ALS (CATIONS? following esting procedure, (8) IDENTIFICATION ny performing “The identification of the basie radicals (cations) the colour, state, smell, densi (1) Preliminary tests, ie dry tess : serving : (2). Systematic analysis of salt in solution, se ath 1 etary te gi thatthe pre ton of salt Anal ‘a wo jitrate Test which are also sn observations of colour imparted to on he presence of 2 radical but not cont iu heating iv desribed in detail in the beeinnine a information about the cations and some anion cavity Test 3 ‘There are some specific tests called Flame oe a directly with the original powder. They may SUBSES stron tare, Should not onclde guess Tey may be considers Eo presence A systematic scheme of analysis of Basie rae ons) BY WET TESTS SYSTEMATIC IDENTIFICATION OF BASIC teas “ions, The eations are divided into hx group, “The scheme for identification of cations is more systemate that group. There a therefore Six group reagents for |, on the precipitation of the radi ny a under the group and not the sche Te rou IV, V, and VI group of cations which preci a so that a scheme of analysis in evolve ] | tes toon chose such away hat tis lsifcation af etlons SMC serie test based om the difference inp Ty, | erm Each group of cations is further separated/identified on @ me este Fae eur of po wih reagents cour of se PHU OF TE rag, Tiss because (lana Note : Ammonium [NH,*] is not included in these six soups Lise ae evolution of ammoni salts are soluble in water and can be detected independently from the oF sever 700 7b) Ammonium chloride and amvontany hydroxide are Used « BFOCP ene eee BrOUpS. So beng thea pe amomts used inthe scheme of Salt Analysis, you can’ categorize it Wit Preparation of ‘Original Solution’ for Identification of Cations : | Her otaie appa 03 FoF The prensa wT a of te folios solvents / acids in the order given. If the sample os, not dissolve in cold solvent / acid, boil it and then cool. (i) Cold water (ii) Warm-water— (iii) Cold dil. HCL (iv) Hot dil, HCL {v) _ Cold conc. HCI (vi) Hot cone, HCI Preparation of stock solution : Take | — 2g of the given salt and dissolve it in 1 hen add 7 -8 mL distilled water and then cool. Hence forth this solution will be called original solution (Sometimes the salt may dissolve in water and there may be no mst of adding acid). 3eneral Notes 1. Treatment ofthe salt with dil. or cone. HCI converts the basic radicals into chlorides. Treatment with cone. nitric acd comers them into their nitrates. Wait till effervescence ceases, while preparing original solution. the minimum amount of the acid, listed stow CuCO; + 2HCL —> CuClajaq + Hz + CO2T copper Hydtochlore Copper carbonate acid chloride The solution should be clear, i. it should not contain any suspension or precipitate “The solution may have a colour, e.¢. copper sulphate solution is blue in colour Use distilled water for preparing “original solution’. : When a salt is soluble in hot HCI but precipitates down on cooli | “ ing, ead radical i ‘The solution shouldbe transparent (Le. you shoul be able to see through the iinet Jf there is any turbidity in aqueous solution add a drop or two of cone HCI to it rae isso carbonate may have been there] it, It may clear up. [Impurity of some d In case the solution is prepared in cold dil HCl, that meai i tnalyis (The reagent for group 1 caons is dil HCL iself and gap fearon absent: Proceed diretly wa ao sr0up I radicals precipitate as chlorides.) 9. In case the salt is soluble in hot water but on coolin, i ta lead chdodlde precio, '5 8 white ppt appears which cascades down (heavy ppt) it may ‘The following table 6.5 gives a general idea about solubil soe ies of Some common salts in commonly used solvents. nz Scanned with CamScannerTable 65 ‘ideas copa bilities of Lonle Com cade of BrOUP TA metals Sotubiiy pounds in Water A. Gort moni ions Taha ges, nitrates, chlor d Exceptions peeratee 7 74 ‘A few iithium eo | Ag perorates Soluble ompounds sulphates : ‘A few exceptions cpr bromides, and iodides Soluble ol ‘Compoun¢ ee wnpounds of Pb, AB, Hg, Ba, St and Ca salies a4 hydroxides Compounds of Ag or Pb Atl cl mates 1ydroxides are soluble. Ci “ompounds of Ba, Sr, and Ca are slightly soluble. ‘Compounds of the alkali’ met al amon oes Most are insoluble ote, phosphates, and sulpites oat ene Insoluble 4 THEORY of ORY OF PRECIPITATION OF CATIONS WITH SI A7l~ (Classification of WITH SUITABLE GROUP REAGENTS fication of ations into various groups is Cations into Groups) goal group reagent. ips is based on the precipitation of cations as insoluble products with some spitation of cations as insoh e ee ores of Pb, inet ports epee pn te aly re of the ees e tare cual prio oy adi the sas ofthe cationic radicals, of these is low. Similar} y adding dil HCI to these salt sol ee net arly the hydroxides of Al 3+ and Fe ° are easly precipitated ae ee ily precip ammonium hydroxide in presence of ammonium chloride to the s i oxide s rid tothe salt solutions containing these fons as i (lors However oie same condition (ie ammonium hydroxide in acl eal hap wee onc ks Mot preipitated as the solubility products of these hydroxides is high. um hoe Be, $2" Cok ME VF ow do we know, that ammonium chloride must be added al ro ee no ta al be added along ith ammonium hydrox @ prevent the precipitation of a rake cations don’t precipitate together? What is the criteria that help us to understand the ion of ions de for selective precipitation ‘of some ions and not the other so that a scheme is evolved and ‘the cations: sreetsified systematically? What approach must be followed to test the cations when one 19 Rested in presence of others? canoer 1 all this Hes fm the w Poming of another Important concept ealed Common Ton Effect : ‘common fon Effect nyt defined as the suppression of ionization of a weak electrolyte by addition of stron electrolyte having a common fon vii” ‘Weak acids and weak bases are fonized only to-a small extent in aqueous solutions tean ionized species. Fores. NH,OH (aq) ==> NAG (aq) + OH" (29) added to it, being a strong electrolyte ju will ionize completely. (A pinch is added, and and the ions are in dynamic equilibria with = However, when ammonium chloride i se luins are dilute. So you can say itis dissociated fully.) 2) NH,Cl (aq) NH (ag) + Cl" (2a) P The ammonium ions are common (0 both (1) and (2) expression. So according to Le Chatelir’s principle the equilibrium a vil shin he backward direction o undo the efTeCt it nerease of concentration of Nig by sie oc Hence the degree of ionizatiprt of ‘ammonium hydroxide will be suppressed by addition of NH,CI which is & strong electrolyte 'y*Common Ton Effect’. Soin this medium only those radicals will precipitate out le AIOHD, or Fe(OH), which precipitate casity and not MeOH2 Note : It is ipitation occurs only ote: It is t0 be remembered that precipitation one product. THe product is value Prt of the membered the Fr is ‘concentration of ions in solution i ithe measur ofits soubiiy product. 8° "Ie" unt of ions excee nd ‘twill precipitate out. as hydroxides which have lo solubility product of thelr ydroxides, ‘ghich has high Ksp valve {Measure of solubility products} is than the solubility product, ce. the ina saturated satin of concentration feeding sou Umit 13 Scanned with CamScannerJF cations by various BFOUP Feagents ang ecipittion of Let us apply the principle of common-fon fet and understand ctasieation Theory of Precipitation of Group I Cations se iil “The eroup Tl cations (Cu, Pb, As) are all precipitated ws tie Sia ations is low; hence low concentration of 'S?- ions is sufficient to ‘The group reagent is HS in presence of dil HCI 2s wed day, — ant] + s Be ay w= 2). Strong et aed Ct One cletty, mon ions effect; so the concentra sin step (1) sie Sulphides ‘of group Tl cations," a: Ine siuiliyproduets OF Ie Suphides og eI _— 7 present ie i fH “The presence of H* in step (2) suppresses the ionization of HS i cP Uy will below Ths s however sfiient to precipitate HgS, CuS, PDS amd AS Theory of Precipitation of Group Ill Cations wi ial ‘The group III cations (Fe™, AP) are procepitated as their hydrox. TE is low; hence low concentrations of OH" ions are sufficient to cause their P ‘The group reagent is NH,OH is presence of NH,CI- xy product of the hydroxides of these ca NHoH <== NAP] + OF =f) nul > LNA} + oF 2B, i librium is shifted backward ‘The presence of NH} in step (2) suppresses the ionization of NH,ON in step (1) and ecralibeauene a . . ickwards, The concentration of OH" therefore reduces but this low concentration of OH” is sufficient to cause the precipitation of group It cao as Fe(OH), and Al (OH), [hydroxides of group (III) cations). Theory of Precipitation of Group IV Cations ‘The group 1V cations (Mn, om, Ni, CO™) are precipitated as sulphides. However, the solubility product (Ksp values of the sulphides these cations is high. Low concentrations of S? ions is not sufficient to cause its precipitation and so they do nat precipitate along with groups Il is presence of H,S/HCI. ‘The group reagent for group IV cations is H,S in presence of NH,CI and NH,OH. Look at the following steps. nicl = —> [Nut + oe = (0) strong electoiye NHOH === [nut] + or (2)-weak eleclye HS 5 aa 2 a» (3) weak electrolyte ‘There are two interesting events taking place here. The presence of common ion NH} in steps (1) and (2) is suppressing the ionization of NH,OH which is a weak electrolyte 0 the concentration of ion is lowered/regulated by presence of NH,CI_ due'to'common ions effect. ‘At the same time the OH ions are consumed by H* in step (3) to forms HO. Ht +0H” 5 H,0@) This time the H® ions are removed from step (3) and according to Le Chatelier Hence H,S will ionise more and so the concentration of $= The high concentration of S* is sufficient to cause preci of MnS, Zns, Nis : io Theory of Precipitation of Group V Cations HG ane CoS (gutphldes of gromp TV, cote Principle the equilibrium (3) will shift to the itt Will increase, The group V cations (Ba”*, Sr?*, Ca?*) are precipi pitated as their carbonates by additi sey of NH,CI and NH,OH. ¥Y addition of (NH,),CO, solution in prese™™ 4 Scanned with CamScannerwit jst0*— ups) as the Ksp of MgCo, Mit rye choice of @ reagent de Wt table 6.6 below, Group ice of NH,” ions decreases see rficient to precipitate the Boca 3. sis higher gasan lepends 1 ‘chlorides, others as sulphides ‘noe hydroxides of Ba®*, Sr?+, Canin some as i pou is #:PeT the Bac wi the Ksp the case of peste tion Table 6.6 ; Me 66 + Classication of Cations iH, CaCO, kato an Hee te concentatin of CO Hower 3 ' SICO, and $aCO,. PPL out MgCO, and other radicals of group °f «given radical. You ider why some are en 1s may wonder why som lable but tear eonate et, Remember all compounds are not insoluble. cir carbonates are insoluble. The classification of eatons | (Group zero $$ Group I Ny Group 1A Pot Group IIB Pb, Cu, Ca* Ast Group II Group IV Fe, at Group V Co, NB, Mn?*, Zn Group VI Batt, Sr, Ca? Me Geen Rn Sc Renken eames (te Cations Ty a Group? NH, "(ammonium — ; oe) pot dea dil. HCL ‘PbCl, (White) in PbS-CBrownistrbbeck Group-IE . "peetqead)- H,S in presence of dil. = cut (copper) f dil. HCL a Ast ¢arsenic) As,SyC¥eliow) ‘Solid NH,Cl + excess Fe(OH), (Brown) 2+, Fe (iron) K ae ne oo ia minium) NH,OH AIOH), Dirty-white) | AP* (alut ~ 2 (zinc) “Pais in presence of ZS in: ‘ ite) oa ee NH,CHNH,OH NiS (Black nee ee ‘MnS (Light-pink) | ‘Mn?* (manganese) 7 =: > BaCO, (White) oe eee of NH,CI and NH, a x2* (strontium) : Ca?* (calcium) reel _ 1m) Group-VI ‘Mg (magnes! 45 Scanned with CamScannerTest | 1. (a) To 05g of he dey alt in w clan diy tube. Add concentrated solution of. sodium hydroxide (S101) to it, Warm gent. (©) Take rod dipped in HCI near the m text tube th of the 2. To 1 ml of water extract add Nessler's Reagent or pass the ‘vapours obtained in step (1) through Nessler’s Reagent. Note : 1. The Nessler's Reagent testis successful i heated, Med eens ail Observation and Inference. Characterie smell of ammonia gas indicates the pro of NH, ion. . NIL,? may be present Evolution of dense white Fumes indicat he Presa NH," ion. “Appearance of red-brown precipitate confirms the presence of NH,* ion stead of NaOH solution, solid NaOH pellets are taken with solid sg gp ile passing the vapours through Nessler's 2. As ammonia gas escapes very fast the test tube must be stoppered while ae Fach sce nea 'essler's Reagen, Use double bent tube with cork as shown in Fig. 69 or use gas transfer 3. In case you SUCTION.’ Remove the tube contai : 7 iken (0 “Avoi pass the gas through Nessler's Reagent while heating, then care should be tak void Bacy ie tube from the flame. ing Nesler's Reagent frst and then remove the ti - What will happen if you do the reverse? Ifthe hot tube coating (Sat + iH i emored fiw can AS it is stoppered it will try to draw in the liquid from the second test tube an down, 4 You may directly add a few drops of Nessler's Reagent to the aqueous polation of 2 ee if single salt is given which x soluble in water. The above procedure evolving ammonia is suggested for inso i Chemical Equations Involved in Test of NH,* lon. TTR Sy NH,” + NaOH (aq) —+ Na* (ag) +NH (g)+H30 ‘Ammonia ion Sodive Sodium Water (trom Sal hydroxide “te Ammonia a NH, (g) +HCI (g) —9 NH, Cl (s) dense white fumes ‘Ammonium chloride Nessler's Reagent Test Pass the evolved gas through Nessler’s Reagent ‘Nessler's reagent Fig. 6.9 : Test for Ammonia Gas NA, K2Hgly + 2NH; — Hg: + NHgI (ag) + 2KI (aq) a: (aq) TV potassium wa ‘Amino- | Ammonium —“Poxassam fdo merewate() rereure iodide iodide (esses Reagent fide NH. NH. ANH NH aN + H20() —> Hg: + NHgI (ag) Hg: fe I Amiog evar WHET adie Miles ay oni ed.brown ppey 6 Scanned with CamScanner\a ‘fe i a® . i agaalled water and dilute jt Gontirmatory Tests a Gy Potassium Chromate Test = with OS.) 7p) Potassium Iodide Test fiaTION OF GROUP Cations, (ea Sic ") ig radicals (Cations) of proy iat PASE precip int of the original solution (0,8 ) OS. should be in water, Nicos is in dil HCL i indicates I fons. Proceed with analysis Pane OS is in cone HCI then set mL of the original solution absence of in cone HCI ada rier and wash the above ppt of step 1 or > ang gjsolve it in'5 ml of hot water (or boi it with, ‘gated. Divide the hot solution into three parts + see Fig. 6.10 for dissolving a precipitate, ool the first part under tap water + thal T mL of potassium chromate solution (K,CrO, solution) ipibe second part. (You may also do the test directly ‘add | mL of potassium iodide solution (KX solution) to te third part, (You may also do the test direetly with O.S.) | of Po™ ale by i Fs i Ha, OSCR » a0 di HCI dropwise °F 8r0UP TT cations Pb Proceed as follows, RADICALS) % \ Appearance of white ppt. which sets down fast, (cascades) indicates the presence of Pb* ions Pb? may be present. ‘The white ppt dissolves in hot water. “Appearance of white crystalline ppt indicate, presence of Pb?* ions. (Pb* confirmed) Appearance of bright yellow ppt. confirms the presence of Pb** ions. Pb** confirmed. Appearance of yellow ppt. confirms the presence jons. Appearance of gold sparkles confirms the presence of Pb? ion Pb?* confirmed. sue: 1 How to make golden sparkles : Dissolve the yellow precipitate obained with KI solution in excess ‘of water, Heat the soluti ‘ead lee fora long, time patiently. Cool the test tube in ice cold water. On rapid cooling the golden sparkles separate out! issovve the Preapi Making hole Inter paper spitate in Suitable Reagent Scanned with CamScanner+ 1ON \CTIONS OF Pb** 10! CHEMICAL EQUATIONS INVOLVED IN Te cae Confirmatory Test for Pt 4, Precipitation with ait HCI * (aa) Po? (aq) +. 2HICH (aq) —? POCI2 s) + 2H Gad ‘white ppt hydrogen ion om wat ies 2. Potassium chromate test : Cl (aa) > PwCrOg (s) + 2K! PHCIy (aq) + KyCrOy (09) : Sbiat ~ ‘Bright yellow: = et solution) of potas Jead chromate chloride ba ‘ead chloride ‘chromate 3 Potassium iodide test : + 2KCI (aq) PCI (aq) + 2KI (aq) —> Pbl2 (s) + 2KCI (ag hot solution potassiom gaaow oe are of lead chloride iodide ead ide 7 complex. Note : If dil HC1 is added in excess, then PbCI, redissolves in it to form a ci Avoid adding excess addition of dil HCl. POCI; (s) + 2HCL —> Hg[PbCl4] Hydrochloro plumbous ie pene sible Kipp's apparatus (paste) Stopcock is open fi | Solution containing Groups cations Fitrate of Group) ‘Water € ui Seen (a) (b) Fig. 6.12 : Proparation of H,S gas in Kipp’s apparatus, IDENTIFICATION OF GROUP-II CATIONS (BASIC. RADICALS) . and As**) ; The basic radicals (cations) of group II are precipitated by Scanned with CamScannerES: SES i fash more Test ~ Ty Test with the Group Rea, —— —_—— cpeaory Test with fhe Group Reagent Observations and Inference (wa of Feta ation ad a ud Infe (Pei OS: in CH. Cay Ito it = it se ous the above solution, ie peestan afm or pelo precipi indicates | 1S gas 10 ensure complete prec Co eee aes: © precipita Yellow precipitate indicates presence of As** ions. 6 Pe ier and senate pe spition respite indicts presence of AP" fons | (i) Black precipitate indicates presence of Pb*, Cu Socio Fosed with te Blac Ppt: IL of 50% HNO; to the Pigg 1-2 3 0 the black ppt and heat (© Ppt dissolves to give a clear transparent solution intents and observe the solution, tbe cont ity fr “ge solubility in HINO, and colour of the sotutow, which is colourless indicating presence of ‘Pb (ii) Ppt dissolves to give a clear blue solution indicating | __ the presence of Cu** ions. (ii) Ppt does not dissolve in 50% HINO, indicating Presence of Hg?* ions. a CFoasium Chromate Test: pi mL of OS. direetly or solution in 50% HNO, ‘aid K,C10, solution. 7 Potassium Iodide Test = ‘iL of OS. directly or solution in 50% HNO, Formation of a Bright yellow ppt. confirms the presence of Pb ions. Pb? confirmed. Formation of a yellow ppt. confirms the presence of | Tol add KT solution. Pb?* confirmed. J to I mL of OS. directly or the above solution in $0% | Formation of a white pp. confirms the presence of HNO, add dil H,SO, and alcohol. ‘Pb?* ions. ‘Pb** confirmed. eal 1. Tol mL of OS, directly or blu solution in 50% HNO, add excess NH,OH solution and divide it into 2 parts | Potassium Ferrocyanide Test : 1 To 1 mL OS, directly or the above sol acid and, then add potassium ferrocyanide solution. ution add acetic Formation of bluish white ppt. followed by appearance ‘of deep blue solution indicates presence of Cu* ions. Cut* confirmed. Appearance of chocolate brown ppt. confirms the presence of Cu2* Ions. Cu confirmed. Potasium Iodide Test : 3 Tol mL of OS. directly ic acid add and then add potassium or the above solution add iodide solution. 19 ‘Appearance of a white ppt. in a brown coloured solution confirms presence of Cu* ions. Cu? confirmed. Scanned with CamScannerPb (aq). 2k oR from salt Soliton (a9) Potassium io, Poi) P ead ede 2K* (ag) Contirma cow pe, oom pasotution of PPE IM 50% Nitrig 4 G7 "OY Tost for fe rom 1 3086) + SiN, PEF (I) Jon (cuz pee Come siphide Wiig! ——> Be (No, ecg ety tape (8) + 2NO + ato 4 36 m Hydroxide Test + PPT nite 20 + 38 ammonit (ee sontiny ME Wer Spee b ‘oxide Cu(NOs), (aq) + 2NH,O} reagan a ion) ie Orr rte A s (a4) cu(OH), (5). + 2NHANO, (ag) 4 (Blush white pe) ite cote hyde 2NH,OH (ag) [out (enash white pet) Exes of ammonium NH), ](No,), + 44:00) hydroxide ‘Tetramine copper site oe (Oeep tte comes) (9. + 2NH (9) (Grom salt t Conner hyroide Ammonia io solution a (Bhs waite my : (Blue solution) Cu(OH), (6) + 4NHJON Blush white ppt Excas ammonium hydroxide [cu(ne,),[* + 480 + 20% Texan core 4, Potassium Ferrocyanide Test : 2Cu(NO;), + KaFe(CN), ——> Cu, [Fe(CN),] + 4KNO, (aq) Cupric nitate Copper feocyanide Potassium nitrate (copper (Ht) nitrate (Chocolate brown ppt) (Blue solution) Confirmatory Tests for Arsenic (It) lon (As** lon) |. Dissolution of the yellow ppt in yellow ammonium sulphide : ASS; (8) + 3(NH),S +28 42 (WHY AS Sy ay Yellow ppt Yellow ammonium ‘Ammarium tho- ‘Arsenous sulphide sulphide arserate 2 Ammonium Mol lybdate Test i ¥ : Jkyelbw of As,S, is dissolved in hot conc HNO, followed by addition of ammonium molybdate solution. On warming the “syelow precipitate is obtained. eee = 10HNO, ——> 2H,As0, + 10NO, + 35 + 21400) 3 i ‘serie acid Nitogen dioxide Sulphur Water Fea NG (Nii, MoO, + 21 HNO, ——> (NIL) AsO, 12M00, ‘Ammonium aro molybdate Avene acid Ammonium mate on +21 NH, NO, + 12 H,0 (0) ‘Ammonium site Water eat ee [As (Moy;04) + 12 H,0 () Aso + —12MoO"* aa ‘Arseno molybdate fon Arsenate ion ‘Molybdate ion 121 Scanned with CamScanneretme Al* confirmed. Je radicals (cations) of group IIL are preci = f Test P Ja reddish brown indicates the Tndicatory Test with the Group Reagent = * (o Amperance of rom | ‘Take 1-2 mL of original solution or boil of H,S from tt weer a Saal! | vious solution. Fett may cE : ret with Toad acetate paper for removal of HS) (ii) Appearance of & actions bite ppt indican, || ‘Add about 1-2 g of solid NH,CI and boil again. the presence of AP" ions. ‘APY may be preset 7 eo ' cea How to Proceed with the Red Ppt : c in dil HCI. & dissolves in | Dissolve the red brown in dil HCl and divide the List oes solution into two parts: - : f Prussian blue coloration seen. 1. Potassium Ferrocyanide Test : ‘Appearance o To 1 ml of OSS. directly or the above solution in dil HCI add ves potassium ferrocyanide solutions. Fe** confirmed. 2. Potassium Sulphocyanide Test : To 1 mL of OS. direetly or the above solution in dil HCI, add] Appearance of a blood red coloration seen potassium sulphocyanide solution. Fe** confirmed. (icc | SS How to proceed with the gelatinous white ppt : Dissolve the white ppt in dil HCl and divide it into two parts. | Ppt dissolves in dil HCl. | 1. To 1 mL of OS. direetly or the above solution in dil HCI Appearance of blue ppt floating in a colourless add 2-3 drops of blue litmus solution. To this add NH,OH | solutions seen due to adsorption of blue litmus onto solution dropwise the blue colour develops. the flocculent white ppt of Aluminium hydroxide. Leave the test tube undisturbed for some time. ‘AL* confirmed, ppt of Aluminium hydro | 2, To 1 mL of O.S. directl; the in dil . TRE LON aaa oF the above solution in dil HCl] Appearance of white ppt. which dissolves in NsOH 7 confirms the presence of Al** ions. CHEMICAL EQUATIONS INVOLVED IN THE REACTIONS OF Indicatory Test with the Group Reag Group Reagent is NH,OH in Presence of NH,CI a a GROUP II CATIONS (Fe®, Al) ent —ill Ty Fe* (ag) + 3NH,OH (aq) / —— Fe(on), * Fen fons Antonia rete yon, * ANHLS (2) Ind rae Ammon os 122 Scanned with CamScanner‘ AM (ag) + ‘wri tone ANION (ag) —> AMOI, (+ INH a) ‘Ammoaiuny Amin ons toms ‘unin Confirmatory Test for Ferric tons (Fe™ ae 1. Dissolution of the Reddish Brown ppt. in HCI : Fe(OH), (8) + Fic myoxide Leash boven pe) 2, Potassium Ferrocyanide Test : FeCl; (aq) + Fenie chloride 3, Potassium Thiocyanate Test : FeCl, (aq) + Fenic coride Fe (ag) + Fer ions from st solton 3HCI (aq) —> FeCl (aq) + — 3H:0) ee rie wee K,Fe (CN), —>KFe (Fe(CN)gl + 3KCI (oa) Potassium Potassium frie fenoeyarie ferocyaide (rusian bie) 6KCNS,4, —>KylFe(CNS)] + 3KCI (09) Pots Blood red sulpoeyaniae ‘olortion (er pasium thiocyanate) OR GKCNS (aq) —> [Fe(CNS)* + OKT (aa) Potassium Hexathiosulphato Potassium sulphoeyanide ferrae (i) fon ion (Blood red colour) [Note Instead of potassium sulphocyanide, ammonium sulphoeyanide may also be taken Contirmatory Test for Aluminium AI Ions: 1. Dissolution of Gelatinous White Precipitate : ‘The gelatinous white ppt of AKOHD dissolves in HCI as well as sogium hydroxide (NaOH) solution AWOH); (8) + Auer hydroxide (gelatinous white ppO ANOH), (5) + ‘Aluminium hydroxide 2. Lake Test : AICI; (29) ‘Aluminium chloride ‘ Chemistry of Lake Test. 36° + 3NH,OH (aq) — Al (OH), (@a) + as shown. 3HCI (aq) —> AIC (ag) + 31,0 (0 Hydrochloric acid Auminiom Water chloride NaOH (aq) —> NaAlO, qq) + 28,0 Sodium Sodium hydroxide ret aluminate 3NH,CI (aq) ‘Ammonium chloride Aluminium hydroxide ‘Ammonium hydroxide ‘The precipitation of alumin{un hydroxide is done in presence of blue litmus Originally the solution will appear red wher group ppt is dissolved in HCI (step 1) as blue litmus turns red in acid medium. On adding large excess of 'NH,OH, AW(OH), wi Feprecpitated and will adsorb the litmus as it is floceulant by nature. After a while a blue mass will Be seen Moating, colourless solution as all the colour from the solution will ADSORB ONTO THE PRECIPITATE. 123, Scanned with CamScanner(Co, ne ; —_ sic radical Proceed with the detection of group 1V Test 1. Indicatory Test with Group Reagent: Take 1 7 ofthe original soltion (or the ammoniacal so of group II) and add 1-2 g of solid NH,CI 10 it Boil the contents, Cool the test tube and ald NH,OH tilt the solution gives smell of ammonia. Pass H,S throvel the above solution. Note the colour of the precipitate. Simei How to Proceed with the White Ppt Dissolve the white ppt_in dil HCI. Boil of H,S. Cool the contents and divide it into two parts. 1. Sodium Hydroxide Test = To I mL of OS. directly or the above solution in HC] add NaOH slowly. 2 Potassium Ferrocyanide Test : To I mL of OSS. directly or the solution in dil HCI add potassium ferrocyanide solution. zr, MinPts 7 gas in preset ts ¢eations) only Saas 7 OH, as sulphide, 1,cl and NH s. ce of NH,CI ar aca are ahaa, and it group by omervation and Inference a dirty white precipitate ing. «of Za2* ions. Z* may be presen ‘of buff coloured precipitate ing. vi M2” ions. Mn®* may be present fa black precipitate indicates ye + or Nit ions. tie 7 ‘The white ppt dissolves in HCI. ite ppt which redissolves in excess arance of whi iH No the presence of Zn?* ions NaOH the confirm Za? confirmed Appearance of bluish white precipitate confirms the presence of Zn?* ions. Zn2* confirmed. How to proceed with the Buff coloured precipitate : Ive the buff coloured ppt in dil HCI. Boil off HS completely. Cool and divide the solution into two pars. [Se eM 7 The ppt dissolves in HCL 1. Sodium Hydroxide test To I mL of OSS. directly or the above solution in HCL add NH,OH in excess and wait for 2-3 minutes. * You may add Br, water to the above solution and ‘observe (or add NaOH and Br, water to the second part), Appearance of white ppt that slowly turns brown and finally to a black colour confirms the presence of Me ions. Black/Brown ppt formed easily in presence of B water, Confirms the presence of Mn?* ions. Mn confirmed. 2. Fusion Test (a) To the original salt (0.5 g) or the Buff ppt obtained in indicatory test, add solid PbO, or KCIO, (potassium chlorate) along with 3-4 pellets of solid KOH. Fuse the contents carefully by heating steadily on a direct flame and note the change in colour of the solid mass. (b) Cool the test tube by Keeping it aside for 10 minutes, then add water to the fused mas * Do not cool under the tap; the test tube may break, (c)_ Add excess H,SO, to a little amount of this green solution in a separate test tube. Appearance of green mass indicates the presence of Mn?* ions A green solution is formed which indicates presen? Manganate ions (MnO,2- ions) from original Ma Mn** confirmed, Appearance of a pink (purple) coloration confirm Presence of Mn?* ions, This is due to the conversi Manganate (Mn0,2*) j 0, Mn2+ confirmed, ) ions to permanganate (Mat Scanned with CamScannerith the black precipi Zor wi lack precipita Ie black ppt in minimum pe te Diack pt in uantity pith tne solution 10 dryness in eh Of aqua regia peeeee eee eee eee reared CeCe Apes ‘ rete ina dish Arance of a blue resid por | pote od dissolve C38 distilled Wwayey. “SY Serap Indicates prese Drea polls ater, ” (iy Appear nce of Co™ ion, "€ of u yellow residue yration | indicates the _ Presence of Ni?* ions. a Las URE Fe soe solves in Wale 10 ging ED | Me sain nto (0 pat SPIN casio Nitrate Test (Foss OS. directly oF the abo ae ve Soation 20101 getalze the acid. Add acetic ioc Appearance | ey iat, Warm the content, MEE Yop Gg jg Sua BM semis the presence mona Tioeyanate Salton Co¥ confirmed, My of OS. directly oF the above solution add mL of Appearance of bright i of bright blue coloration in the acetone me by tting te te tube. Do not shakelix the so ea oee y solution, layer confiems th Yer confirms the presence of Co** ions. Co confirmed. | eo tao Residue dissolves in water to give a green dared solution, Divide the solution into two part, 7, punethyl Glyoxime Test pi nl of OS. directly or the above solution add excess a ' ‘i,0H to neutralize the acid. Then add a few drops of aaa Ne SS | ten ao 1To 1 mL of O.S. directly or the above solution add excess of a th Appearance of a black precipitate confirms the presence | WOH solution, Add Br, water to it and boil. the contents carefully. | of Ni? ions. Ni confirmed: i! | Sates ¢ 1. The fusion test of Mn?* ions may be done with the Buff ppt of MnS (manganese sulphide) also to confirm it. 41 A boiling tube is preferable for fusion test as an ordinary test tube may break on fusing with dry salt. 4} Potassium sulphocyanide may be used instead of ammonium sulphocyanide or (dioeyanate as iti referred 1) for tes ‘for Co ions, 4: If the acetone layer is shaken then the blue coloration will spread into the entire solution as acetone and water are mscble, What will happen when the CCL, layer is shaken in the layer test for bromide and iodide? 1! In the dimethyl glyoxime test for Ni* the solution must be sufficiently ammoniaal Add excess NH OF © 6 Agua regia is i ‘of cone HCI and one part of conc HNO. NiS and CoS (the sulphates of NP* anc oy ar insoibe in all peracid ve aqua regia, They dissolve in it due tothe formation of CoC and NiCl, slowly. So once the solution evaporates to dryness you are ‘able to scrap the solid and redissolve it in ee Es 1. When solution is in aqua regia, a large excess of alkali is needed 10 compensate 7 sone - me ie 4 Though Mn2* salts are pale pink, manganese carbonate (MnCO,) is an exception. It is dull da Powder. + Ni, Zn? and Min) Chemical Equations Involved in the Reactions of Group IV Cations ( Co® , Ni2*, Zn?*” and Mn ‘) ndicatory Test with the Group Reagents icatory Test with thi § Gas in Presence of NH, cl and NH,OH wr Reagent is H,! IV Group Reag @o + we “ eegegss zat (aq) + HS piny white pe Zine ions ‘Hydrogen ‘zine sulphide supe 125 Scanned with CamScanner> + aD Ma? (ag) + HS (aq) — ee Manganese ons Hiaogen bape sire stride Manes ot so + ted Cot (ag) + H,S aq) — ae ny ( Cobat tt open Sea stile \ ions sulphide Coben so + OD Ne (aq + SG —> NSC i ike Vyaozen doc re tons sulpie sulphide So | inte] | ontirmatory Test for Zine tl) fons (2 Wy Dissolution of Dirty White Ppt in HCl : a + + St ZnS (aq) + ~—-2HCI (aq) —>_20Ch Diny white Hydrochloric Zine chore re sid ine saphie 2. Sodium Hydroxide Test : NaCl (aq) Za, (ay) 2NeOH (aq) =? ZAKOH), 0) + 2NAE CO Zine chloride Sodiv ine bysroxide ease hydroxide (otite pe Zn(OH), (s) + —2NaOH (aq) —> Na, ZnO, + 2H,0 (D ine nydroide Excess Soluble white pe Stu zineate 3. Potassium Ferrocyanide Test : ZnCl, (aq) + K,Fe(CN)g (aq) —> Zn{Fe(CNg) + KCl (aq) Zine boride Possum (Bluth white ppd Potassium feroeyaie Zi ferroeynide ction OR 2a (aq) + K,Fe(CN)g —> Zn{FCNg + 4K* (aa) Zine (ions Potassium (Blush white pp) Potassivm feracyaide ine feroeyanide ions Contfirmatory Test for Manganese (I!) lons (Mn?*) 1, Dissolution of Buff Coloured Precipitated in HCI : MnS (aq) + — 2HCI (ag) ——* MnCl, + 2H* + se (Gulf colowed ppt) Hydrochloric Manganese (1) Mangmee acid chloride 2. Sodium Hydroxide Test MnCl, (aq) + 2NaOH (aq) —> Mn(OH), (6) + 2NaCl (aq) Manganese Sodium Manganese hydroxide Sodium chee hydroxide (bite pp chloride Mn?* (aq) + 2NAOH (ag) —> Mn(OH), (s) + 2Na* (ag) (rom sat solton) Sodium Manganese hydrox Manganese, sere “tee (a) On standing the white ppt turns brown/blue gradually. IMn(OH), 6) + 210] —+- 2Mn0 (OM,(5) Manganese Oxidation (brown pt) hydroxide This is hydrated manganese dioxide MnO,. H,0, 126 Scanned with CamScanner(yy The same reaction is speeded up by adding Br, water because Ae ay Br, = H,0 2uBr * (0) (acts as oxidizing ag 2Mn(OH), (8) + 210] 4 2Mn0 (OM, (6) Brown pot jon Test or Lead Dioxide Test : Fis is done with he sat cectly or MnS but pp. Ps Mn’ + 4H (aq) + SPbO, (s) —+ 2MnO; (ag) + 5Pb* (ag) Manganese (I) Lead dioxide Lead ions 2,0.) Permanganate fons pink OR Kclo, —4_, KcIO, + {0} 2KCl Potassium chloride MnCl, Manganese salt + 4KOH (aq) + Potassium hydroxide 2[0) Nascent oxygen + 2H,0 Water — K,Mn0, Potassium rmanganate ot ; (ercen mass) () Green mass is diluted with water and acidified MnO, == = | MnO, (ereen colour) (purple colour) Manganate ions Permanganate ions e (electron) + Confirmatory Test for Cobalt lons (Co*) 1, Dissolution of the Black Precipitate in Aqua Regia CoS (s) + 2HCI + Black ppt ‘Cobalt (11) sulphide 2. Potassium Thiocyanate Test : CoM ag i Coban hy HO () + S [o] Water Sulphur From HNO,, aqua regia SS COCy, 0) Cobalt ti hloride 2k* Povassium AKCNS aq) —> K,{Co(CNS),] + *Povassom Porassivm sulphocyanide tera thiocyanate eobltate (11) (blue coloration in acetons layer) *(a) Instead of potassium sulphocyanide you can take ammonium sulphocyanide NH CNS. (6) The other name for potassium sulphocyanide is potassium thiocyanate. wig Confirmatory Test for Nickel (II) lons (Ni2) 1. Dissolution of the Black Ppt in Aqua Regia : — NCI, (aq) Nickel ct) Nis (s) 2HCI Nickel «) agit chloride : Black pee 2. Dimethyl Glyoxime Test : + +S Sulphur + {0} From HNO, aqua regia H,0 () + Water OH | t =N—OH =N—OH cH, —¢ Nich, + 2NH,OH + 2 cH; — C Dimethyl glyoxime — cH; — cH, — Cc i : yn ° 1H Rosy rel precipitate + 2NH,CI (aq) + 2H, (I) gute 3 The Ni (Dmg), complex is called Bisdimethyl glyoximato Nickel (11). You will learn about it in coordination chemistr 'n Theory Class XII. Scanned with CamScanner| The basic radicals (cations) of ations) of group V are pre NHLOH as carbonates. Proceed with the deen cations are absent. Test 1; Indicatory Test with the Group Reagent? ‘To 1-2 mL of the original solution or continue with the Prsrious group solution (after boiling olf HS completely) add 1-2 g of solid NH,CI. Boil the contents. Cool and add sae SATOH Gt the solution gives smell of NH. Then Aid saturated solution of (NH,}, CO, tit Filter the pp 2. How to Proceed with the Confirmatory Tests of Ba®*, in the same order as given below. 1. Potassium Chromate Test ? 7 1 ML of O'S. direetly oF the above solutions in acetic acid add a few drops of potassium chromite solution, 2. Flame Test : Perform flame test with the original salt as indicated in Preliminary Tests, [Seine eee Seam | (only if Ba®* is absent) 1. Ammonium Sulphate Test : | acid add 1 mL of ammonium sulphate solution. (iia?s, Sr", Ca”) eT a higut ices ee solution in presence of nate (NH,);COs Hy ones only if groups I, TL, TI ang 1% Bey Observation and Inference race of white precipitate indicates the pros, ions ing ‘22+ , Ca? ions - V group cations indica ted, Apr Ba? , Si tie white precipitate dissolve readily in dil sete ay Appearance of a bright yellow precipitate confirms the presence of Ba?* ions. Ba?* ions confirmed. ; Grassy green or apple green flame observed. This cot the presence of Ba2* ions, Ba’ confirmed, ‘Appearance of white Se ions. Sr? confirmed. Precipitate confirms the presence 2. Flame Test : Perform flame test with the original salt as Crimson red flame observ. Se? jons. Sr** confirmed, ‘ed. This confirms the presence of indicated in preliminary test. (only if Ba* and S72 are absent) 1, Ammonium Oxalate Test : To 1 mL of OS. directly or the original solution in acetic acid add 1 mL of ammonium oxalate solution. Add a little ammonium hydroxide and seratch the sides. 2. Flame Test : Perform flame test with the preliminary test. es it inal salt as indicated in eae tie: Appearance of whi Ca? ions, Ca?* confirmed. ite precipitate confirms the presence of A brick red coloured fl Presence of Ca2* ions, Ca confirmed, lame is observed. This confirms the Scanned with CamScannerconfirmatory lst for the basic rad iT ane sake of remembering). The pels Of V group py Je confirmatory L6St Of these groyn ol Because that chy rium ions) give Positive test with all the reagents used in kroup . So perform the test fp radicals, ny coral. oF Se With ammo Potassin only when Ba? is absent, Similarly, SP gives the test oth ammonium sulphate and gy id (0 ammonium oxalate tesa. "4 Oxalate, So respon it Proceed with Ca** only when S* is absent otherwise i will in, dome in the order of Ba?*, Se, then Ca?* (BSC order “ 2° (a Bat (aq) + (NH MCO) (aq) —s paco, ® + Barium ions Ammonium NH Sr* (aq) + (NH,),Co. — a 4/200, (aq) SrCo, ‘Strontium ions ‘Ammonium eo See (white i : ee Sede arate ‘Ca** (aq) + (NH, cae Ata? 7D + ANH ap (ite pr) ‘Ammonia carbonate Caleiarn carbonate jon eee TESTS FOR GROUP V CATIONS ‘onfirmatory Test for Ba?* wear 1, Disolution of the White Ppt in Acetic Acid oe rier lone, BaCO, (6)__+ 2CH,COOH (aq) — (CH,CO0),Ba + CO,(@) + HOM shite pp Baio see Barium carbonate sohbiere 2, Potassium Chromate Test : (CH,COO),Ba (aq) + K,CrO,(aq) —> BaCrO,(s) + 2CH,COOK Barium ebvomate Potassium ‘fellow pp) setae oR Batt (aq) +) K,CrO, (aq) —> BaCrO,(s) + 2K (aq), From salt Brio chromite Pasi solution Cfllow pp) Confirmatory Test for Sr?* tons 1, Dissolution of the White Ppt in Acetic Acid 4+ 2CH, COOH (aq) —9 (CH,COO), Sr(aq) + CO) + HOD SCO, (aq) sr, it pee Oe nad verso cont cashonate 2. Ammonium Sulphate Test + 4 2CH,COONH, $0, (aq) —> S80, (8) CHO, SoH OE ee say + i904 0) 788000) + AE fons (ohite pee) 129 Scanned with CamScannerConfirm eC" to 1. Dissolution of the White ppt in Acetic Aeld = coo); C# (aq) ‘carbon dioxide I) CaCO, ig) + 2CHy COOH Co Cat catonate Acetic wid sole (a 2, Ammonium Oxalate Test : + 2CH; COONH, (ea) (CH,COO), Ca (art NTLY,CS ‘ammo 2082 Cai aoete Ae inn oa on : 2NHy* (o@) 26,04) pian Aen ios alae : o= Ce Ne Faris «01% le boo 02 ON ee cma a Test ‘Observation and Inference 1. Sodium Dihydrogen Phosphate Test : ‘ i To I mL of original solution (which has been concentrated | Appearance of crystalline white precipitates which ‘by evaporation) add NH,CI and NH,OH in excess increases on scratching the inner walls of the test tbe followed by addition of disodium hydrogen phosphate. confirms the presence of Mg?* ions. Scratch the inside of the test tube with a glass rod. Mg?* confirmed. ~ 2. Magneson Reagent Test : ‘To | mL of original solution add dil HCI Formation of a blue coloured precipitate/coloration (unless the solution is already acidic) followed confirms the presence of Mg” ions. by a few drops of Magneson Reagent Mg" confirmed. ‘CHEMICAL EQUATIONS INVOLVED IN THE REACTION OF GROUP VI CATIONS (Mg?) ‘There is no group reagent for group VI. Each ion has its own specific test as discuss6d below : Confirmatory Test for Mg?* 1. Disodium Hydrogen Phosphate Test : Mg?* (ion) + ~—HPO,? (aq) + =—-NH,* (aq), —5 My + Magnesium Hydogen iiss Ig(NH,)PO, (8) + Ht (aq) ‘on rho ci Magnesium ammonium phosphate (crystalline white ppd) increases on seratching the side of the tube (a) Hydrogen phosphate ion HPO? is obtained from dsodt 4 rom disodium hy h : (8) You can also take ammonium phosphate for the tet isdrogen phosphate (Na,HPO;) 130 Scanned with CamScanner: viva (G5. Wat Is quattatve anaiytgy ~~ VOSE QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS “Ans. Is the type of analysis that deals withthe 242. Wot le quanttatve anaiyse Pe Natien sacra: ne aay 3. Give suitable chemical decomposiion ofthe substance to find out the constuents present chemical decomposition the substance to find out not only the constivents mpl to tone tt te constuent inthe ven substance. ‘ans. When a given salt (6ay nickel i rence Datween qualtative and quantative analysts eee soba eat tr is tot) analysed by reacting ts salt soluon wth cmety\ gyxime sluton,# ges a re eat ne cr ae Nin the den sample, ths entre sequence ne ey weighing he exact amount of N (én cleus peeeriage C8 is termed as quantitative analysis “ea What Is a radical? Cen. praca is an alom oF @ group of atoms havi enol Hg NES Ce RGg eT 8 tn charg. Aral ahve tho snl nit in a chameleon (035) Wit oe ald and base rate? on pial Sated basic rascal, Fox example, Cu, A, Fo’, PHP te. Fada which cary cos. Name some basic radicals which are elma ae Soe ‘Ans. The basic radicals of lransition metal ions are responsible for imparting colour 10 the salt, For example, CuSO, SH,0 is biue in ealour due 10 presence of Cu2* ions, Maly ef 0 e in oe00, 1 greonch in colour dee ne aN Pink in cour due to Mr ion. CofNO i rod in eotour dv 19 Cot 10.7. What inference can you draw when the given salt is white? ‘Ans. We can infer that the salt doss not contain transition metal ions. For example, Cu2*, Ni*, Co Mn?*, Fe®, Fe are absent. Not only the salt but the salt solution must be colourless as CuSO, anhydrous is white but salt solution is blue. 0.8. Give one example each of the dark brown and red salt. ‘Ans. Dark brown powder : Manganese Carbonate (MnCO,), red salt : Cobalt Nitrate - Co(NO3)>. G3) What are deliquescent salts? Gm oo ee et a a the atmosphere and dissolve in it are termed as deliquescent salts. For example, MgCl, 0:16) What are efflorescent salts? ‘Ans. Salts which give out water of crystalization are termed as eflorescent salts. For example, Fe SO,. 7H,0 is efflorescent as it becomes FeSO,.24,0, where 3 < x <7. NajC0,, 10H,0 is efflorescent as it become Na,CO,H,0 by losing 9H, molecies 0.11. Why does ferrous sulphate which Is green in colour become yellow after some time? ‘Ans. Ferrous salts are prone to arial oxidation (oxidation by exposure to air). So Fe2* changes to Fe state and ferric salts are generally yellow. 0.12. What type of bond is present in an inorganic salt between the cation and anion? ‘Ans. The bond between an anion and cation is an ionic bond. For example, Na*Ct, K*NO5” ete. It the anion Is not a single atom but a group of a atoms carrying a negative change, then the bond between an anion are covalent. For example, in KMnO, the bond between cation K* and anion MnO, in the oxometallic ion MnO,” is covalent. Q.13, What type of bonds are presents in CuSO,? ‘Ans. The bond between Cu?* and SO,2- fons is an ionic bond. The bond between $ and O atoms in SO, are covalent bonds. . Why do ionic compounds generally dissolve in water? ‘Ans, Ionic compounds generally dissolve in water because water 40 a polar solvent, ionizes in water easily and the fons formed are stabilized as hydrated ions. the atoms of is ionic bond. But the bond between Nn and © atoms, having a high dielectric constant. The salt 139 Scanned with CamScanneras, a6, Ans, a7, Ans. a8, Ans, O19 hi “ans? 20. Ans. a2, Ans. 22. Ans, 2.23. Ans. (Q: ‘and, az, Ans. Q.26. Ans. 27. Ans. 28. Ans. Q.29, Ans. 2.30. Ans. 0.31. Ans, MY do lead salts turn biack on keeping for a tong time In the laboratory? eat Sats turn black on protonged exposure in a chemical inboratory, de to formation of PbS. By the "eacton of Pez, HS in the laboratory at What is decrepitation? cracsn, ka Sound observed when heavy mata sas aro heated. For examplo, when you heat PANO: song, Feacktng noise is heard. More examples of salts which docroptato aro ~ Ba(NO,),. KB. NACI oto What is subtimation? {Lis the process of conversion of a substance trom however, the vapours condense back into the solid, For example, NH,CI sublimes easly. * ly also sublimes. Name the type of salt which produces a pale brown gas on heating. ato OF nittes of heavy metas: for example, PEND), lame the type of salt which on heating produces a colourless odourless gas, that turns lime water milky? Carbonate of alkaline earth motals For example, CaCO, Which two gases turn limewater milky? ‘Co, and so, What Is the test to distinguish CO, and SO, gases? (@)_& Paper dipped in aciatied K,°1,0, tums green on exposure to SO, gas due to formation of green Cr (tl!) sah, () Secondly, CO, is an odouriess ‘gas but SO, has a pungent (suffocating) smell. What happens when excess of CO, gee Ie passed through Imevstar? itialy when CO, is passed through limewater it tums milky due to the formation of insoluble 'CaCOs. However, it exces CO, is passed through limewater ‘Ca(OH),, then the milkiness disappears due to formation of soluble calcium hydrogen carbonale — Ca (HCO,), What is the colour of the residue when zinc salts are heated? ‘The residue is yellow when hot and white when cold, What information due to you get when the dry salt on heating gives @ violet sublimate? Salt is an iodide, _ Why is silver nitrate stored in a dark coloured bottle? Silver nitrate decomposes_on posure to light to silver oxide Ag,O and tinally silver (Ag). Ag,0° 121, 20g 40, Both Nitrogen dioxide and bromine are brown in colour, How will you distinguish betwoen them? Pass the evolved gas through FeSO, solution. Ii tums browniback, then the gas is NO,, otherwise it is bromine "FeSO, turns black due 10 the formation of the complex FeSO,.NO, called nitroso ferrous sulphate, How will you test for H,S gas? Take @ paper dipped in lead acetate near the mouth of the test tu “ The lead acetate paper tums black due to the formation of black lead sulphide Pos ‘What type of flame is used for performing flame test? Non-luminous flame. Why is platinum wire preferred for performing flame test? Zhe wire that is used for performing flame test should not impart colour to' lame. should be inert. Hence, platinum wire is used, 's there any other wire that can be used for performing flame tes the solid state directly into the vapours without metting, On Song be. It the paper turns black. then the gas is H,S. Nichrome wire. What is the principle of ‘flame te Scanned with CamScanner036. Ans. 37. Ans. 038. Ans. a3. ‘Ans. 0.40. Ans. oat. Ans. 0.42, 0.43. a.44, we colour imparted to flame by Ba?*, S12 and Ca fons? ‘as? ion imparts apple green colour. S12 lon imparts crimson rod colour. Cae fon imparts brick red colour. ‘Why Is cone HCI used for making a paste with the salt before performing flame test? Tho given salt has to be converted to tho chloride salt as only chlorides are volatile and thermally ionizable. |. Can cone H,S0, be employed for making the paste with the salt for flame test? ,. No, conc H,SO, cannot be used. All sulphates of group V fadicals are Insoluble preciptates. For example, BaSO,, CaSOx, S180, are insoluble. why doesn't magnesium salt impart colour to the flame even though it belongs to Group 2 In the periodic table alons which elements calcium, strontium and barium. * saboirnye fea @ ._ Magnesium salt does not impart colour to flame because the jonization energy of magnesium is very high with is not achieved by the Bunsen flame. ‘What is the role of blue glass in the flame test? In certain cases the blue glass is used to establish the identity of the radicals as blue glass absorbs part of light So the colour when viewed through blue glass will change. Can a glass rod be used to perform the flame test? No. t should not be used as glass contains sodium or potassium silicates. always imparts golden flashes to the flame due to presence of Nav. Why is dilute H,S0, acid used for preliminary test for detecting acid radicals? H,SO, has a higher Boling point (238°C) while that of HCI is 110°C. So i the tes isto be performed in cold than ary cH ‘Ad would be suitable. However, heating is done than HCI gas may evolve along with the other gases from the salt. So dit H,SO, Is preferred. What information do you, get when addition of dil H,S0, for testing acid radicals results in formation of a white ppt? “The cations present on the salt may be Pb? or Ba®*, Si2, Ca® which have formed insoluble sulphates: In case dil H,S0, interferes in test of acid radicals due to formation of precipitate of sulphates, how will you perform preliminary test for acid radicals? Tests can be performed with dil HCI or acetic acid. While performing the conc H,S0, test for preli to boiling? Cone H,80, itselt will decomposes to give SO, gas which may interero with the detection of other gases evolved Py the ‘group radicals. in the reaction of CI- BY or F with cone H,S0,, explain why HCI gas Is evolved when the radical CI” but Br and evolve Br, and I, respectively. Actually HBr and Hl are evolved fist withthe treatment of the sat wth conc H,S0, but theso are oxidized reacly By cone H,SO, 10 Bry and lp respectively. HCI is not oxidized immediatly. inary test of acid radicals, why should the solution not be heated 2HBr + 50, —> SO + Brg + H,0 2H + H,S0, —> 80, + Ip + H,0. Can dil HNO, be used for testing sulphide (S) or sulphite (S0,*) ions instead of ail HCI? No, HNO, cannot be used forthe test as HNO is an oxczing agent oxidizes sulphide to coloidal sulphur and sulphite to H,80, as shown. H,S + 2HNOs —> 2H,0 + 2NO, + S $0, + 2HNO, —+ H,S0, + 2NOp « Also remember that nite (NO;7) ion Is in the same group and its evolves, NO gas with dilute acids which change to NO HNO, will interfere with the detection of NO, ‘Addition of Cu turnings is done to test the presence of NO;- Ions in conc. acid group. Does the appearance of a blue tution eontitm the presence of NO,” ions due to addition of Cu turnings to the acid solution of salt? | No, the appearance of blue coloration in the solution alone does not prove the presence of NOs” fon, The solution wil turn blue in the absence of NOs" ion also due to reaction of Cu with H,SO,, Gu + 2H,50, —> CuSO, + 80, + 2,0 due 14 Scanned with CamScannerof COppe S"— to formation tn prose of Noy te stan te ve HP BTU yo, 5 « HO cu « AHN, —> OY NOP? aro mes gas 100. wwe brown of pale be buo and thre shoud be eve” IL of water and fi 0 the solution must and bolled with 10 ml ered 2.45, wnat is socum carbonate extract? ag003 My rile ‘Ans. When is 0.5 g given satis mixed witht is tormed as sod caronatoexach swore? purpose ‘sodium carbonate we a ¥ etna jon ts needed. S0 a sodlum carbonate extract Ans. All sats are not soluble in wate. " : . cas, eal 08 colour 10 the solution. Pay For performing the chemical tests of aid ra Sometimes an exacts roared to soparale te cl Q.47. What Is the chemical equations involved In prepa : 2NaL A 1Na,CO,+2MA —> MCOs, * ami rc 3 a. cern ie .d of sodium carbonate extract as sajt 2.48. Why can't a sodium hydrogen carbonate extract be employed instea sate. jot ‘oa pk | aoe moore Mca wh ae sob ng m0 0 te sodium ‘salt of anion. So the metal ion will also gone y 7 N carbonates’ M(HCOs)p, which are soluble along wit not be clearly visible 4 itis coloured, then the results of wettest of acid radicals wil sid before Proceeding hn suital 2.49. Why is it essential to acidity the sodium carbonate extract with @ posed before a particular Conimatory tet tg of acid radicals? ‘Ans. Sodium carbonate is also soluble. So this extra carbonate must be decom radical is done because the CO;? way interfere. rbonate extract, before @.50. Can we use dil H,SO, for decomposing the extra carbonate in the sodium carbonate extract, Performing Beg, test? ‘Ans. No, we cannot use dil H,SO, for decomposing the extra CO?” in the case as the BaCl, test is done for festng 04 ‘and we cannot introduce S0,2"in the first step. We can use dii HCl, however, which has @ common ion to the reagent Bap, Q.51. Can we use Ba(NO)p instead of RaCl, for testing sulphate radical? ‘Ans. Yes, we can use Ba(NO,), reagent. In fact we need Ba®* to precipitate out the SO,? as BaSO,. Q.52. What is chromyl chloride test? ‘Ans. Chromy| chiorde test is used for confirmation of chloride (Cr) ions. The salt is heated with solid K,Cr,0, and conc H,S0, acid the red vapours of chromyl chiorde (CrO,C1,) thus evolved are passed through NaOH solution. The yellow solten acidtied with acetic acid and then lead acetate is added. Appearance of bright yellow ppt of PbCrO, confirms the press of Cr in the salt 2159. Can water be taken instead of NaOH In the chromyl chloride test for passing Cr0,Ci, gas? ‘Ans. Yes. Water can be taken and Cr0,Cl, will give H,C1O, solution. This will also give yellow t with lead acetate solution due to the formation of lead chromate (PbCrO,). Sere ee et seed 2.54. Why should the test tube be dry, In which chromyl chloride test is performed? ‘Ans. Chromy! chloride readily reacts with H,O to from chromic acid, CrOgCly + 2H,0 —s 2HOI + H,C10, So is wil not evolve out of the test tube. 2.55. What happens when bromides and iodides are treated with K2Cr,0, and cone H,S0,? Ans. Bromides and iodides do not evolve Cr0,8%y or C1O,), ete . ’ simi i S (81) and iodine) vapours. Bromine vapours, beng Ted In caaan gor rie (CrO,CL). Instead, thay ge bie red vapours of Cr0,Cly * Sometimes create confusion as it may be contused K,C1,0, + 6K8r+7H,S0, —_, d » —> 3B1, ce Cr,(S0,), + 4K,80, +7H,0. 142 Scanned with CamScanner058. What is the chemistry Involved In the layer test? ins. When Br of * are Ana. when Bo 1 poser i th sl thy aro onze by Cla wa 0 Bi ar espa Bi easly soluble in gangs. So when Cae test ub, peace of re lange een ‘case of Br, and volt favor Cl, + 28-4 Br, + 20r Ch+ ar 51, + 2cr ‘a7. Why 18 cone HNO, added In the tayer test? ‘ans. The purpose of adding HNO, isto act as oxidizing agent to oxidize bromide and fdide to bromine (Br) and fone ()- Hs help because an old sample of Cl, water may not be effective Gly + HO —s HCI + HCIO 4 HoIO 4 Hoi + $0, decompose ‘ss, why should freshly prepared FeSO, be used Inthe ring test for nitrate? vaca Ferrous sl Af prone 1 cxdaion. So an old sample of i si vl amplo of FeSO, may have converted to fer sulphate, Hence a sok ‘and the ferric ions will readily hydrolyze to give Fe(OH), red ppt. So a freshly propared ferrous ‘sulphate solution is needed. 1s tie composiin ofthe brow eae seperate Spr 5 roe cee forousunnael: [Fe (i,0),NO] SOy ‘0.60. What is the formula of sodium nitroprusside? ‘Ans. Naa{Fe(CN)gNO] tact, What Is the interfering radical for POY 2 ‘ans. ’AS™ interores withthe test of PO, as As converts to AsO,°- (arsenate fon) on heating with HNOs, Gives canary yellow ppt with ammonium molybdate. 62. How are $0,% and SO, distinguished? vans, Add excess BaCl, solution to get white precipitates of 8250, and BxS0,. Add cone HCI to the precoiale, Nt ee roe completely them the radial is suphte (S0,°>) fon. the ppt does not dissolve ft shows presence of sulphate (0,2) ion, ‘0.63. What is the formula of the compound formed in ammonium molybdate test of PO,?? ‘Ans. The yellow ppt is ammonium phospho molybdate (NH,), PMO,204o 0.84. Why Is the original solution prepared in water or HC!'for identification of basic radical? . vans. The scheme of analysis of basic radcals is based on tsi of ons from sahion. So the sod salt must be made to eissoNve in ether water or HCI as metal chlorides. 0.65. Why H,S0, cannot be used for making original solution? ‘Ans. #,$0, cannot be used for making orginal sohiion because sulphate may be Insoluble in water. For examle, PbSO,BaSO,: C250, SrSO, are all insoluble. 0.66. Why is HHO, not used for preparing salt solution? ‘Ans. HNO isan oxidizing agent, so If HS as is passed forthe test of goup I asc radicals, Ht gets oxidized 19 sphur wich is a jellow ppt which may be mistaken for yellow ppt of CAS or ASS, 0.67, Why is Pb? placed in both group | and group I In the scheme of basic radical analysis? ‘Ans. The group reagent for group | Is ail HCl. When the radicals are precipitated as chlorides Pete HCL > PCL + HT White pot “The arsenate fon also PbCl, dissolves in excess of HCl. Pc, + 2HCI + HAPbC) Hacc pumbous at (ei) and on passing H,S. It gives PbS (Diack ppl}. So Pb? responds to reagent of group I also. ‘This complex [PbCI,f* is soluble rious groups in the scheme of basic radical analysis. Q.62, Name the group reagents for vi ‘Ans, The group regents for various groups are 143 Scanned with CamScannerAM. Hs es op HS SS ony ge. 1 jon); therefore the rat cretion tH! supesss th zon od othe presence oH So ftps ot oun een (of S® ions is ‘Sufficient to Precipitate the sulphides group I as the solubility prodk ar, What Is yellow ammonium sulphide? ‘Ans. When ammonium sul phide solution (NH), ‘ammonium sulphide. 's saturated with flowers of sulphur, it gives a yellow solution called Yotoy 97%. What happens when AS,, 's treated with yellow ammonium sulphide, ‘Ans. When yellow ammonium sup Tide is added to the yellow ppt, arsenous.sulphide dissolve fn M arlene MS aM og ——2INHy Ass, oad Ammonium thioarsenate 0-72. Why is cone HNO, ay S2n6 of OH” fons tumished by NH,OH, Consider NACE Nas + cr a) NHOH SS Nye \ + or 2 ita gton of NHAC suppress te ionisation of (OH due 10 presence of i Fe age and the concentaton of Oe ot This ( [org NOH i eded a addition of NHC co tab relay hgh t may ado 0.74. Can NaCl and NaOH be u 'H,* (Common ion), 's sufficient to cause , then the "ecipitation of group IV of y. ). The equilibrium (2) is I pabitation of group tl cations Alm att be more ionization of NH.OH and ators or even Mg? as hycroxigeds NH,Cl and NH,OH? basic radical Analysis as both are ‘Strong electrolytes, + cr Strong electrolyte ea Ne + OH Strong electrolyte Concentration of OH ions will be Oh and tend to precipitate al the Basic rateals of group i, 1y FV and Vi 278. Can NH,NO, be used in place Of NH{CI for the scheme of basle radi ‘Ans. Yes, NH,NO, can be used 0 regulate {he concentration of ge, i nS aS the Ksp of iy SFOUP sulphides ig high, 2° f°8uired for V group Scanned with CamScannerConsider NHOH = 5 NH + on o HS — oH + st @ shiting the equibrium (2) to the right the [S#]_imereasoe | ‘The OH" fons of step (1) remove the H* fons of step (2) thereby which fs needed for precipitation of group IV cations. @ What is aqua regia? ns. 7Agua regia is a mixture of three parts by volume of cone HOI and one, » part by_yolume of conc HNOs— wr a 0.78. How is a solution of NIS oF CoS prepared alter they are procipltated ae black precipitates In group rogia to frm soluble NII, and CaCl reepectvely and “ans,” NS and CoS can be dissolved in aqua regia, These dissolve in aqua ‘can be tested from solution easily. | gz: can NagC0, be used as V group reagent in place of (NH,),C03? ‘ans. No, Na,CO3 cannot be used as a V group reagent because itis a strong electrolyte and will ionize completely NagCOs (aq) —+ 2Nat (aq) + coy (2a) of V group radicals BaCOy, S1COs “The concentration of resulting in CO,2~ ions will be high and may lead to the precipitation ‘and CaCO, along with VI group MgCO; ‘a.80. Why is NH,OH also added in group V? ‘Ans. Ammonium carbonate (NH,),CO, always contains some ammonium hydrogen carbonate NH,HCOs along witht. NH,OH is added to convert NH,HCOs fo (NH,)z005, 80 that Ba", x2 and Ca®* precipitate completely gat. What is Nessle's reagent. What Is its IUPAC name? ‘ans. Nessers Reagent Is an alkaline solution of Kel. can be named as G.22, What is the name of the product obtained when NH,” ons are reacted with Nessler's' ‘Ans. The product Is called lodide of Millon's Base. 283. Give one example of a basle radical which is not @ metal ‘Ans. NH: Get, Why are sodium, potassium or ammonium ions not precipitated in any of the groups? sare. The hyéroxies, suphides, carbonates and suiphates of these eaions are solble: cess, What isthe oxidation state of Fe in potassium ferricyanide and potassium ferrocyanide? vane, (a) Potassium fercyanide is Ke[Fo)CN}q containing (ericyanide ions [Fe(CNygi. Let oxidation state of Fe be x So, x-6=-3 x=-3+ () Potassium ferrocyanide is Ki Let oxidation state of Fe be x. So potassium tetralode mercurato (") 's Reagent? =+3. {Fe(CN),) containing ferrocyanide ions [Fe(CN),}* @.86. 1! the Ksp of AgCI is 1.8x10-"9 at 25°C, what is the equilibrium concentration of [Cr] fons ‘Ans. sp is defined as the product of concentration of the jons is @ saturated solution. Agcl — Ag’ + cr ‘At equilibrium fat) = ter) Oy ‘Aiso the expression of Ksp can be written as [Agt] [Cr] = 1.8x10"? (2) Ksp Substituting [CI] instead of (Ag*] in expression (2) From (1) we get Ksp [Ag'] [Ag*] = 1.81077 So TAg*? 4.8x10-10 Therefore (Ag'] = 13x10 M. The equilibrium concentration of [CI] will also be 1.3x10°° M. This value is quite low which means if the concentration of (Ag'] and [CI] exceeds this low value, AgCI will precipitate o That is why siver chloride precipitates out on adding AgNO, to any aqueous solution of Ct” ions easily. 145 Scanned with CamScanner