Anaesthesia Essays on Its History

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Anaesthesia
Essays on Its History

Edited by
Joseph Rupreht, Marius Jan van Lieburg,
J ohn Alfred Lee, Wilhelm Erdmann

Foreword by Thomas E. Keys

With 76 Figures and 28 Tables

Springer
Joseph Rupreht, M.D.
Dept. of Anaesthesiology, Erasmus University Rotterdam
The Netherlands
and University of Ljubljana, Slovenia

Marius Jan van Lieburg, Medical Historian

Free University Amsterdam and Erasmus University Rotterdam
The Netherlands

John Alfred Lee, F.F.A.R.C.S.

73 Kings Road, Westc1iff-on-Sea, Essex, SS08PH
United Kingdom

Wilhelm Erdmann, M.D., Ph.D.

Dept. of Anaesthesiology, Erasmus University Rotterdam
The Netherlands

1st print 1985

2nd print 1998

ISBN -13: 978-3-540-13255-4 e-ISBN-13:978-3-642-69636-7

DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-69636-7

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Foreword to the second print

Following the success of the First International Symposium on the History of Modern
Anaesthesia (1st ISHA), Rotterdam, May 1982, an international editorial board pre-
pared majority of papers for print. Additional editing was performed by the Springer-
Verlag staff. In 1985, two thousand volumes of the book Anaesthesia - Essays on Its
History - were printed. Within two years the book was out of print and has become a
much sought collector's item. The book became a popular source of scientific refe-
rences.
The 1st ISHA was followed, at five-year intervals by memorable meetings in
London, Atlanta and Hamburg. Interest in these meetings has increased so much that
the 2001-Santiago de Compostela ISHA will be the first at a four-year interval. Each
ISHA meeting was followed by printed proceedings. In parallel to the ISHA meetings
historians of anaesthesia organized and present their papers at regular society meet-
ings.
The ever-increasing wave of interest in the history of anaesthesia left many poten-
tial buyers of the "Essays-1985" empty-handed. The Department of Anaesthesia at the
Erasmus University of Rotterdam responded to the demand for this book, the first of
its kind, by sponsoring the second print. We are very appreciative to the Springer-
Verlag Publishers for the expedient production of the second print.

Rotterdam, January 1998 Joseph Rupreht

Wilhelm Erdmann
Foreword to the first print

The zealousness displayed by the participants of the First International Symposium on

the History of Modem Anaesthesia was most revealing. Over 120 papers were read
and there were about 200 participants. Prof. Wilhelm Erdmann, Head and Chairman
of the Department of Anaesthesiology at the Medical Faculty of the Erasmus Uni-
versity of Rotterdam, and the enthusiastie and hard-working Secretary of the Sym-
posium, Dr. Joze Rupreht (Ljubljana-trained, in the Viennese medical tradition),
merit the credit for the enduring success of this undertaking. As a Liberal Arts major,
I especially enjoyed meeting many of the pioneers because of their emphasis on
humanism.
Among the illustrious participants was Sir Robert Macintosh, who inspired Dr.
Barbara Duncum to write an outstanding book on the history of anaesthesia. It is also
of interest to note that Sir Robert was knighted for his accomplishments on anaes-
thesia - as was Sir Geoffrey Organe, later. Sir Robert established the Chair of
Anaesthesia in Oxford, the first fully endowed chair of anaesthetics in the world.
The accomplishments of women in anaesthesia must also be acknowledged. I am
thinking especially of Prof. D .M.E. Vermeulen-Cranch of the University of Amster-
dam, who gave her farewelloration, entitled "Process of Emancipation", in Sep-
tember 1983. She was the first professor of anaesthesiology in continental Europe,
where the spirit of Erasmus of Rotterdam - a great humanist of the Renaissance - still
prevails. Influenced by the same spirit, another participant in the Symposium, Prof.
Selma Calmes, of the Department of Anaesthesiology at the University of California,
Los Angeles, is working on a book showing the accomplishments of women anaes-
thesiologists, which should be most enlightening. After all, as mentioned in my book
The History 0/ Surgical Anesthesia, [1, p. 3] ... the first anesthesiologist probably was
a woman, for the head of the primitive family was the Great Mother ... she was
priestess and sorceress, and consequently was the founder of the healing art. When a
primitive siek man could not relieve bis pain he called on the priestess ...
Although one could go into much more detail about the many illustrious partici-
pants and their accomplishments, this is hardly necessary, as a reading of these
excellent papers will attest. There are some omissions, of course, and it is regretted
that the great achievements of Dr. John Snow, the first medically qualified anaes-

1 This small volume was frequently reprinted, and even the latest reprint edition (Robert Krieger,
1978) is again out of print. It is time for the newer generation to take over this exciting field. And
many new books are in the making, such as those authored by Rod CaIverly and William Beattie.
 Foreword VII

thesiologist, were not included. Perhaps the next symposium will have a paper on his
many contributions. Even though his dates are not quite modem (1813-1858), his
accomplishments were, especially his book On Chloroform and Other Anaesthetics
(1858), the first comprehensive textbook on anaesthesia [2].
There has been a real renaissance of interest in the history of anaesthesia. Among
those responsible for this rebirth, besides Dr. Rupreht and Dr. Erdmann, are Dr.
Selma Calmes and Dr. Rod Calverley, now on the Board of the new American
society, the Anesthesia History Association. It held its inaugural meeting in Atlanta,
Georgia, during the annual meeting of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, on
9 October 1983. The meeting was well attended, and the evening was profitable and
delightful.
Mention should also be made of the accomplishments of the nurse anaesthetists [3].
They are many in number, and generally they work under the direction of a physician-
anaesthesiologist.
Although modem anaesthesia was Ameriea's first great medieal diseovery, it soon
traversed the globe and found worldwide acceptance.
The British, for example, have made many coeval and historie contributions.
Besides Dr. Duncum one thinks of Prof. T. Cecil Gray, who pioneered the British use
ofeurare [4], andDr. J. Alfred Lee, whowas a pioneerin the use ofspin~l anaesthesia
and is currently working on the fifth edition of a textbook on spinal analgesia [7]. Dr.
Lee's latest (9th) edition ofA Synopsis ofAnaesthesia (1982), whieh he edited with his
colleagues R.S. Atkinson and G.B. Rushman, is provocative in outlining the many
duties of the modem anaesthesiologists [5]. It would appear that to practice adequ-
ately the anaesthesiologist needs a background in history , physiology, cardiology,
biochemistry, physics and other leamed disciplines relating to all branches of
medicine. Spaee does not permit me to give details of the aecomplishments of many
other nationals, but a reading of the papers in this volume should be of benefit. These
papers, besides outlining the important accomplishments of the pioneers - many of
whom addressed the Symposium - attest to the past, present and future of this all-
embracing interdisciplinary specialty.
Sir William Osler (1849-1919), whose collection of books and documents on
anaesthesia are now housed in the Osler Library at McGiIl University, Montreal, will
always be vividly remembered for his profound statements, his eponyms, his idealism
and his interest in books and people. His philosophy is weIl defined in his last and
finest lecture "The Old Humanities and the New Science" [6], delivered in 1919 when
Sir William served as President of the Classical Association, an organization of British
scholars which was established in 1904 with this object: "To promote the development
and maintain the well-being of classical studies and among other things to encourage
investigation and caIl attention to new discoveries. "Harvey Cushing mentioned in the
Introduction:
In preparation for his lecture he arranged an exhibit illustrating the important part Oxford had once
played in science and natural philosophy in days antedating the Royal Society ... He exhibited from
his own collection ... those volumes which constituted ... the outstanding classics in Science and
Medicine .... He regarded these books as instruments for the advancement of knowledge ...
Osler concluded the paper with a statement: "To have lived right through an epoch,
matched only by two in the story of the race, to have shared in its long struggle, to have
witnessed its final victory ... to have done this is a wonderful privilege."
VIII Foreword

In many ways Osler's endeavours are a parallel of the Rotterdam Symposium,

which brought together scholars from the world of anaesthesiology. Osler would have
rejoiced in this rebirth of the humanities and their influence on the current practice of
anaesthesiology. Moreover, at the Rotterdam Symposium the idea was brought
forward by many that a monument entitled "The Conquest of Pain by Anaesthesia"
should be constructed to give singular testimony to the great achievement of the
human race in our era. We all may hope that this project will soon be realized and will
also serve as a permanent reminder of the first international meeting on anaesthesia
history. However, these historical essays on anaesthesia may themselves have an
impact on the future of anaesthesiology. Let us enjoy the fruits of past accomplish-
ments in this now learned profession and look ahead to 1987 when we shall again
assemble.
Thomas E. Keys

References

1. Keys TE (1945) The history of surgical anesthesia. Schuman, New York

2. Snow J (1858) On chloroform and other anaesthetics, edited by B. W. Richardson. London
3. Hunter AR (1982) Rotterdam meeting on the history of anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 54: 8
4. Gray TC (1957) Classical file. Surv Anesthesiology 1: 174
5. Atkinson RS, Rushman GB Lee JA (eds) (1982) A synopsis of anaesthesia, 9th edn. Wright,
Bristol
6. Sir William Osler (1920) The Old Huinanities and the New Science. Introduction by Harvey
Cushing. Houghton Mifflin Co, Boston
7. Lee JA, Atkinson RS, Watt MJ (1985) Lumbar puncture and spinal analgesia - intradural and
extradural, 5th edn. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh
Preface

We have not attempted to make each contribution a strict1y uniform presentation.

Each paper is written in an individual style which reflects the author's feelings and
ideas, and we have decided to make only the most necessary minor editorial altera-
tions. The contents and messages of this volume, its philosophy and love of medicine
will thus not be an editorial treatise on significant events of the past in anaesthesiol-
ogy. In their own words, expressing their own thoughts, the writers describe some of
the significant events of the past, or the period they themselves have lived through,
and some of the lessons which are to be learnt from a study of the history of
anaesthesia.
The consideration of bringing important historical data to the modern reader has
played a secondary role in moulding the many contributions into a book. Primarily,
we wished to convey the outstanding achievements of the past: the concern to ease
suffering and the modesty of some of the notable workers who have influenced, taught
and guided uso However, there remains much to be clarified about the developments
in anaesthesia and especiaHy about the process in which the profession of anaes-
thesiologists came into being. Much information is given on the question how; the
question why the process has developed as recorded by the contributors to this section
is left to the future historians, who will pay attention to the fascinating story of
anaesthesiology.
The recent Meeting of the First International Symposium on the History of Modern
Anaesthesia, held in Rotterdam in the spring of 1982, was a memorable success and
weH served its major purpose. While it was being organized the nestors of anaesthesia
gave support and encouragement in trying to put on record the significant events and
the feelings of those who happened to be behind the scenes when the changes were
taking place, and we think that this goal has, in a large degree, been achieved. The
Symposium also became a milestone in the development of the specialty. By looking
back one can better understand the present situation and decide what should be done
for the specialty in the future.
The Symposium was a forerunner of the vigorous interest which exists in the history
of anaesthesia. It has become a catalysing event, and as a result several organizations
have been formed, worldwide, for the study and teaching of this aspect of our
specialty. This interest shows that the younger generation of anaesthetists is proving
worthy of the constributions of their predecessors. It may now be firmly hoped that
through the study of things past will emerge fresh initiative in research, and that the
humanistic and historical message passed down to us will serve as standards and
judgements of Things Future in Anaesthesiology.
X Preface

The Rotterdam Symposium also acted as a meeting place for many colleagues,
teachers, friends and pupils. Ideas were freely exchanged; there were music, intel-
lectual discussion and a most enjoyable social programme, with arrangements for
seeing some of the many delightful local beauty spots. Thanks to the uncommon
intellectual vigour and emotional involvement of the participants, the Symposium was
given the highest possible compliment by being called "the happiest meeting ever".
The Editors wish to acknowledge their gratitude to the publishers, Springer-
Verlag, for the assistancegiven during the preparation of the present volume.

Rotterdam, May 1985 loseph Rupreht

Marius lan van Lieburg
lohn Alfred Lee
Wilhelm Erdmann
Table of Contents

1 Introductory Essay

1.1 Anaesthesiology: Its Origins and Its Mission

J. Rupreht and T. E. Keys . . . . . . . . . . 3

2 Pioneers in Anaesthesia

2.1 Foreword
W.Erdmann. 11
2.2 Sir Ivan Magill's Contribution to Anaesthesia
J. B. Bowes andJ.S.M. Zorab . . . . . . . . . 13
2.3 J. T. Clover: A Giant of Victorian Anaesthesia
R. K. Calverley. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.4 Charles Waterton (1782-1865): Curare and a Canadian National Park
J.R. Maltby . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.5 Francis Sibson (1814-1876): Pioneer and Prophet in Anaesthesia
J.R. Maltby . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.6 The Continuing Influence of Ralph M. Waters on Education
in Anesthesiology
L. E. Morris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.7 The lnfluence of Ralph M. Waters on the Development
of Anaesthesiology in Sweden
T. Gordh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.8 John S. Lundy: Father of Intravenous Anesthesia
G. Corssen ................... . 42
2.9 Development of the Apgar Score
S. H. Calmes. . . . . . . . . . . 45
2.10 Arthur E. Guedel (1883-1956)
R.K. Calverley . . . . . . . . . . 49
XII Table of Contents

2.11 Dr. Cornelis R. Ritsema van Eck: A Many-Sided Pioneer

J. C. Dorlas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
2.12 Tbe Pioneer Anaesthetists of Australia
G. Wilson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
2.13 Anesthesia and Resuscitation Equipment I Happened to
be Involved With
H.Ruben . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

3 Development of Techniques

3.1 Foreword
J.A. Lee. 71
3.2 Tbe Forgotten Foundations of Modem Closed-Circuit Anesthetic
Technique
R. W. Patterson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
3.3 Tbe Use of Alcohol for Anesthesia by Miguel Garcfa-Marin
J.A. Aldrete and J. Aldrete-Velasco . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
3.4 Early Problems in Establishing Intravenous Anaesthesia
J. W. Dundee. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
3.5 Dissociative Anesthesia
G. Corssen . . . . . . . 92
3.6 Open Drop Ether Versus Relaxant Techniques in Obstetrics
D.A.B. Hopkin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
3.7 Massive Blood Transfusions - Warming of Bank Blood
C.P. Boyan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
3.8 History of Fluid Administration During Anesthesia and Operation
M. T. P. Jenkins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
3.9 Birth of Neuroplegia and Artificial Hibernation in France
P. HuguenardandN. Du/eu . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
3.10 Tbe Treatment of Shock with Vasodilating Agents
B.lbsen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
3.11 Tbe Lytic Cocktail, 20 Years On
D.A.B. Hopkin . . . . . . . . . 116
3.12 Tbe Use of the Cuirass Ventilator, Belt Type
1. McLellan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
3.13 A Mechanical Heart-Lung Machine for Use in Man
M.P. Theunissen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
 Table of Contents XIII

3.14 The Development of Cardiothoracic Anaesthesia -

The International and Local Experience
I. MeLellan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
3.15 Regional Block: Its History in the United States Since World War 11
D. C. Moore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 128
3.16 The History and Development of Obstetric Anesthesia
P.J. Poppers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
3.17 History of Resuscitation of Newborn Infants
A.I. Hyman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
3.18 History and Development of Pediatric Anesthesia in Japan
M. Satoyoshi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
3.19 History of Neurosurgical Anaesthesia
A.R. Hunter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
3.20 The Origins of Three Important Changes in Anaesthetic Practice
J.A. Lee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
3.21 History of Development of Standards for Anesthesia Equipment
L. Rendell-Baker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
3.22 Possible Hazards of Technical Progress in Anaesthetic Practice
D.H.G. Keuskamp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
3.23 Theodore Schwann and the Invention of Closed-Circuit Breathing
H. Reinhold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
3.24 The Early Development
of Blood Gas and Blood Acid-Base Measurements
P. Astrup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
3.25 History of Hypothermie Anesthesia by Surface Cooling in Japan
T. YonezawaandR. Wakusawa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184

4 Regional Developments in Anaesthesia

4.1 Foreword
J. Rupreht . 191
4.2 Anesthesia Research Interests in the United States, 1940-1980
H. T. Benzon, H. W. Linde and E.A. Brunner . . . . . . . . . 193
4.3 Anesthesiology and Pharmacology at Wisconsin in the 1930s
J.E. Steinhaus . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
4.4 The Edinburgh Contribution
A.H.B. Masson . .. . .. . 203
XIV Table of Contents

4.5 The Yorkshire Society of Anaesthetists, Its Postwar Birth and Development
W.D.A. Smith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 206
4.6 Review of Modern Anaesthesia in South Africa
H. Grant-Whyte . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
4.7 The Impact of the Introduction of Curare in Australia
G. Wilson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
4.8 History of Modern Anesthesia in Japan
H. Yamamura . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
4.9 The Influence of Modern Anaesthesia of Other Countries on the
Growth of Anaesthesia in Japan
A.lnamoto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
4.10 History of Modern Anesthesia in China
S. Yung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
4.11 Reminiscences of Anaesthesia During the Blitz and 10 Happy Years
in India
R. Mansfield. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 228
4.12 History of Modern Anesthesia in Lebanon
F.S. Haddad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
4.13 Recent History of Resuscitation in Norway
B. Lind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
4.14 The Development of Modern Anaesthesia in Italy
M. Pantaleoni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
4.15 On the Development of Modern Anesthesia in Yugoslavia
D. Soban, V. Andonov, P. Lalevic, L. Ribaric andA. Stajic 253
4.16 The Development of Anesthesiology in Czechoslovakia
B. Dworacek andH. Keszler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
4.17 The First Interdisciplinary Centre for Intensive Care Therapy
in Prague
E. Racenberg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
4.18 From Open Ether to Open Hearts
D.M.E. Vermeulen-Cranch . . . . 265
4.19 Cyclopropane Anesthesia: Its Introduction at Wisconsin
B.l. Bamforth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
4.20 The Introduction of Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs into Anaesthetic
Practice in a Large "Poor-Law" Hospital
F.R. Ellis and W.P.l. Bickford Smith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 276
4.21 Reminiscences of the First German Anesthesia Congress in Hamburg
(1927) and Rolf Frey's Departure to Mainz
H. Killian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 279
 Table of Contents xv

4.22 A Tale of Two Cities

T.e. Gray . . . . . . 284
4.23 Reminiscences of the Development of Modern Anaesthesia in Norway
I. Lund . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 291
4.24 Combat Casualty Anesthesia in Viet Nam
Th.P. Mathews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
4.25 Early History of the British Journal of Anaesthesia
T.C. Gray . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
4.26 The British Journal of Anaesthesia. Its Evolution to the Present
Position
A.A. Spence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
4.27 The Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica
G. Rolly andH. Reinhold ... . . . 304

5 Tbe World Organization

5.1 Foreword
M.J. van Lieburg 307
5.2 An Account of the Development of the World Federation
of Societies of Anaesthesiologists
G. Organe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
5.3 The World Federation of Societies of Anaesthesiologists, 1968-1984
D.D.e. Howat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 314
5.4 Anaesthesiology Centre Copenhagen
O. Sech er . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
5.5 The Section of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care of the European
Union of Medical Specialists and Its Contribution to the Professional Status
of Anaesthesiology in the European Economic Community
D.D.C. HowatandH. Reinhold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 335

6 Humanism in Anaesthesia

6.1 Foreword
J. Rupreht . 343
6.2 Reflections After a 40 year Interest in the History of Modern
Anaesthesia
Th.E. Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . 345
XVI Table of Contents

6.3 Modern Anaesthesia, with Special Reference to the Chair of

Anaesthetics in Oxford
R. Macintosh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
6.4 A Worm's Eye View of the Anaesthetic Department
J.F. Davenport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
6.5 The Value of the History of Anaesthesia for Anaesthetists
and Anaesthetists in Training
Th.B. deBruynandJ.L. Couper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
6.6 The Nurse-Anaesthetist in Norway
J. Horner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
6.7 The Whys and Wherefores of Collecting
C.A. Foster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
6.8 Historical Aspects of the Problem of Surgical Awareness
J. Mainzer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372
6.9 Clinician Versus Researcher in Anaesthesia
W. W. Mushin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
6.10 Charles T. Jackson's Claim to the Discovery of Etherization
A.B. Gould . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384
6.11 Professor William W. Mushin About Anaesthesiology. An Interview
J. Rupreht . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 388
6.12 The National Catalogue of Anaesthetic Books, Documents
and Equipment
1. McLellan 393

Index . . . . . . 395
List of Contributors

Aldrete, J.A., M.D., Prof. of Anesthesiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham,

Alabama, U.S.A.
Aldrete-Velasco, J., B.S., Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico
Facultad de Medicina, Mexico City, Mexico
Andonov, V., M.D., Head, Dept. of Anaesthesiology, University of Skopje School of
Medicine, Skopje, Macedonia, Yugoslavia
Astrup, P., M.D., Ph.D., Prof., Department of Clinical Chemistry,
University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Bamforth, B.J., M.D., Prof., Department of Anesthesiology,
University of Wisconsin, Medical School, Madison Wisconsin, U.S.A.
Benzon, H. T., M.D., Assistant Professor of Clinical Anesthesia,
Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.
Bickford Smith, W.P.J., M.B.Ch.B., F.F.A.RC.S., Department of Anaesthetics,
Royal Infirmary, Leeds, U.K.
Bowes, J.B., M.B.B.S., F.F.A.RC.S., Department of Anaesthetics,
Frenchay Hospital, Bristol, U.K.
Boyan, C. P., Professor Emeritus of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Virginia,
Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, U.S.A.
Brunner, E.A., M.D., Ph.D., Prof. and Chairman, Northwestern University Medical
School, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.
Bruyn de, T.B., F.F.A. (S.A.), Prof., University of Pretoria, South Africa
Calmes, S.H., M.D., Department of Anaesthesia, UCLA School ofMedicine,
Los Angeles, California, U.S.A.
Calver/ey, R.K., M.D., F.RC.P. (C), Associate ClinicaIProf., Anesthesiology;
University of California, San Diego; Veterans Administration Hospital, San Diego,
California, U.S.A.
Corssen, G., M.D., Ph.D., F.A.C.A., Prof. Emeritus of Anesthesiology,
University of Alabama in Birmingham, U.S.A.
XVIII List of Contributors

Couper, J.L., F.F.A. (S.A.), Prof., Medical University of Southern Africa,

Medunsa, South Africa
Davenport, J. F., Secretary, Department of Anaesthetics, St. Thomas' Hospital,
London, U.K.
Dorlas, J. c., Prof., Department of Anaesthesiology, Academic Hospital Groningen,
Groningen, The Netherlands
Dundee, J. W., M.D ., Ph.D., F.F.A.R.C.S., M.RC.P., ProfessorofAnaesthetics,
The Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
Du/eu, N:, M.D., Department of Anaesthesiology and Resuscitation,
CHU Henri Mondor, Cf(~teil, France
Dworacek, B., M.D ., Department of Anaesthesiology, Medical Faculty,
Erasmus University, Academic Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Ellis, ER., M.B.B.S., M.RC.S., L.RC.T., F.F.A.R.C.S.,
Department of Anaesthetics, St. Bartholomews' Hospital, London, U.K.
Foster, C.A., E.R.D ., M.B., B.S., F.F.A.RC.S.,
Consultant Anaesthetist, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, U.K.
Gordh, T., Hon. F.F.A.R.C.S., Prof. Emeritus, KarolinskaInstitutet, Stockholm,
Sweden
Gould, A. B., Jr., M.D., Consultant, Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic;
Associate Prof. of Anesthesiology, Mayo Medical School, Rochester , Minnesota,
U.S.A.
Grant-Whyte, H., B.A., M.B., C.RB., F.F.A.R.C.S. (Ire), F.F.A.RC.S. (Eng),
F.A.C.A. (U.S.A.) (Capetown University), Emer. Prof. of Anaesthetics,
Medical School, University of Natal, Durban; Republic of South Africa
Gray, T.C., C.B.E., K.C.S.G., M.D., F.RC.P.,F.RC.S., F.F.A.RC.S.
(Eng), F.F.A.RC.S. (Ire), F.F.A.RA.C.S., Prof. Emer., University ofLiverpool,
Liverpool, U.K.
Haddad, F.S., B.A., M.D., F.A.C.A., D.A.B.A., Associate Department
of Anesthesiology, American University of Beimt, Beimt, Lebanon
Hopkin, D.A.B., M.D.,B.S.,F.F.A.RC.S.,D.T.M. &H., ConsultingAnaesthesist
to Charing Cross and St. Thomas' Hospitals and Medical Schools, University of
London; former Visiting Prof. to University ofTexas Southwestern Medical School,
Parkland Hospital, Dallas, Texas, U.S.A.; London, U.K.
Horner, J., S.RN., S. C.M., Nurse-Anaesthetist, Sister tutor in Anaesthesiology,
Department of Anaesthesiology. Oslo University Hospital (Ulleval Sykehus), Oslo,
Norway
Howat, D.D.C., F.F.A.RC.S. (Eng), Consultant Anaesthetist,
St. George's Hospital, London, U.K.
 List of Contributors XIX

Huguenard, P., M.D., Prof., Department of Anaesthesia and Resuscitation,

CHU Henri Mondor, Creteil, France
Hunter, A.R., Emer. Prof. of Anaesthesia, University of Manchester, U.K.
Hyman, A.1., Prof. of Anesthesiology and Pediatrics, Columbia University,
New York City, New York, U.S.A.
Ibsen, B., Prof. , Dr. Med. , Department of Anaesthesiology, Kommunehospitalet,
Copenhagen, Denmark
Inamoto, A., M.D., F.F.A.RC.S., Prof. Emer., Kyoto UniversityLecturer;
Osaka Dental University; Osaka, Japan
Jenkins, M. T.P., M.D., F.F.A.RC.S., Prof. of Anesthesiology,
University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, Texas, U.S.A.
Keuskamp, D.H. G., M.D., Ph.D., Prof. Emer., Department of Anaesthesiology,
Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Keszler, H., M.D., F.RC.P. (C), Prof. of Anesthesiology,
Pittsburgh University Medical School, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
Keys, T.E., A.B., M.A., D.Sc.h.c., Prof. Emer., History ofMedicine;
Mayo Graduate School, University of Minnesota, Rochester, Minnesota;
Medical Library Consultant; Daytona Beach, Florida, U.S.A.
Killian, H., Prof. Emer. Chirurgiae, University of Freiburg, Freiburg,
West Germany
Lalevic, P., M.D., Prof., Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, Serbia,
Yugoslavia
Lee, J.A., F.F.A.RC.S. (Eng., Ire., hon.),HonoraryConsultingAnaesthetisttothe
Southend-on-Sea General Hospital, Southend-on-Sea, Essex, U.K.
Lind, B., Prof., University of Os10, Head Department of Anaesthesiology,
Akershus Central Hospital, Nordbyhagen, Norway
Linde, H. W., Ph.D., Prof., Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago,
Illinois, U.S.A.
Lund, 1., M.D., Department of Anaesthesiology, Ulleval Sjukehus, Oslo, Norway
Macintosh, Sir Robert, Prof. Emer., University of Oxford, Hon. F~llow of the Faculty
of Anaesthetists of Australasia, Ireland and England; Oxford, U.K.
Mainzer, J., M.D., F.A.C.A., ClinicalAssociate, UniversityofNewMexico, School
of Medicine and Presbyterian Medical Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, U.S.A.
Maltby, J.R., M .A., M.B., B., Chir., D. (Obst), RC.O.G., F.F.A.RC.S., F.R.C.P.
(C), Staff Anaesthetist, Department of Anaesthesia, Foothills Hospital, Calgary,
Alberta, Canada
xx List of Contributors

Mansfield, R.E., M.B.E., F.F.A.RC.S., D.A., Consulting Anaesthetist Brompton

Hospital London; Visiting Consultant Anaesthetist, G .M.C. Hospital, Vellore,
South India; London, U.K.
Masson, A.H.B., B.A., M.B.Ch.B ., F.RC.S.E ., F.F.A.R.C.S.,
Consultant Anaesthestist, Edinburgh Royal Infirmary Honorary Senior Lecturer,
University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K.
Mathews, T.P., M.D., Colonel, U.S. Air Force Medical Corps, USAFHospital,
Langley Air Force Base, Virginia, U.S.A.
McLellan, I., M.B., B.S., F.F.A.RC.S., Consultant Anaesthetist,
Leicestershire Health Authority Clinical Teacher, University of Leicester, U.K.
Moore, D. c., M.D., Clinical Prof., The Department of Anesthesiology,
University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seatde, Washington, U.S.A.
Morris, L.E., M.D., F.F.A.RC.S., Prof. of Anesthesiology,
Medical College of Ohio; Toledo, Ohio, U.S.A.
Mushin, W. W., C.B.E., M.A., D.Sc., F.RC.S., F.F.A.RC.S.,
Emer. Prof. of Anaesthetics, Welsh National School of Medicine, Cardiff, U.K.
Organe, Sir Geoffrey, M.A., M.D., F.RC.S., F.F.A.RC.S., F.F.A.RA.C.S.
(Hon) , Emer. Prof. of Anaesthetics, University ofLondon, Westminster Medical
School; London, U.K.
Pantaleoni, M., M.D., Prof., Head Department of Anaesthesiology,
Vergato aPorretta United Hospitals, Bologna, Italy
Patterson, R., M.D., Department of Anesthesiology, UCLA School of Medicine,
Los Angeles, California, U.S.A.
Poppers, P.J., M.D.,F.A.C.A., F.A.C.O.G., Prof. and Chairman Department of
Anesthesiology, Health Sciences Center, State University ofNew York at Stony
Brook, Stony Brook, New York; Anesthesiologist-in-Chief, University Hospital,
Stony Brook, New York; Consultant Anesthesiologist, Veterans Administration
Medical Center, Northport, New York; Long Island Jewish-Hillside Medical Center,
New Hyde Park, New York; Nassau County Medical Center, East Meadow, New
York; Naval Regional Medical Center Portsmouth, Virginia, U.S.A.
Racenberg, E., Prof., MUDr., Institut für Anästhesie, Universitätskliniken,
Homburg-Saar, West-Germany
Reinhold, H., Prof. Honorary, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
Rendell-Baker, L., M.D., Prof., Department of Anesthesiology,
Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, U.S .A.
Ribaric, L., M.D., Head, Department of Anaesthetics, Bolnica Braca Sobolj,
Rijeka, Croatia, Yugoslavia
Rolly, G., M.D., Ph.D., Prof. in Anaesthesia, State University of Ghent,
Department of Anaesthesia, Academic Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
 List of Contributors XXI

Ruben, H.M., M.D., Prof., Director, Department of Anaesthesiology,

Hvidovre Copenhagen Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Rupreht, J., Staff Anaesthesiologist; Department of Anaesthesiology,
Academic Hospital Rotterdam and Erasmus University Medical Faculty,
Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Satoyoshi, M.D., Ph.D., Prof.,Juntendo UniversitySchoolofMedicine, Tokyo,
Japan
Secher, 0., M.D., D.M.S., F.F.A.RC.S., Prof., University of Copenhagen,
Chief of Anaesthesia, Rigshospitalet (University Hospital), Copenhagen, Denmark
Shieh, Y., M.D., Prof. and Chairman, Department of Anesthesiology,
Beijing Medical College; Beijing, China
Smith, W.D.A., O.B.E., M.D., F.F.A.RC.S., Reader; University of Leeds,
Yorkshire, U.K.
Soban, D., M.D., Ph.D., Prof. of Anaesthesiology, University of Ljubljana,
School of Medicine, Ljubljana, Slovenia, Yugoslavia
Spence, A.A., M.D., F.F.A.RC.S., M.RC.P. (Glas.); Prof., UniversityDepart-
ment of Anaesthesia, Western Infirmary, Glasgow, U.K.
Stajic, A., M.D., Consultant anaesthetist, Institute of Radiology and Radiotherapeu-
tics, University of Sarajevo, School of Medicine, Sarajevo, Bosnia, Yugoslavia
Steinhaus, J. E., M.D., Ph.D., A.B.A., Prof. and Chairman, Emory University,
School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A.
Theunissen, M.P., Anaesthesiologist, Medical Centre "DeKlokkenberg". Breda,
The Netherlands
Vermeulen-Cranch, D.M.E., C.B.E.,B.Sc.,M.B.,B.Ch.,D.A.,F.F.A.RC.S.,
Prof., Academic Hospital, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Wakusawa, R., M.D., Department of Anesthesiology, School ofMedicine,
Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
Wilson, G. C.M., Dr., Honorary Historian, Faculty of Anaesthetists,
Royal Australian College of Surgeons, Molly Brook, Australia
Yamamura, H., M.D., D.Sc., F.F.A.RC.S., Emer. Prof. ofTokyo University;
Director, The Japan Tobacco & Salt Public Corporation Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo,
Japan
Yonezawa, T., M.D., Department of Anaesthesiology, School of Medicine,
Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
Zorab, J.S.M., M.B.B.S., F.F.A.RC.S., Department of Anaesthetics,
Frenchay Hospital, Bristol, U.K.