Siberian Mathematical Journal, Vol. 57, No. 3, pp.

505–512, 2016
Original Russian Text Copyright c 2016 Galoyan L.N. and Melikbekyan R.G.

BEHAVIOR OF THE FOURIER–WALSH COEFFICIENTS

OF A CORRECTED FUNCTION

c L. N. Galoyan and R. G. Melikbekyan UDC 517.51

Abstract: We prove that, given a sequence {ak }∞ ∞

k=1 with ak ↓ 0 and {ak }k=1 ∈
/ l2 , reals 0 < ε < 1 and
p p
p ∈ [1, 2], and f ∈ L (0, 1), we can find f˜ ∈ L (0, 1) with mes{f = f˜} < ε whose nonzero Fourier–Walsh
coefficients ck (f˜) are such that |ck (f˜)| = ak for k ∈ spec(f˜).
DOI: 10.1134/S0037446616030113
Keywords: Fourier coefficients, Walsh system, Lp (0, 1) space

Introduction. This article studies the behavior of the Fourier coefficients of a function with respect to
the Walsh system after correction of the function. The Walsh–Paley system {Wk } is the collection of
functions (see [1, 2])
k
 k

W0 (x) = 1, Wn (x) = rms (x), n= 2ms , m1 > m2 > · · · > ms ,
s=1 s=1

where {rk (x)}∞

k=0 is the Rademacher system
  
1, x ∈ 0, 12 ,
r0 (x) =  
−1, x ∈ 12 , 1 ,
r0 (x + 1) = r0 (x), rk (x) = r0 (2k x), k = 1, 2, . . . .
Put
1
ck (f ) = f (x)Wk (x) dx, where f (x) ∈ L1 [0, 1], k = 0, 1, . . . ,
0
spec(f ) = {k ∈ N ∪ {0}, ck (f ) = 0}.
We prove the following statement.
Theorem. Consider a sequence {ak }∞ ∞
k=1 with ak ↓ 0 and {ak }k=1 ∈ / l2 . Given 0 < ε < 1 and
p p
p ∈ [1, 2], as well as f ∈ L (0, 1), there is f̃ ∈ L (0, 1) with mes{f = f̃ } < ε and nonzero Fourier–Walsh
coefficients satisfying |ck (f̃ )| = ak , k ∈ spec(f̃ ).
Recall that the idea of correcting a function to improve its properties belongs to Luzin [3], who
obtained his famous theorem in 1912.
Theorem 1 (Luzin’s C-Property). Given a measurable almost everywhere finite function f on [0, 1]
and ε > 0, there are a measurable set E of measure |E| > 1 − ε and a continuous function g on [0, 1]
coinciding with f on E.
In 1939 Menchoff proved in [4] the following definitive theorem.
Theorem 2 (Menchoff’s Strong C-Property). Given a measurable almost everywhere finite func-
tion f on [0, 2π], for every ε > 0 there is a continuous function g coinciding with f on some set E of
measure |E| > 2π − ε whose Fourier series with respect to the trigonometric system converges uniformly
on [0, 2π].

Yerevan. Translated from Sibirskiı̆ Matematicheskiı̆ Zhurnal, Vol. 57, No. 3, pp. 641–649, May–June, 2016;
DOI: 10.17377/smzh.2016.57.311. Original article submitted September 30, 2015.
0037-4466/16/5703–0505 505
 In 1988 Grigorian proved [5] that the trigonometric system enjoys the strong L1 -property of summable
functions. It amounts to the following: for every ε > 0 there exists a measurable set E ⊂ [0, 2π] of measure
|E| > 2π − ε such that for each f ∈ L1 [0, 2π] we can find g ∈ L1 [0, 2π] coinciding with f on E whose
Fourier series with respect to the trigonometric system converges to g in the norm of L1 [0, 2π].
Further interesting results in this direction were obtained in [3–17]. A series of articles [7–12] discuss
correction theorems aiming at the monotonicity of the absolute values of nonzero Fourier coefficients
(with respect to Haar, Walsh, and Faber–Schauder systems) of the corrected function.
Let us recall some statements directly related to the result of this article.
(a) For the Haar system χ = {χn (x)} it is established [7] that, given a sequence ak ↓ 0 with
ak = o √1 and {ak }∞ k=1 ∈/ l2 , as well as ε > 0, there exists a measurable set E ⊂ [0, 1] of measure
k
|E| > 1 − ε such that for each f ∈ L1 (0, 1) we can find f̃ ∈ L1 (0, 1) with f̃ (x) = f (x) on E whose
Fourier–Haar coefficients satisfy

1
f̃ (x)χn (x) dx = an , n ∈ spec(f̃ ).
0

For the Walsh system {Wn } the following results are obtained in [9, 10].
(b) Given 0 < ε < 1 and p ≥ 1, for each f ∈ Lp (0, 1) there is f̃ ∈ Lp (0, 1) with mes{f = f̃ } < ε such
that all nonzero terms of the sequence {|cn (f̃ )|} lie in decreasing order, where ck (f̃ ) are the Fourier–Walsh
coefficients of the corrected function f̃ .
(c) Given 0 < ε < 1, there is a measurable set E ⊂ [0, 1] of measure |E| > 1 − ε such that for
each f ∈ L1 [0, 1) we can find f̃ ∈ L1 [0, 1) coinciding with f on E whose Fourier–Walsh series converges
to g almost everywhere on [0, 1) and all nonzero terms of the sequence of Fourier–Walsh coefficients of
a function lie in decreasing order.
(d) Given a sequence ak ↓ 0 with {ak }∞k=1 ∈/ l2 and ε > 0, there is a measurable set E ⊂ [0, 1] of
measure |E| > 1 − ε such that for each f ∈ L (0, 1) we can find f̃ ∈ L1 (0, 1) coinciding with f on E and
1

satisfying
1
cn (f̃ ) = f̃ (x)Wn (x) dx = an , n ∈ spec(f̃ ).
0

For the Faber–Schauder system {Φn (x)} the following holds [12].

(e) If bk ↓ 0 and ∞ bk
k=1 k = ∞ then, given ε > 0, for each measurable almost everywhere finite
function f on [0, 1] we can define the continuous function
∞

f̃ (x) = Ak (f̃ )Φk (x)
k=0

with mes{f = f̃ } < ε such that |An (f̃ )| = bn for n ∈ spec(f̃ ).

Auxiliary statements. We use the lemma proved in [14]:
Lemma 1. Take a sequence {ak }∞ ∞
k=1 with ak ↓ 0 and{ak }k=1∈
/ l2 , an integer n0 > 1, reals γ = 0,
(k) k−1 k
ε > 0, and δ > 0, as well as an interval Δ = Δm = 2m , 2m with k ∈ [1, 2m ]. Then there are
a measurable set E ⊂ Δ and polynomials
n −1
2 n −1
2
H(x) = bk Wk (x), Q(x) = δk ak Wk (x)
k=2n0 k=2n0

506
with respect to the Walsh system satisfying the conditions
(a) δk = ±1, 0;
(b) |E| = |Δ|(1 − ε);
(c) H(x) = 0 for x ∈ [0, 1] \ Δ;
(d) |Q(x) − γ| < δ for x ∈ E;
(e) |H(x)| < C |γ|
ε + δ for x∈ Δ, where C is an absolute constant;

1
(f) 0 |Q(x) − H(x)|2 dx < εδ 2 |Δ|.
Here is the main tool for proving the theorem.
Lemma 2. Take a sequence {ak }∞ ∞
k=1 with ak ↓ 0 and {ak }k=1 ∈
/ l2 . Given n0 ∈ N and reals 0 < δ,
ε < 1 and p ∈ [1, 2], for each polynomial f (x) with respect to the Walsh system with |f | > 0 there are
a measurable set E ⊂ [0, 1], a function g, and a polynomial
n −1
2
Q(x) = δk ak Wk (x), where δk = ±1, 0,
k=2n0

with respect to the Walsh system satisfying the conditions

(a) |E| = 1 − ε;
(b) g(x) = f (x) for x ∈ E;

1 1/2
(c) 0 |Q(x) − g(x)|2 dx < δ;

1 p
1/p B 
1 1/p
(d) 0 |g(x)| dx ≤ ε 0 |f (x)|p dx ∀p ∈ [1, 2];
where B is an absolute constant.
Proof of Lemma 2. Suppose that
μ0
 μ0

f (x) = γν χΔν (x), [0, 1) = Δν , (1)
ν=1 ν=1

where Δν for ν = 1, 2, . . . , μ0 are some disjoint binary intervals, and χΔ stands for the characteristic
function of a set Δ. Choose a real β > 0 so that

 μ0
   1 1/p 
1 δ min |f |
max β, β |Δν | 2 < min ;C ; |f |p dx . (2)
4 ε
ν=1 0

Applying Lemma 1 for all 1 ≤ ν ≤ μ0 in succession, we can define Eν ⊂ Δν and polynomials

2N
ν −1 2N
ν −1

Hν (x) = bk Wk (x), Qν (x) = δk ak Wk (x),

k=2Nν−1 k=2Nν−1

where N0 = n0 , such that

(i) δk = ±1, 0;
(ii) |Eν | = |Δν |(1 − ε);
(iii) Hν (x) = 0 for x ∈ [0, 1] \ Δν ;
(iv) |Qν (x) − γν | < β for x ∈ Eν ;
(v) |Hν (x)| < C |γεν | + β for x∈ Δν , where C > 1 is an absolute constant;

1
(vi) 0 |Qν (x) − Hν (x)|2 dx < εβ 2 |Δν |.

507
 Put
μ0

E= Eν , (3)
ν=1
μ0

Q(x) = Qν (x), (4)
ν=1
μ0
H(x) = Hν (x), (5)
ν=1

f (x) for x ∈ E,
g(x) = (6)
Q(x) for x∈ [0, 1] \ E.
From (3), (6), and (ii) we infer that
g(x) = f (x) for x ∈ E, |E| = 1 − ε,
i.e., claims (a) and (b) hold. By (2), (4), (5), and (vi), we have
1 1/2 μ0 1 1/2
2
|Q(x) − H(x)| dx ≤ |Qν (x) − Hν (x)|2 dx
0 ν=1 0
μ0
  1 1/p 
1 δ p
≤β (ε|Δν |) < min
2 ; |f | dx . (7)
4
ν=1 0
Using (1), (2), (iii), (iv), and (vi), we obtain
 1/2  μ0  1/2
|H(x) − f (x)|2 dx ≤ |Hν (x) − γν |2 dx
E ν=1 Eν
μ0 
 1/2 μ0  1/2
2 2
≤ |Hν (x) − Qν (x)| dx + |Qν (x) − γν | dx
ν=1 Eν ν=1 Eν
μ0
 μ0

1 1 δ
<β (ε|Δν |) 2 + β |Δν | 2 < . (8)
2
ν=1 ν=1
Therefore, from (4)–(7) we conclude that
1 1/2  1/2
|Q(x) − g(x)|2 dx = |Q(x) − f (x)|2 dx
0 E
1 1/2  1/2
2 2
≤ |Q(x) − H(x)| dx + |H(x) − f (x)| dx < δ,
0 E
which proves (c) of the Lemma.
Furthermore, using (2), (5), (iii), and (v), for every p ∈ [1, 2] we obtain
1 1/p  μ0  1/p  μ0  1/p
p p p
|H(x)| dx = |H(x)| dx = |Hν (x)| dx
0 ν=1Δ ν=1Δ
ν ν


μ0 p 1/p 1 1/p
|γν | 2C p
≤ C + β |Δν | ≤ |f (x)| dx .
ε ε
ν=1 0

508
Therefore, (6) and (7) imply that for all p ∈ [1, 2] we have
1 1/p 1 1/p 1 1/p
p p
|g(x)| dx ≤ |f (x)| dx + |Q(x)|p dx
0 0 0
1 1/p 1 1/2 1 1/p
p 2 p
≤ |f (x)| dx + |Q(x) − H(x)| dx + |H(x)| dx
0 0 0
1 1/p
4C p
< |f (x)| dx ;
ε
0

i.e., (d) holds with B = 4C.

The proof of Lemma 2 is complete.
Proof of the theorem. Take a sequence {ak }∞ ∞
k=1 with ak ↓ 0 and {ak }k=1 ∈
/ l2 . Fix 0 < ε < 1
and p ∈ [1, 2]. Enumerating all Walsh polynomials with rational coefficients, we can express them as the
sequence
{fn (x)}∞
n=1 . (9)
 (j) n  (j) n
Applying Lemma 2, we can find gn (x) j=1 for n ≥ 1, En j=1 for n ≥ 1, and
(j)
2m
n −1
(n,j)  (n,j) 
Q(j)
n (x) = δk ak Wk (x) δk = ±1, 0 , (10)
(j−1)
k=2mn

where
(j)
(0) (1) (0) (1) (2)
Mn(j) = 2mn , 0 ≤ M1 < M1 = M2 < M2 < M2
(n−1) (0) (1)
< · · · < Mn−1 = Mn(0) < Mn(1) < · · · < Mn(n) = Mn+1 < Mn+1 . . . , (11)

satisfying the conditions

gn(j) (x) = fn (x) f or x ∈ En(j) , (12)
 (j) 
En  = 1 − 2−j , (13)
1
 (j) 
Qn (x) − gn(j) (x)2 dx < 2−4n , 1 ≤ j ≤ n, (14)
0
 (j) 
gn (x) < B · 2j fn p , 1 ≤ j ≤ n. (15)
p

Given f (x) ∈ Lp [0, 1], put λ = max{1; f p }. It is not difficult to see that we can extract a subse-
quence {fkn (x)}∞
n=1 of (9) so that

 
 N 

lim  fkn (x) − f (x)
N →∞  = 0, (16)
n=1 p

fkn (x)p ≤ 4−2n , n ≥ 2, (17)

where
k1 > j0 = [log 1 ε] + 1. (18)
2

509
 (j +1) (j +1) (j +1)
Put Q1 (x) = Qk10 , E1 = Ek10 , and g1 = gk10 . Assume that some reals k1 = ν1 < · · · < νq−1 ,
functions fνn (x) and gn (x) for 1 ≤ n ≤ q − 1, sets En for 1 ≤ n ≤ q − 1, and polynomials
(n+j0 )
Mνn
 −1 (νn ,n+j0 )
Qn (x) = Qν(n+j
n
0)
(x) = δk ak Wk (x)
(n+j −1)
k=Mνn 0

are defined and satisfy for all 1 ≤ n ≤ q − 1 the conditions

gn (x) = fkn (x), x ∈ En , (19)
 
 n 
 [Q (x) − g (x)] < 4−(n−1) , (20)
 k k 
k=1 p

|En | > 1 − ε2−n , (21)

Bλ −(n−8)
gn (x)p < ·2 , (22)
ε
fνn p < λ · 4−(n−3) ,
where B > 1 is the constant of Lemma 2. It is not difficult to see that we can choose fνq (x) (with νq >
νq−1 ) in (9) so that
1  q−1
 p
 
fνq (x) − fk (x) − [Qi (x) − gi (x)]  dx < 4−2pq . (23)
 q

0 i=1

By (17), (20), and (23),

 q−1
 
 

fνq p ≤ fνq (x) − fkq (x) − [Qi (x) − gi (x)] 

i=1 p
 
 q−1 

+fkq p +  [Qi (x) − gi (x)] −(q−3)
 <λ·4 . (24)
i=1 p

Put  
gq (x) = fkq (x) + gν(q+j
q
0)
(x) − fνq (x) , (25)
(q+j0 )
Mνq −1
 (νq ,n+j0 )
Qq (x) = Qν(q+j
q
0)
(x) = δk ak Wk (x), (26)
(q+j −1)
k=Mνq 0

Eq (x) = Eν(q+j
q
0)
. (27)
Taking (12) and (27) into account, we obtain
gq (x) = fkq (x), x ∈ Eq .
By (14) and (23)–(26),
   
 q   q−1 
 [Qj (x) − gj (x)]  [Qj (x) − gj (x)] + Qq (x) − gq (x)
  = 
j=1 p j=1 p
 q−1 
    
≤f
 νq (x) − fkq (x) − [Qi (x) − gi (x)]  + gν(q+j0 ) − Qν(q+j0 )  < 4−(q−1) .
 q q p
i=1 p

510
It follows from (15), (20), and (23)–(25) that
 q−1
 
 
gq (x)p ≤ 
fνq (x) − fkq (x) − [Qi (x) − gi (x)] 

i=1 p
 
 q−1   (q+j ) 

+ [(Qj (x)) − gj (x)]  0 
 + gνq p
j=1 p

Bλ −q+8
< 4−2q + 4−q+2 + B · 2q+j0 fνq (x)p < ·2 .
ε
By induction we define {gq (x)}∞ ∞
q=1 , {Eq }q=1 , and {Qq (x)} satisfying (19)–(22) for all q ≥ 1. Put

∞

E= Eq . (28)
q=1

From (21) we conclude that |E| > 1 − ε.

Moreover, according to (22), we have
 
 ∞  ∞

 
gq (x) ≤ gq (x)p < ∞. (29)

q=1 p q=1

Define the function f̃ (x) and the real sequence {δk } as

∞

f̃ (x) = gq (x), (30)
q=1

⎧ (νq ,q+j0 )  (q+j −1) (q+j ) 

⎨ δk , k ∈ Mνq 0 , Mνq 0 , q = 1, 2, . . . ,
∞ 
δk =  (q+j −1) (q+j ) 
⎩ 0, k∈/ Mνq 0 , Mνq 0 .
q=1

From (16), (19), (20), (22), and (28)–(30) we infer that

f̃ (x) ∈ Lp [0, 1], f̃ (x) = f (x), x ∈ E,

   
 q−1   q−1  ∞
Bλ −(q−10)
  
Qn (x) − f̃ (x) ≤  
(Qn (x) − gn (x)) + gn (x)p ≤ ·2 ,
 ε
n=1 p n=1 p n=q

and therefore (see (26))

1
δk ak = f̃ (x)Wk (x) dx = cn (f̃ ), k = 0, 1, 2, . . . .
0

The proof of the theorem is complete.

The questions arise whose answers we are unaware of:
Question 1. Does the Theorem hold for p > 2?
Question 2. Does the Theorem hold for the trigonometric system?

511
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L. N. Galoyan; R. G. Melikbekyan
Yerevan State University, Yerevan, Armenia
E-mail address: levongaloyan@mail.ysu.am; melikbekyan@yahoo.com

512