
To get all rows where Join date is greater than or equal to

a date
SELECT * FROM Students WHERE JoinDate >= ’ 2010-10-17’;

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LIKE PREDICATE
The pattern contains a search string along with other
special characters % and _
An underscore(_) in the pattern matches exactly one

character
A percent sign (%) in the pattern can match zero or more

characters
It cannot match a NULL

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LIKE PREDICATE
To list all students whose name begins with ‘K’
SELECT Name
FROM Students
WHERE Name LIKE ‘K%’;
To list all students whose name begins with ‘K’ and third
letter ‘I’
SELECT Name
FROM Students
WHERE Name LIKE ‘K_I%’;

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Basic SQL
LOGICAL OPERATOR
A logical operator combines the results of two component
conditions to produce a single result based on them or
invert the result of a single condition
NOT – Returns true if condition is false, returns false if

condition is true
AND – Returns true if both component conditions are true,

returns false if both component conditions are false
OR – Returns true if either component condition is true,

returns false if both component conditions are false

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Basic SQL
LOGICAL OPERATOR
NOT
SELECT Name FROM Students WHERE NOT StudentId = 2;
AND
SELECT Name FROM Students
WHERE StudentId > 1 AND JoinDate >= ‘2010-10-17’;
OR
SELECT Name FROM Students
WHERE Name = ‘Krishna’ OR StudentId = 2;

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Basic SQL
IN PREDICATE
To select rows from defined set of values
SELECT *
FROM Students
WHERE Name IN (‘Krishna’, ‘Radha’);

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BETWEEN PREDICATE
To retrieve rows which meets the range of values given
SELECT * FROM Students

WHERE JoinDate
BETWEEN ’ 2010-10-17’ AND ‘2010-10-20’;

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NULL PREDICATE
NULL predicate is used to check if an attribute or a
column is null.
Col_name = NULL cannot be done
IS NULL
SELECT * FROM Students WHERE JoinDate IS NULL
IS NOT NULL
SELECT * FROM Students WHERE Name IS NOT NULL

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AGGREGATE FUNCTIONS
Produces a single value for an entire group
Functions are
COUNT()
Produces the number of rows query has selected
AVG()
Produces the average of all selected values of a given column
MAX()
Produces the largest of all selected values of a given column
MIN()
Produces the smallest of all selected values of a given column
SUM()
Produces the arithmetic sum of all selected values of a given
column

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GROUP BY
The GROUP BY clause is used to group selected rows
and return a single row of summary information
Each group of rows are based on the values of the

expression(s) specified in the GROUP BY clause
Grouping can be done on multiple columns

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GROUP BY
Example:
SELECT CourseId, sum(Fees)
FROM Students
GROUP BY CourseId
SELECT CourseId, sum(Fees)

FROM Students
GROUP BY CourseId
HAVING Name IS NOT NULL

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ORDER BY
ORDER BY clause is used to sort records
The sort is done on the column in either ascending or

descending order. [ASC default]
Example:
SELECT * FROM Students
ORDER BY NAME

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Summary
Know how to use the SELECT statement to retrieve data
from a table
Know the options to be used with SELECT statement for

conditional data retrieval
Know how to group data based on a value
Know how to sort data

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Question Time
Please try to limit the questions to the topics discussed during the session. Thank you.

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Unit2 RDBMS and Basic SQL

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Unit 2: Basic SQL

Pratian Technologies (India) Pvt. Ltd.

UNIT 2 – Introduction to SQL

UNIT 3 – Data Manipulation Language

Copyright © 2010 Pratian Technologies

Copyright © 2010 Pratian Technologies

Copyright © 2010 Pratian Technologies

Copyright © 2010 Pratian Technologies

Entries of attributes [columns] are of same kind

No two rows are identical

Order of rows and columns are unimportant

Every column has to be uniquely defined

Copyright © 2010 Pratian Technologies

Store of data that describes the content and structure of

It contains various information like data types,

Copyright © 2010 Pratian Technologies

DATABASE Application Programs/Queries

Software to process queries/programs

Software to access stored data

Stored Data Defn. Stored Database

Copyright © 2010 Pratian Technologies

Copyright © 2010 Pratian Technologies

Know characteristics of a DBMS

Understand Relational DBMS concepts

Copyright © 2010 Pratian Technologies

Copyright © 2010 Pratian Technologies

SQL stands for Structured Query Language

Simple, powerful and standard data access language

It is a specialized language for updating, deleting and

Copyright © 2010 Pratian Technologies

Copyright © 2010 Pratian Technologies

Copyright © 2010 Pratian Technologies

Copyright © 2010 Pratian Technologies

CREATE TABLE table_name

Copyright © 2010 Pratian Technologies

CREATE TABLE Students

Copyright © 2010 Pratian Technologies

It can be 30 characters in length

It must not be a SQL reserved word

Copyright © 2010 Pratian Technologies

Checking of consistency must be carried out to ensure

The definition of a table may include the specification of

Copyright © 2010 Pratian Technologies

Column constraints – associated with a single column

A constraint can be named

If not named, will be automatically generated by DBMS

Copyright © 2010 Pratian Technologies

Copyright © 2010 Pratian Technologies

CREATE TABLE Students

Copyright © 2010 Pratian Technologies

CREATE TABLE Students

Copyright © 2010 Pratian Technologies

CREATE TABLE Courses

Copyright © 2010 Pratian Technologies

CREATE TABLE Students

Copyright © 2010 Pratian Technologies

CREATE TABLE Students

ALTER TABLE table_name

Copyright © 2010 Pratian Technologies

Copyright © 2010 Pratian Technologies

ALTER TABLE Students ADD Location varchar(100) DEFAULT

ALTER TABLE Courses MODIFY Course varchar(100) UNIQUE;

ALTER TABLE Courses CHANGE Course CourseName

ALTER TABLE Students DROP JoinDate;