bas {sf of natal resoutens and ts impacts an eavironmon Syllabus Topic ; Natural Resources - Forest Resources, Water Resources, Energy Resources, Land Resources, Minaral Resources, Cauises And Etfects of Depiotion at Resources 21 Natural Resources = Following ase-some examples of t oF natural rescue HESOUNEES Mineral resources: 4, Food resources Energy resources & Ly Kl teseurces Fo. Forest resources ~ Forests are one of the mist natural resources on this arth: Weis a dense growth of tees, together with other Plants, covering a large urea of an, 7. ow resources Water is an indispensable Which all ural wesouvee on this earth © depends, About 47% of the earth's I in0st oF the water in Characterized bby certain uni wrfuce is euvercd by water I Mhave OBS ve ‘Which make it & muvelous resource al resources Berals ure naturally occuring, solids having det Sharsctetistic phy ‘nonganic, crystalline te chemical composition and i properties. 4. Food resources ‘There ate thousands of edible plants and. animals over {he World out of which omly about three degen types ‘constitute major food of humans The min food resources include wheat, vce, malaé, Potato, barley, oats ete about kwenty or so commen Frits and vegetables milk, meal, fish and seafood. 5. Emery resources Altemative sources of energy! non-conventiona-soli Snerey- Wind energy-Hydropawer. Non-renewable 1 Senventional energy sources-coal, petroleum, namurll #88, clear energy 6 Soll Land resourees, sch we ‘and is 9 finite and. valuable resource upon which Mlepend for our food, Fiber and fuel wood, the 8 amenities of life. Soil is also a valuable resaurse. Scanned with CamScannerBF cncoorntl ces (sare) 41.1 Depletion of Soll Resources ____pepetion of sil resource is one of big problem human qitiration i facing ip almost all continents. Soil is the thsi suff required 10 start food ehain as plants ane the etucers which grow in scl, = Soil erosion, soil compaction, low organic matter, loss of soil sructure, poor internal drainage, stlination, and soil acidity are various forms of soil degradation, Among these Soil erosion is a major one. = Soil erosion is 4 nonerally eeeurring prosess on all land. The agents of soil erosion are water and wind, cach contributing © significant amount of fertile soil toss csch year from agricultural fields at an alarming rate causing serious loss of topsoil. = The loss of soil from farmland may be reflected in reduced crop production potential, lower surface water qui (a) Causes (b) ‘and damaged drainage networks. ffects (¢) Solutions A (a) Causes of Sail Depletion (i) Deforestation at huge level. A dense vegetation saver prevents loss of top soil form rain and wind. (ii) Overgrazing cause's loss of top soi (ii) Settlement of environmental pollutants on soil, (iv) Over use of irrigation and chemicals in agricultures has deteriorated the quality of soil, > (hy Ettects of Soil Depletion (c) Solutions to control Sail Depletion Soil depletion can be controlled by (0) Good vegetation cover, Almost one third of the area ust be covered by vegetation so that effects of rain showers and high speed winds om surface soil can be tninimized, a2 Enon Resources, (ji) Use of new irrigation practices-like drip irrigation, sprinkle irrigation etc. save surface vil (iii) Use of sustainable agricultural techniques like we of bioferutisers, biopesticides eté. Prevent soil from overdose of chemicals and their side effects. iv) Educating farmers and other stake holders to take are of this valuable gift, by using ubove techniques in appropriote way, 2.1.2 Depletion of Water Resources — Water is the most important resource to sustain the life hut unfortunately it is the most misused ome, We require water for our all domestic needs ranging from cooking, cleaning, bathing, drinking. gardening ete. — We cannot sustain industrial growth without water, All industries require water in one form or other. Water is used os solvent, cooling agent, cleaning agent, in industries. Depleting water level in natural aquifers and pollution of underground and surface water is 5 serious problem that we are facing. Deptetion of water resources is a jlobal problem. (a) Causes (b) Effects (c) Solution, > (a) Causes of water depletion Misuse of water resources. at indi ‘other level is the biggest problem. dual and various (Waste and by-products from industvier are polluting not only surface water but underground water as well (i) Disposal of municipal waste in rivers and nearby ponds also causes major loss of pure water. (iii) Assimilation of agriculural waste, pesticides, fertilizers, etc. in surface water disables use of water. (iv) Drought and changes in routine weather patterns are responsible for water depletion in some areas, awaeianalaTS Scanned with CamScanner+4 f 24.3 = Minerals gite vane poareet a sty qwtuival ai woot Beth canes pels in Dt th ng With water supply night lowe of live Mock affects 9 seney by United Nations Food and ‘Srganization (FAO), 1.2 billion people, a of the Earth's Population, are + ssarcty. Another $00 million come ose 10 that threshold. = ssesneats are aected by water shortages or supply ‘ems of some sort. For example West Asian poesents this issue. Sotution to prevent water depletion ‘Wuer isues may be resolved or controlled by ssservation, replenishment and by finding new meres JeSisious use of oraer resource is must above all other aseTvation efforts. Rain water harvesting is gaining momentum now ays in various pans of country like Rajasthan, Dethi, Haryana fe. In Mumbai housing societies aie. using this technique to preserve rain water for maintaining parks and general cleaning purposes. e.g. recently developed project at Shivaji Park, Mumbai. i) Significam conservation of Water can be achieved ‘through use of more effective irrigation strategies such as drip tzchniques, 8) New sources may include desalination of older pands and wells, though this option is very expensive and impractical for many locations. Depletion of Mineral Resources nature Which is now renewable fesouree, Coal, irom, copper, metals dnd non metals are metallurgical processex Mining pollutes the environment, ona larger scale Thy ‘ite at which we are digging these minerals, cu ‘uty Beneration may face the extinction, jg very dangerous, Value of these minerals increases becat Se Of the bape emand, but the supply is decreasing. ‘This bas resuineg ‘ther testitories. The Soviuoment is being ubused and this. depletion of Tesourees is one way of showing the effects, (a) Causes (b) Effects {in more efforts to drill and search (©). Solution > (a) Causes of mineral depletion (The Targe-seale exploitation of minerals began in the Industrial Revolution around 1760 in England and has Sr08M rapidly over ages. Today's economy is Largety ‘based on fossil fuels (coal, petrol and diesel), ‘minerals and oil, (a) Lots of building materials are obtwined from mioey Demand of stones, marbles, granite, limestone ete is ever increasing. G8) To suppom 8-99 of GDP growth, mining sector has e do Well. It puts-extra effort on minerals, F (b) Effects of mineral depletion (0 Mining bas resulted in more efforts to drill and search for other teritories enriched with minerals. Mini f Pollutes the environment, only on a larger scale Accidents refated with Landslides. are common in cal; mining areas. (8) The environment is being abused apd this depletion ‘resources show multiplying effects, Situation becomes frim when local people are denied of their shart development process Gi) Onshore mining processes badly affects marine bie > (6) Solution to prevent mineral depietion ire ‘Strong. global and local legislations: are oan Teverse the trend. Governments necd to show BO" Strong political will to preserve our resources @ Scanned with CamScanner— & cron Sates MOTE) |) Yseot sete Building materials ean reduce th earnatural 05S ig) Use of new technologies at thermal power plans, ignition engines, metallurgy, industries ete s0 that big stputs-can be obtained from low inputs 214 Depletion of Forest Resources Deforestation is the clearing of natural forests by logging or burning of trees and plants in a forest area, ‘Av a result of deforestation, presently about one half of the forests that once covered the Earth have been destroyed. (a). Causes: (bo) Impact (c) Controlling deforestation + (a) Causes of forest depletion ) Clearing forests for agricultoral reasons, a8 the especially rainforests increases the need for tand for farming also increases. population of developing areas, pear {G) Acquisition of land for development of industries and wurvan development to meet the need of growing Population goes to newer numbers. (it) During construction of big dams, sizeable forest land and vegetation cover gets submerged. ‘+ (bp Impact of forest deph Because deforestation is so extensive, it has made several significam impacts on the environment, including rise in % of carbon dioxide in the tmosphere, change in the water eycle, an increase in soil erosion, anda decrease in biodiversity. Deforestation is often related as a big cause of global warming. The reduction of forests contributes to about 129% of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions, Deforestation also causes soil erosian, ‘The removal of creasing risks of many people ti) trees causes higher rates of ef0si landslides, which is a direct threat to, living elgse to deforested areas rated that SD af the world's known biodivers!ty lives in the rainforests, and the destruction of these accelerating extinetion at an alacraing (©) Controlling deforestation Efforts ta control sleforestation must be taken om Incl and global scale simultaneously, United Nations and. the World Bank have started Reducing Emissions: ftom Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) program, that works especially ‘with developing countries ta use subsidies or other a incentives to encourage and educate citizens to use the forest in a more sustainable way. (i) Reforestation is also being encouraged in almost all ‘countties as an attempt to repair the damage that deforestation has dane: cr Enacting special legislation to protect the forest land and vegetation cover, is also in progress, Gv) Impossing, environmental clearance mandstory for big indostrial or irigation projects. Syllabus Topic : Renewable, Non-renewable and Gyclic Resources 2.2 Renewable, Non-renewable and Cyclic Resources 2.2.1 Which are renewable energy sources 7 Why thoy are imponant ? (Ref. Secs. 2.2 and 2.2.4) 2.22 Which are the various renewable sources of cenorgy? (Ret. Sec. 22) Q, 2.2.3 Why more emphasis Is given on the development ol renewable snorgy resources 7 (Fel. Sec. 2.2) Sr. | Example Souree ‘Use No. 1 | Solar Electromagnetic | For domestic Energy radiation from | and industrial son, ses, 2. | Hydro Falling water | Turbines, ll Power wheels Scanned with CamScanner————— WH cnvccomanta sinies (MSBTE) eieiert es 3. [Wind Poner | Movingair | Wind mills 4 | TidelPower | Rise and fall of | Tog ale | | tidal water electricity. | Geesbermal | Rocks benesth the | To generate [eee | aeahssctice electricity He | octesr | Fission or Fusion | Nuclear | | | ssacton of | power | radioactive ‘genera Lt Lslemenis | 2.21 Non renewable sources of energy These we aio mown as conventional sources of atin sources of energy. These have been bur due to increasing population, th To meet this shortage, in use for ages, 58 Fesources fall chor. Ronconventional cnergy resources are ‘equired to be used more and m 1. Wood, 2. Coal, 3 Cote, + Crude ou 5. Derived Components Cyclic energy resources Some natural 2g water, Fesources are cyclically reused, BY way of rain fall we receive water. The life on earth ‘SES water for consumption in various needs. ‘There Sting 706 ater cover on eamh, due to solar eneryy, the surface water evaporates, leads. to eloud forming And azsin there is rin fall ‘Therefore itis categorised as cyclic source, 223 Causes and effects of depletion of Resources ™~ Be TERNS Feacton erude. _ A wee takes a long time to griw eq 25 Inder the earth's crust, severa Place for years together to yenerate pct a ‘wood and series of prucesses result in cna (B) Effects of depletion of resources With rising population, ~ The need of enerey has moltiplied many feng Hence iis necessary to use ternative which vide, ‘anomie and compliant to dea! with emvronmeny pollution, ‘Thus the stience and technology started anil Solar energy as best alternative, This is followed by several ather alternatives, 'mportance of renewable sources of energy ‘These are not in any particular physical state ‘They produce energy without requirement of O, i panicular, ‘These do net cause pollution, ‘These are renewable and present ‘quantity, future in: abd ‘They arc available freely from nature, ‘These are sustainable Syllabus Topic : Energy forms (Conventional and Non-conventional) | 2.3 Energy forms (Conventional and | Non-conventional’ 4 Non-conventional) 234 Classification of Energy Resources = 0-224 Wich are renewable energy sources 2 Why they are important ? (Ret. Secs. 2:2 and 22 4) > (A) Causes of depletion of resources ‘The conventional sourees of encrgy such as wot, coal, coke, crude oil and derived components are not formed in shorttime, Energy sources are classified imo follouieg €ategories.on the basis ofits origin. Scanned with CamScannerSources of Energy 1p Primary eneney sources Conventional (Nan renewable) sources sil uel coal, coke, miclear fuels al (renewable) sanrces Non convent eg. solar cherpy. wind energy ete. (i), Secondary et y SOHUTEES: ‘ar gasoline, hydrogen 23.2 Conventional and Non-conventional Energy 0.2.3.3 Dilforontialo between : Renewable and Non ronqwabla courcos of energy. (Ref. Sec. 2.9.2) 0.23.4 Differentiato between conventional and now conventional enorgy. (Ref. So. 2.3.2) Non-conventional Conventional Es nerky These are senewable sspurees ol enerEy. 1 [These arene: renewnhle sources of ener. 2 | Thesc are categorized | These are not imry cesteporived further as “Primary or _| Seconaury”. 4. | These are mainly of | These are not in any plysical tales solid, | particular physical sta Tiquiel paves. “They produce energy | They produce enerey ‘only On combustion, | sithout requirement of ite. in presence of ©, | O; in purticular. {exception-number fuels Tihese cause pollutions, | These do not eause polation. Thece are exay tostore. | These are not eusy fo | stor. Primary surces © Foil fuels, Solar enerby Ene wil Wind enceey See (Tidal energy Geothermal energy ele: 5 Petrolfgasoline? Reroche/idiesel et. Syllabus Topic : Present Global Energy use and Future Demands 2.4 Present Global Energy use and Future Demands 2.4.1 Present uses of Energy resources = Theterm ‘energy’ has been known to us for ages. = The ‘energy’ can be defined as “capacity to do work’. = ‘The first law of thermodynamics and other wo laws are well Known to us which definitely explain the significance of energy for different arcas. eg: transport, communication etc. = Thus in all industrial operation, the input of energy is & ‘must to obtain an output from the industry tional Sources of Energy 0.2.41. List the conventional eneigy sources and state their linstations. (Ref. 2.2.1 and 2.4.2) 0.2.42 What are the conventional cources of energy 2 and what are thelr sdvantages and limitations 2 (Pot. 23.1 and 2.4.2) What are the lritation of conventional sourees of energy ? (Rf, Sec. 2.4.2) What are tne limitations of conventions! sources pt energy. (Ref. Sec. 2.4.2) — Bnergy is consumed in various forms such as hea, electricity ete = The energy is derived fm Conventional/(Non- renewable} sources. e.g, Fossil fuels coal, coke, nuclear fuels — Qver the years due to rapid industrialization and also population escalation the usage of energy has been increased multifald. = It is also known that the usage of Fossil fuels as compared to other energy sources is maximum, which is unsustainable — More so, during their use the other enviroamental issues also have been encountered. Scanned with CamScannerCre! Pate aware arnt osteital for ntating mavimumr use yf reaewaie woarves af energy such as solar, wind, tidal ce = The ovehyeneet of technology ty use non swowenmional / Renewable sources of Ghergy maximally; 0 th the envimnmental issues get sorted ds so also the comventionat xeunes eremgy do mot face threat of near evtinguishment 3. lanoative techrol More of mural areas get covered with supply of energy Increased induetrialisation © Intrrasnd infra structural demands and developments ee Syllabus Topic : Energy Conservation tion = The renewable sources of energy like solar, wind geothermal, hydropower ete are available abundantly from nature. But for Mts recurrent use at any: time. the ‘energy needs to be conserved by means wf technology. ‘Therefore the renewable energy is coment in els ty F power and stored for reuse. 25.1 Solar Energy Principle = faze: Desstibe principle of solar energy. | (Ret, See. 2.5.4) F ~The electromagnet radiations from sun are known by: sommonterm "Solar Eastgy” = Thess radiations are resulted from the thermonuclear fosicn reactions which tae place inthe un, aif 5 Reso Senrays fall on the suriace of earth. All the rds from sun are not in came wavelength fange, Alno 925 lie inthe range of 315 nm to 1400 nm, ~The surface of eamh absorbs almost 45% of these which Ke in the (visible region) wavelength range ig. 400 not t 700 om. Whereas radistioa i IR region get emitted hack w space. ~The estimated amount wf solar fhix reaching the upper aimesphere of approximately 1409, wanvin'imn amd that ef heat equivalent is 2O8 «1 Joules year, anh is ‘The eco system on the surface of earth unilizes about O2 10 OS & of the total amount of solar energy received. — This, very small fraction of solar energy’ is act tused for life on earth, especially the ecosysient, ae amount of solir enengy gets waste, which otherwise cane of mea we fein nt ed buntans 2.5.1.1 Solar Energy for Production of Electricity Electricity can be produced using. solar energy, The following to techniques are commonly used to slectrcity using solar energy (Solar thermal eolteetor Gi) Photovoluis cells 2.5.1.2 Solar Thermal Collector = Weis device designed! weabsorty heat from sunlight hence the term “thermal catlecw is usd = There are different iypes of thermal collectors, (ab. Solar prabulie trogh (bY Soir power ower. (©) Flat plate collector - for water heating. (dy Boutype-domestic common solar cooker. te) Power tower-in power generating plants. (6) Solar pyramids. Scanned with CamScannerF covicomental Stuss (MSBTES 2 Energy Resources 25.1.3 Advantages of Solar Thermal Collectors. {ob Very high temperamures ean tye reached if sunlight is (by Electricity can he generated even by conventional rmetlyss like steam turbine ete fe) The modification in design of collectors ean help to generate more clectricily most economically which ‘would prove cheaper than using even solar cells. 46) Large structures like building can be provided with lect ty by redirecting the concentrated light optical fiter eable. 25.1.4 Disadvantages of Solar Thermal Collectors (o) More open. areafland is required to have perfect ‘concentrating systems because the focus of sunlight at collector can be maintained by dual axis sun tracking. (b) Diffused sunlight does not give power, where in solar sells prove to be beter 25.2 Flat Plate Solar Collector (Solar Heater) 25.2.1 Principle of Flat Plate Solar Collector @.25.2 Stato and oxplain principal, construction and ‘working of flat plate collector used for solar ‘energy. (Ref, Secs. 2.5.2.1 and 2.5.2.2) @.25.3 Draw rough sketch and explain how flat-plate ‘collector ean be useful in tapping solar energy. (Ret, Secs. 28.2.1 and 25.2.2) ~The basic principle for this device is “perfect black body” in which heat absorbing capacity and tendency of a black surface is exploited to achieve benefits for humans, "erfect Black body" can be defined as, “the surface which cau absorb all the radiations “incident on i without reflecting oF transmitting a portion of it ti i = The coctficient of absorption for perfect black body # {of reflection and transmission for PBB Fiat plata solar eoiactor : Flat plate solar collector 2.5.2.2 Construction and Working 0.254 Slate ond explain principal, constructon and working of fat plata collector used for solar energy, (Ret, Secs. 2.5.2.1 and 25.22) 0.2.55 Draw rough sketch and explain how Nat-plate collect can be usefulin tapping solar energy. (Ret. Sees, 25.2.1 and 25.22) — Tt consists of black surface to absorb all radiant hest form sunlight, ~The black surface is covered by plastic or glass serving as insulator, preventing the escape of heat. Thus it increases efficiency of device. ~ There are tubes embedded in the black surface, camying water, which get heated due to the heat absorbed The air passing through the area between black surface and plastiefglass cover also gets heated, which is utilized in raising the temperature of surrounding, creating warmth and comfort in winterfeold countries, = Thus at almost neg made igible cost, the hot water can be lable and also space warming is fulfilled. - These devices are now very common in colder countries, which have solved the problem of environmental pollution and also of the expenditure on any other energy source. Scanned with CamScannerBenen Shades US8TE) 252.3 Applications The fat plate solar collectors are highly useful for low ‘temperature heating Such solar eating system, beyand the collector can be of two types. (i) Active system i) Passive system FU) Active system Active system involves use of pumps of blows to circulate the heated aiefwater through the location nearffar from the collector. Thus the solar enccgy is been used om wider area economically though initial installation cost of such circulation system, is ‘comparatively high, > Gi) Passive system ~ Passive system involves the fulfillment of need in the place of collector, &.g. in a building or society ete, Thus passive system are cheaper and maintenance free. Recent developments ‘As awareness for use of solar energy is increasing | day by day, the architecture of newly constructed buildings is modified Dating construction. the building is made to act as a collector of solar energy. through more number of large windows thereby absorbing mace radiant heat during day time, During night in wimterfcolder countries, the drapes curtains) help retain the warmth inside the building. Similarly in summer drapes help to prevent: the absorption of heat during day making” human comfortable, 2.5.2.4 Drawback of Solar Heating System ‘The only drawhack of the system is that storage of energy is not being done. 2.5.25 Advantages of Solar Energy ‘The solar energy proves to be a reliable sousce [yp clean energy whictis : (@) Non-potluting Gi) No hazardous waste gencration, Gif) Inexhaustible and infinitely renewable 2.5.3 Photovoltaic Cells (Solar Cells) 0.2.56 Expicin brieny how Proto voltaic cells r in hamassing solar enorgy ? (Ref, S00. 25.9) | 2.5.3.1 Principle of Photovoltaic Cells G.257 Siste he principle and werking af photovoltaic ‘call used for solar energy, ne (Ret. Sess. 2.5.4.4 and 2.5.4.4) ‘These are based on principle of serniconduetor physie Photovoltaic effect. ‘The devices are designed for use to convert the !vailable sunlight into elcctvcal energy, ‘This type of conversion does not involve any chemical reactions or moving pars in the device, Primarily development of the ‘Concept came into light, way back in £839, French physicist. A.C. Becquerrd, while working with electrodes in cleetrolytic medium, observed development of voltage when electrode faced Tight This effect was named as photovoltaic effect ‘The first typical solar cells was constructed bY Charles Fritts in 1877 almost SO: years tater. Ja his Work he used concept of semiconductors silict® coued by almost wansparent. film of gold. T™ device could not work with efficiency, ai i eo convert almost 1% of sunlight into electrical ene Following few years the solar cells. faced’ modification such as, Year127 = Semiconduciars Scanned with CamScanner& crore Ses MSBTEL Selenium cells and copper oxide cell were used in light sensitive Year 1930 devices [Efficiency < 1%, year 141 Russel Ohl developed solar cell using siligon (Semicondeutor) Year 1954 ‘American researchers. group Gil. Pearson et. al modified silicon solar cell (EMficieney > 6%)which was used under direct sunlight von gells to Ga-s cells in use. (Efficieney = 20%) Year Late 1985 ¢ “Concentrator solar cells” concept developed (Efficiency = 37%) Year 1989 i = At the moment, availible and are in use, now varieties af solar cells are 253.2 Structure or Construction of Modern Solar Cells = This cell basically consists of PN junction photodides, which huve very lange light sensitive area — There are three layers called as “energy convention layers" where “photovoltaic effet converts sunlight into eleeitical energy. occurs which (a) Top (made of semiconductor) Junetion Tayer Naype 1) Midse ubsouber layer (care of the device} ie. PAN Junction where energy is absorbed. 4c) Back junction (made of setmiconductor), layer prtype ~ Thus such photodiodes (PD) are P-N junctions designed specifically 1a possess optimum Photosensitivity which are used in photovoltaic cells (PY cells, 25.3.3 Photovoltaic Effect - Explanation 25.8 Draw a schematic and explain principle and ‘working of photovoltaic cells, (Rel Secs. 2.5.33 and 2.5.34) = Sunlight is earpased of tiny encrgy packsts known = When sunlight falls om solar cells, the pt = This phenomenon proceeds ea ~ The three Energy Resources "photons! yuons with high frequency get readily ebsarbed. = ‘The light energy prosent with photon ts wansfered 1 the semiconductor fe:g. Silicam stormy particularly tt electron in the atom, — If electron receives sulficient energy, it escapes from its normal position, causing a hole (ic an empty dovipot where electron would be) one boll: with one photoes it can strike only one electron both efectrom/hole art mobile; they are capable tor camry current, which iy nothing but “photo voltaic effect” 4. Working of PV Cell / Solar Cell @.25.9 Stats the principle and werking of photovatiake ‘ec usod for solar energy, (Rel, Secs. 259.1 and2.5.9.4) 0.2.5.10 Explain briety now photovoltaic ells afe Useful nhamessing solar energy, (Ret Sees. 25.9.1 and 25.94) 0.25.11 Draw a schemstic and explain principle and wong of photovattaic cols (Rel, Sees, 253.3and.2.5.54) 0.25.12 Draw a neat diagram and explain working a Photavottaic cal, (Ret, Sec. 2.5.4) layers present in PV cell work simultaneously for absorption of sunkight, photovoltaic effect 10 occur, and conversion of heat into electrical energy as explained below. — The unique characteristics of semiconductor to act as good conductors when supplied with light of heat and. ‘otherwise act es insulators at low temperature is been used effectively in solar celts, Scanned with CamScannerEnvironmonia! Studies (MSBTE) The top junct layer is N-type made up using electron seficit material and lower or back junction layer ix Paype. S 2 Big. 25.2: Schematic sketch of a typical PY cell ‘The electropositive metals possessing only one valence lectron are used to form lawer layer because they can lose electron easily leaving behind hole. When sun light falls on the absorbing surfice, the Photons are absorbed and electrons from lower layer are replaced (freed) to Form hole, ‘The free electrons move towards upper (top) layer where it can be accepted because of electron deficit material This process continues involving flow of electrons to holes in the PV cell erating a potemlial difference, at the PeN junction Hence, current is generated at juneon, ~The electric field is thus created at junction. 2.6.3.5 Factors influencing Efficiency of PY Cells ~ Thus for high efficieney of PV cells, the P type, semiconductor layer should be of such material which has thigh conductance so that maximum photons are absorbed, which fees that many number of electrons. = Other important preeaution requized is not to allow free electrons escape the cell. This is achieve by designing PY cell in such a way thal the surface where the electrons are fe freed is as close as possible to junction, = These precaution maximise efficiency of PV cells 8. silicon cells, Cadmium sulphide-copper sulphide, Ga-Asvindium phosphide are few other type of solar cells 2.5.3.6 Advantages of PY Celts 0 2) Clean technology, Can be used nearly for 20 years as there ‘movement in cell; Hence no wear, @) oy (3) Maintenance minimal Environment pollution issues do not arise, Can be used for domestic purposeiy in indo utemobiles ec, 2.5.3.7 Limitations of PV Cells a @ Initial cost is high. More number of cots a bltery are required for pay (9) Use is mainly in insrument which requis low eg caleulton ee, ¢ Inu, ete cry deca ie Weight of bats Modlfiation/farber development in battery technology is in progress. w 6 2.5.3.8. Recent Advances in PV Cell (1) The use of nanoparticles improve efficiency. (2) The use of cadmium telluride to reduce cost 10 PV cells, 1G) The organic solar cells (using polymers) and thinly PY cells can be manufactured more easily a low of materials 2.5.4 Conservation of Wind Power 2. 2.8.13 How eiectricty ean be generated from wind energy 7 (Rel. Secs. 2.5.4 and 2544) ~ Wind can be defined asthe airin high speed moti 4 ~The motion of air varies every moment bec ‘uneven heating of sutface of earth, by sin TP ge = = The sirabove land gets heated faster dui compared ta the air over water Lc. ocean, HF surfaces, as: Scanned with CamScanner= = F crvroomental Stxdes (WSSTED 2. Fhe bor aires upward due to expansion and is place seus by coo air, which we calls wind pring nicht, exactly reverse process is observed due tp foster cooling of bot air on earth surface a4 eommpared tothat on water surfaces. _ The energy associated with wind is used to generate electricity. Wind energy is also renewable because it would be continuously available till sunlight is available. 254.1 Wind Turbines / Machines 0.25.14How electricity can be generated from wind ‘ala a ly ar 25:45 Explain generation of electicity using wind wee med ua enue Pat ong np ausrun eaten ip Se eeceioaang | (Pet. See. 254.1) QL2SA7Eciain the wong princple. ot generating | ct byasing wr ome | | (Ret Soc. 254.1) (0.25.18 Drew a neat cagram ot wind turbine and expisin hhow it helps in eneray production. (Rel. Sec. 25.4.1) = The machines used 10 convert Kinetic energy of wind into mechanical and then after electrical energy are called 2s wind machines e.g. wind mill, wind turbine ee. = The wind hibines are consisting of ir’ foil shaped blades. The blades rote at high speed when wind, blows. — These blades are connected to a drive shaft which turns on electric generator to produce electriciry = Wind turbines are used wi are of two types, based shaft. Ta) Horizontal axis turbines rection of the rota eo) Vertical axis turbines 2 Energy Resources > (a) Horizontal ‘Turbines / Machines = As shown in Fig. 25.3 such machine bas three blades similar to the propellers of airplanes. WORIEONTAL sundae me mechan any eames eiecty (Semamanenine Comet ste ronvols aracson| Fig, 253 : Wind Turbine/ Machine “The choice of size depends upon the area for whieh the — Diese machines aa | ascii is ener, Larger areas or townships also can be provided with electricity by grouping ther many wind turbines. Such groups are called wind turbine farms Taller the wind turbine, more wind can be caprured Hence if it isto be in open areas, the machines can be as tall as height of 20 storey buildings with blades sspreaded across almost 200 fect distance. {(b) Vertical axis Turbines / machines ‘These are not used commonly as compared to horizontal machines. ‘They are similar to horizontal machines excep im the direction of blades which are going vertically down, — Atypical mac wide. generally is 100 feet tall and 50 feet 2.5.4.2 Advantages of Wind Energy ‘Wind is ever available free ‘By ways of wind farms, it is possible to satisfy the need of electrical energy for Large cities. a Scanned with CamScannerios (MSBTE) 3 Disadvantages Wind Energy Wstallation rewire. pen Land, ‘espoctally in shevedaywng ea Thus cost is ihe Win! is produced dae 0 ta we by sum ence it ‘e mdttect ine of solar enersy, Therefore solar energy a Well cam he used dirwetly ally depenilent on speed of wind tbe equipped ts wuss pila 8. nce ston Tike eo 255 Conservation of Hydro Power / Hydel Energy O.2.5:19 What fs hydel enmgy? Explain brlety tno process af hydropower generation. (Rel. Ses. 25.5 and 2.6.5.2) 25.20 What Is Hyciopower? Draw a suillable diagram ‘and explain how hyropawier is gonecated, (Rel. S065, 25.5,2.55.1 and 26.5.0) 0.2.5.21 What ie Hyde! onargy ? How hydropower ‘goneration is carsled out? (Ret, Sess, 2.5.5 and 25.5.2) ~The word indies clearly that it is energy generated trom water [Hydra = Waicr Power = Energy ~ Water stored in reservuir throigh dams, ix made to flow fon urbinespaddle wheels, to generate mechanical ‘energy which is ihen converted inte electrical encrgy, Hydropower is renewable energy source and none polluting, elean enerpy, Hydropower plant I is also known us hiydmelectric power plant, used to ebisin mechanical and electricil cnerpy from stored water, by making it Now with farcelpressure aver turbine wheels, ‘The plant is simple and ean be operated practically any where, if source of water is available. 2.5.5.1 Principle of Hydropower 2, 25.22 What is Hydropower? Draw a. suitable diagram and explain how hydropowar is genarated. (Rel. Secs. 2.5.5,2.55.1 and 25.5.2) wed to ran the elevinkal generator converting the "pe Of stored wate is Converted ay imei energy wing yan Wurines, which i uy itty ical energy" is the basic principle if Hyuro eke power plant, 2.5.5.2 Hydro Pawer Generation from Water Reservoir of Dam / by Hydrosiectric Power Plant 8.26.29'nat is hydel energy? Explain briefly the Process ef nydrapuwr generation Wet Sees, 2.55 and25.5.2) O.26.24What is Hye! energy 7 How ‘geperation is eamied out? (ot. oes, 2.5.5nd 255.2) 0, 2.5.25 Wiel is Hydiopower? Draw a suitable eiagram ‘37d axplain how hydropomer le generated. (Ret, Sons, 25.5, 255.1 and2.5.52) '9.2.5.26 Draw a oat schematic ckagram of Hydropewer Plant and bites working, (Rel, Sac. 2.5.5.2) 0.25.27 Explain warking ol hydropower slecticy plant wih helo of neat sketch, (Ral, Seo. 25.5.2) As shown in ik. 2.54. The hydlroslectic power plan *ssentially consists of following party componems. (1) Water rewevoir (2) Penstoek (GY Surge Tanks 41 Turbine wheels (5) Power house Scanned with CamScannertl) Water reservoir (3) The plants do not produce green house pases. it and w ion ‘he water is stored at higher level. The reservoirs arc | Sif aml water pols of various sies depending upon the requirement. 2.554 Disadvantages of —Hydro-electric Af water reservoir is the stored natural waier, ie. river, Power Plant pond or lake, then it is supported with dam, which is used to release wates low as required Cee coe ewe (2) Plants can ‘be set up only where plenty of rainfall + (2) Penstock ceurs — The large diameter FC pines used for carrying water | (3) Long length transmission lines are required for from reservoir ta the turbine wheels are pamed as distribution of power. Hence it adds to cost and also ees: maintenance. ~ In lange size power plants, all pensiocks are supported by concrete simctures called as “Anchor blocks”. ‘This is essential because when water is released from reservoir through dam, it flows with high peessure and | (1) Construction of dams causcs destabilization of yelucity, which may Jamage the penstock. population in-nearby areas, > GQ) Surge Tanks 2). Ecobalance is disturbed. ‘To handle such situation, an additional small tank is | () Fertility of land surrounding the river area is decreased alse counected to penstock which stores excess water, | (4) Earthquakes may be caused due to concentration of if released due to natural force, Thus tke penstocks ate igh hydrostatic pressure in certain selected areas, ach adi protec mal tank i called as “surge tiaks” | 5, yt, humidity: in the area of dam increases the > (4) Turbine wheels sorrosion of riots metallic structures in surrounding ‘These are metal wheels situated in power house and are roialing al high speed. The shaft of whsel ts counted | 2.56 Geothermal Energy ‘with an electrical generator 2.5.6.1 Introduction of Geothermal Energy > (5) Power house @.2.5.26 What do you understand by “Geothermal Energy"? Explain. (Rot. Secs. 2.5.6.1 and 2.5.6.2) cig. building where the energy transformation occurs “The operation of plant is controled from the “contrat room" situated af the top of this building 25.5.3 Advantages of Hydro-Electric ~The interior of the earth is still very hot and the rock in Power Plant the interior is in molten state when the water pereolates and comer in contact with the het intesior ied at very lose cost as, rocks, the sulphur gets dissolved in the water and along wih the hot water comes up in farm of hot springs. a ectrical energy is gene fa) No fuel ts required = This heat can be used to generate energy which is called as geothermal encrgy. For example, At fe) Maintenance cost is fave Manikarn in Himachal Pradesh. The hot springs are (2). The ume required 1 generate panwer is small, being usual to generate this type of energy, tb) Operating cost is low Scanned with CamScannerronmental Stuctes (MSBTE) ~The we of the geothermal energy depends up on the teseranire of tie hot spring wate if ts hier 90°C, it isused for industrial purpose, space heating green houses et. ~ Ie it is tess than 90°C, jn is used either far house heating or for house cooling, 2.5.6.2 Geothermal Energy and Environment 0.2529 What do you understand by “Geothenal Energy? Explain (Rel. Secs 25.6.1 and 2.5.6.2) SEE ‘The geothermal energy is another noa-convengonal ehergy resource having same advantages and some limitations. * Geothermal energy Weis the EMMny heat which escapes as steam at the Focations of a hot speings. eg fn the United States, most geothermal reserveits of Ie water ave located in the western statcs, Alaska, and Hawaii, Wells can be dniled into underground reservoirs for the generation of electricity 1n shor, Geothermal) enetgy is defined as, “the heat from the Eanh", * magma ‘These are molten roeks few miles under the earth, The meking of rocks occurs due to high temperatures because of hot rock / water, “Mspmas acta sote houses of geuthermal energy. ‘The heat above the surface of earth is absorbed and hee almost everyutere the shallow ground or upper layer of abu 10 feel ofthe Karts surface maintains ‘early constant temperiture between $0)" and 60°E (10° ang 16°C), Advantages of geothermal energy = Wisan ineshgus energy resource, ~ Wis very cheap, ffs clean and sustainable a Energy Fissoures a more regular energy prosoction than ether nay, conventional resources like wind solar energy. — Its pood for the hilly, remote areas. where in no other ‘energy is available 2 Limitations of geothermal energy — These hot springs are generally away from the sig having potentials of industrial development. — The steam energy is to be used imsitu i.e. it cannot be cartied out for a longer distance as there will be loss of the enerey and it will inerease the cast of production ako. j ~The sulphus, which comes out together with the ‘water and otber gases, pollute the soil the nearby: and itcan make air pollution also, 2.5.6.3 Geothermal Energy / Power Generation by Steam Power Plant 9.25.30 With suitable diagram of steam power explain how eleaticty ean be obiained geothermal energy 7 (Rol. Sees, 2.5:6.9 and 25.64) 0.25.31 Draw a neat labelled diagram and explain ha ‘posible to ebtain electricity from gootha ‘energy? (Ret. Secs, anesand2saa) 92592 Gian how a gooinemal eect plan Craw @ neat and jabelied schematic dis the sama, (Rel, Socs, 2.5.6.3 and ‘The Geothermal Energy is generated by Power plants, ‘Thermal Power Plants spin wturbine that operates a generar. ‘A conventional thermal power plant uses cosh %8 matural 285 fuel to boil water to produce te 2 ‘There ste three major types of thermal powet ‘and they are the following: i ty a {Ina thermat power plant steam ig produced “4 Steam turbine power plants. 2. Gasturbine power plans, 3.__Diesel engine power plants, ii Scanned with CamScanner¥ environmental Studies (MSBTE) 2.16 Energy Resources. Se SSS oe ~Sieama turbine power plants use coal, oil or gas as Suet winercas gas turbines use oil or gas only as fuel, In ciegel power plants, diesel ol is used as the fue, Steam turbine power plant _ In Steam Power Turbine plant, a Fuel is burned inside a boilerto heat water and generate steam = This steam is then used to drive turbines which in torn dive the power generators to make electric = This steam is suitable for the use of thermal energy of selaive low ternperature (helow 600 degree celcius, _ The steam coming: out of the turbine is condensed 10 water and is ecyeled. I onde plant, some additional functional parts such as + 10 improve the efficiency of the steam power super heater, il). economizer ete, is also included in the plant, ‘A schematic and different parts are shown in Fig. 2.55. cto Fig, 2.5.5 :Steam Turbine power plant 2.5.6.4 Construction/Gomponents 0.25.33 With suitable diagram of steam power plant, ‘explain how electricity can be obtained trom ‘geothermal eneryy ? (fet, Secs: 25.6.9 and 2.5.6.4) 0, 2.8:34 Drew a nect labelled dagram and explain how is it possible to obtain electricity tom geothermal energy? (Ret, Sees. 25.6.3 and 256.4) @.25.35 Explain how @ geothermal electricily plant works. ‘Draw a neat and labelled schematic efagram 10F the same, (Ref. Geos. 26.6.3 and 25.6.4) 1. Coal and Ash System : In this system, the esa from the coal storage is fed to the boiler through coal handling equipment for the generation of steam, Ash 0 produced dae 1 ach storage through ash-handling system. 2. Air and Gas System + Air is supplied to the ‘combustion chamber of the boiler through @ draught fan 3. Boller House + Boilers burn the fuel transferred from the tank and use the resulting heat 10 convert water into steam. 4. Super Heater : Super heater is a heat exchanger that jncreases the steam pressure and also eliminates ‘moisture in the sicam by using the high temperature flue gases from the boiler. 5, Economizer : The water from the condenser is passed. to the economizer which heats up the water and sends it ta the boiler, 6 Air Pre-heater : Air pee-hester acts as heat exchanger. Ie-uses heat from flue gases and heats up the air coming, from the air intake systema, Then this heated air is send to boiler. This ensures proper combustion, and it helps to improve the overall efficiency of the power plant. 7. Cooling System The steam coming out of the turbine is eondensed to water using the condenser and cooling tower arrangement 8. Turbine and Alternator + The turbines convert the heat energy into mechanical energy. Altemators convert this méchanléal energy into electrical energy. 2.5.6.5 Working = The exhaust gases carying sufficient quantity of heat and ash are passed though the air heater and then passed into the boiler, = Coal and air in correct proportion is sent to the boiler house for combustion totake place. Scanned with CamScannerw rough the Boiler feed ramp, This water ts ganvettest ty steam in the filer house, The fluc yates contin of 100) degtee cele Affegent stages Whe Ut OF the boiler is of the ower “This hog gas is passect through A Supse heater: 2 Kenney fe 3. Airpresteaterand AC las, it is released oat through the ehinnaey ~ When combustion ownmenses, the teniperatane inside the boilers rises ws Ketitcen IK) and 1,50 degre celeius, the water inside the auhes és tums into Aetmperatire and high peessuge scam, and the steam is transferred 19 the steam turbines throngh the super heater, drives the turbine, "The steam rotates the Blades at hich speed of S00 ep = This tums the algemanor, the turbines Which is directly comieste 19 The condoned water ean be tecyeled thoughout the Peveess. the feed water pump sends this water te the boiler through the eounamizer, The steam is cooled by seawater in owiidenser, restored to water, amd then retamed to the boiler for reso. ‘This cycle of water - steam - water is repeated! wver and over again, Syllabus topic : Over use of Natural Resources and Its Impacts on Environment 2.6 Over use of Natural Resources and its Impacts on Environment ‘The natural resources have been over used or aver exploited due to increased population across glote anal there by increased nev of land This is Lapely mict hy Meforestation, Many forest lands are used for mining, sgniculture, grazing, and ‘eereation and for development of dams ~ With growing civilization thee ‘Over Exploitation of Forests Since sages, fnumans have depended ye ¥ Frat, for food, nevi shelter, wool ann! fel tials For Faw sos Tike timber, pu, mineral. fact wad et, shocked yp resulting in Large seale 1 ad clearing of fenest, ring. mining, rx-bu) = Ohi forests contribute: substantially 10° the ation evn The intemational timber trade alone fs won over US $40 Willian per year. Excessive nse of fuel wood and charcoal, expansion of nan, agricueaal and instal areas atl verging have together led in over exploitation of our fore ‘ead to thei pil degracaton, ESources = Wate 28.2 Over use of Water Resources an indispensable iitural resource on this ear (v9 which all life depends. About 97% of the earth's suefice is covered by water and most of the animal and plamts have 60-65¢% water in theft body. Global distribution of water pe sauces is quite uneven depending upon several geographic factors. Tropical rain forest areas receive maximum ‘dial While the inajor world, deserts scour im zones of desc 20-40 Naa) a eve ey rt ‘Water use by humans icf wa types ~ Water withdrawal Or surface water resouite and Water consumption : The water which istakea on™ ‘retuned for reuse, ” Overuse of groundwater for drisking, inigstion domestic purposes has resulted in rapid deptetift eroundwater in various regions leading se owes water table and drying of wells, Pollution of many of the groundwater soil ‘made of these wells unfit for consumption, 3 Scanned with CamScannerQs Pe FF enone Stee MSOTE piversand sreams ave tong heen uscd for discharging tbe wast. Most of the civilizations have grown and oursbed on the banks of rivers, bat unfortunately, qowth in humm has been responsible for pollution of the en _ Mineral Fesources ~ over use ‘Toe minerals are extracted from earth's erus. The rate sfaxumaliton of minerals is very slow, but rate at which tae surice area of earth is utilized for human actviry, there ‘sis reduction is mineral resoures, Also environnientst ings in mineral causes shortage. + Land resources-over use = Because of inereasi ‘of population growth the demands for arable land for producing food and fuel wood is also increwsing, Hence there is more and more pressure on the limited land resources which are getting degraded due to over-exploitation. Seil erosion, water logging, salintzation and contamination of the soil with industrial wastes like fly-ash, press mud or heavy a Various anthropogenic activities like hydroelectric metalsall cause degradation of projects, lange dams, reservoirs, construction of roads and rlluay lines, construction of buildings, mining ete. are responsible for clearing of large forested arcas. Review Quest Which are renewable energy sources 7 Why they are important ? (Reter Sections 22 and 2.2.1) ay 0.2 Which are the various renewable sources ol energy? (Refer Section 2.2) ‘Wny mote emphasis is given on the development af renewable eneray resources 7 (Reter Section 22) aa 0.4 sta conventional energy sources and state their limitations. (eer Sections 23.1 and 2.42) What are the conventional sources of energy ? and What are their advantages and timations 7 (Rolgr Sections 23.1 and 24.2) Diterertiate between © Renewable and Now renewable sources of energy. (Reler Section 2:32) oe 218 ar os as a1 ati are a1 20 o2 Energy Rosources, Ditterentiate and fon conventional energy. (Refer Section 2.3.2) What are the tiation of eonventional sources of energy ? (Refer Section 2.4.2) Describe principle of soar eneray. {Refer Section 25.1) Stato and explain principal, construction and ‘working of it plate collector used fr solar ener. (Peter Sections 2.52.1 and 25.2.2) Draw rough sketch and explain haw flat-pate cotector can te uselulin tapping solar energy. between conventions (Reter Sections 25.2.1 and 2.5.2.2) Explain briefly how Photo voltaic cells are useful in hamessing solar energy ? (Refer Section 2.5.3) State the principle and working of photavoltaic cell used for solar energy. ficler Sections 2.5.9.4 and 2.53.4) Draw a schematic and explain principle and working at photovoltaic cals (Reter Sections 25..3and 2.8.3.4) Explain brielly how photovoltaic cells are usetul fn hamessing sola energy. (Reter Sections 2.5.3.1 and 2.5.3.4) Draw a schematic and explain principle and working of photovoltaic cel {Rotor Sections 25.33 and 2.5.3.4) Draw @ neat diagram and explain working a [Photovoltaic cell, eter Section 2.5.5.8) How electricity can be generated from wind energy 7 (Refer Sections 25.4 and 254.1) Explain generation of electricity using wind energy, with help of neat and labeled sketch of wind Turbine. (Rter Section 25.4.1) Draw rough sketch and explain how electricity ean bbe generated trom wind energy (Reter Section 2.5.4.1) [Explain the working principle ef generating electricity ‘by using wind energy. (Reler Section 2.5.4.1) Scanned with CamScanner