Unit i Present perfect with just, yet, and already : Form the present perfect with has/have + past participle. Use just, yet, and already with the present perfect. Just means a “short between has/have and the past participle. ve just seen a really great movie. Have you just arrived? Already shows that something happened sooner than the speaker expected. Already usually comes between has/have and the past participle or at the end of the sentence. You've already told me that. He's taken his driving test six tines already. Yet means “until now" and shows that the speaker is expecting something to happen. Yet usually comes at the end of questions and negative sentences. Have you seen Dave yet? J haven't gotten the tickets yet. Verbs with direct and indirect objects ‘Some verbs can be followed by both a direct object and an indirect object. The indirect object usually refers to a person and comes first: verb + indirect object + direct object He gave his wife some earrings for her birthday. The indirect object can also come after the direct object. In this case, use (0 before the indirect object: verb + direct object + fo + indirect object He gave some earrinas to his wife for her birthday. ral to use verb + indirect i indirect weve Its Mpject, espectally when the in abe ai him, her, it, us, ther). object is a pronoun (me, i te gave her some earrings for her birthday. However, itis more natu Some verbs commonly followed by two objects are: ive, bring, offer, lend, owe, 70+ tell, promise, buy, teach, show, write Past perfect ., ‘| about an action or st perfect to tat 2 ee te fore another action in the actions that happened be! past. When | saw him, I realize Isawhim now 1 ed I'd met him before. 1 had met him <— Form the past perfect with had + past participle. _ Late.like a horse because | hadn't eaten all day. ‘The past perfect is common after verbs of “saying” or “thinking” I told her we had bought the tickets. She reclized she'd met him before somewhere. Unit Vocabulary tion car plane taxi train ferh phrases about travel got on or off a bus/train/plane/bicycle take a bus/train/plane/taxi miss a bus/train/plane ride a bicycle go sightseeing go camping rentacar g0 abroad stay in hotels book early Greetings and presents, shake hands (with someone) bow (to someone) akiss wave (to someone) give a present or gift hrang out at the beach go skiing/snowboarding use local transportation travel in your own country get a last-minute deal a handshake kiss (someone) awave abow eee Escaneado con CamScannera ee REALS NCD SATE NAO GAINES SEAS SISTENT SRST Unis 12 Reference Unreal conditional ‘Achange of speaker may mean a change of pronoun, Use the unreal conditional to talfé about unlikely or “We don’t like Tony.” imagined situations in the present or future. ‘She said that they didn’t like Tony. Form: If+ simple past, would (or "d) + verb A If | won some money, I'd go to Australia. Conjunctions: both, neither, The if clause can come first or second. either {id train to be a pitot if | weren't afraid of fying. Use both, neither, and either to talk about two When we are less certain, we can use might instead __people or things. For example: of would. Both jackets are expensive. If had more money, I might buy some new clothes. Neither jacket fits me very welt. ‘Compare with the real conditional, which we use for I don't like either jacket. talking about possible situations in the future, Use both with a plural noun. It means one and the If pass all my tests, | will go out to celebrote. other. . Use neither with a singular noun. It means not one Reported speech and not the other. Use reported or indirect speech to tell people what_ Use either with a singular noun, It means one oF somebody said or thought. the other. | ‘Make the tense of the verb one “step” further back When you use both/neither/either + of, you also into the past. need the or these/those or my/your/his, etc. Ifa noun follows, it must be plural. Both of my sisters are in college. Indirect reported speech Neither of them ismarried. $50." | He said (ha) he | haven't seen either of them for ages. ing She said (that) janice You can use both... and. was living in Ecuador. } | He said (that) she had _ gone home. He's both intelligent and good-looking. Neither is usually used instead of both ... not. ‘He said (that) she had iy Neither of them came to the meeting. worked there | worked there since . . Since March." | March, Hq For the negative, use neither... nor. (formal) ‘pm sure she'll. He said he was sure she He speaks neither Japanese nor Chinese. passthe test.” | swould pass the test, _—————— Unit Vocabulary If somebody said something that is still true when it Money is reported, tenses don't always change. lend borrow earn a salary a » save’ withdraw pay with cash Lo erry eam pay taxes get a pension She said that she doesn't like carrots, spend pay interest Say or tell are often used in reported speech. Tell Other vocabulary must have an object. We fell somebody something. stands (n) take to court That is often left out. official split She said she saw Gordon on Friday, grab sue end up She told me she saw Gordon on Friday. ri 7 Escaneado con CamScannernit 1 Reference Auxiliary verbs: do/be/have “Use the auxiliary verbs do, be, and have to form tenses _and make questions, short answers, and negatives. Use the verb do as the auxiliary verb with the “simple” tenses, except if the main verb is be. Does he smoke? Yes, he does. No, he doesn’t. When do you have breakfast? don't have breakfast. Are you hungry? NOT: Bo-you-hungry? Use the verb be with continuous forms. am (not) studying German. Are you studying? Yes, | am. No, Pm not. Use have to make perfect verb forms. have] haven't finished my book. Have you finished? Yes, | have. No, ! haven't. Simple present and present continuous Use the simple present for: 1. habits and routines. Seung-Ah starts work at eight o’ dock. 2, things that are always true or permanent. Spain is @ hot country 3. describing a state or situation. Dimitri is really happy about his new job. Use the present continuous for: 4. things that are happening now at this precise moment. Jade is taking o shower. ‘2. temporary situations that are happening around now (but not at this exact moment). 1am learning Spanish for my job. ‘Some verbs are used in the simple present and present continuous, but their meaning changes. We're having a wonderful vacation. (have = action/ experience—can be used in the continuous) We have a lovely room by the sea. (have = possess—can't be used in the continuous) The following verbs are not usually used in the continuous form: like, love, hate, have (possess), need, | want, prefer, find, know, realize, believe, understand, | remember, seem, suppose, mean, see, hear, smell, taste. en een Present perfect and simple past Use the present perfect to describe: 4. an action that started in the past and continues in the present (unfinished time). Ihave knovm her since | was a child. (I met her when | was a child and I still know her) 2; an action that happened in the past but has a result inthe present (present result). Tom has left his bag at home, (He doesn't have it now) Use the simple past to talk about something that happened at a specific time (details). ‘My mother called me yesterday. for and since ‘The present perfect is often used with for and since. Use for + period of time and since + point in time. I've known her for two months/since April. Phrasal verbs Form: verb + one or two prepositions: (or adverb) He grew up in Fiance. | got along with her A phrasal verb can have more than one meaning. Take off. The plane took off at 6:00. | took off my coat. ‘The meaning often has no connection with the verb. We ran out of money. (= There is none left.) Phrasal verbs are often informal or spoken English. Often there is a formal word which means the same. The bomb will go off. (= The bomb will explode.) Unit Vocabulary Relationships boss co-worker teammate 2 on husband stepmother acquaintance stranger _lose touch father-in-law classmate ex-girlfriend keep in touch fiend ofa fiend close/old/best friend have alot in common enjoy his/her company get along get to know him/her have the same sense of humor Verbs /adjectives + prepositions belongto crazy about —_use (something) for talk about worry about __ spend money on good at _interested in ' Hl 2 ce Escaneado con CamScanner