SUBMITTED BY: AMRITA MANDAL

SUBJECT: YOGA

ASSIGNMENT II

1) According to yoga how does a disease manifest in our body? Explain in your own
words
A situation of the body, wherein its most reliable functioning is disrupted or deranged is
referred to as sickness. Vyadhi is recognised as bodily contamination in keeping with yoga
sutras. There are 5 root reasons of all varieties of sicknesses. They consist of ignorance
(avidya), ego (asmita), desire (raga), aversion (dvesha) and worry of death (abhinivesha).
Among those, ignorance (avidya) is stated to be the basis of all different afflictions.
According to yoga, When our intellectual peace is disrupted or we turn out to be mentally
weak, at that point sickness happen in our body. Ignorance is the basis motive of all of the
sicknesses. The bodily manifestation of the adhis can take 3 forms: • Ajeernatva: indigestion
or reduced hobby of digestive tract. • Atijeernatva: immoderate functioning of the digestive
tract. • Kujeernatva: odd functioning of the digestive tract. In Naturopathic philosophy, it's
miles believed that the mistaken functioning of the digestive tract is the basis motive of all
sicknesses. In fact, “constipation is referred to as the mom of sicknesses”. This
announcement helps that the causality of all sicknesses happens thru this development of
events. The development of signs and symptoms in those psychosomatic problems are
stated to arise withinside the following 4 phases. The 1st section is Psychic section in which
Mild chronic mental and behavioral signs and symptoms are seen. Eg: irritability, disturbed
sleep. Then the 2d section is Psychosomatic section, in which Appearance of generalized
physiological signs and symptoms. Eg: hypertension, tremors. Then the 0.33 section is
Somatic section, in which Disturbed characteristic of organs, in particular the weaker organs.
Eg: pre-diabetes, overweight. Then the final section is Organic section in which Full
manifestation of the sickness observed through pathological changes. The organs may also
on occasion be irreversibly damaged. Eg: peptic ulcer, cancer.
2) Explain different types of breathing .

Eupnea: a mode of breathing that occurs at rest and does not require the cognitive thought
of the individual. During eupnea, also referred to as quiet breathing, the diaphragm and
external intercostals must contract.

Diaphragmatic breathing: a mode of breathing that requires the diaphragm to contract. As

the diaphragm relaxes, air passively leaves the lungs. This type of breathing is also known as
deep breathing.

Costal breathing: a mode of breathing that requires contraction of the intercostal muscles.
As the intercostal muscles relax, air passively leaves the lungs. This type of breathing is also
known as shallow breathing.
Hyperpnea: a mode of breathing that can occur during exercise or actions that require the
active manipulation of breathing, such as singing. During hyperpnea, also known as forced
breathing, inspiration and expiration both occur due to muscle contractions. In addition to
the contraction of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, other accessory muscles must
also contract. During forced inspiration, muscles of the neck, including the scalenes,
contract and lift the thoracic wall, increasing lung volume. During forced expiration,
accessory muscles of the abdomen, including the obliques, contract, forcing abdominal
organs upward against the diaphragm. This helps to push the diaphragm further into the
thorax, pushing more air out. In addition, accessory muscles (primarily the internal
intercostals) help to compress the rib cage, which also reduces the volume of the thoracic
cavity.

3) Why & how is a disease psychosomatic?

A psychosomatic illness originates from or is aggravated by emotional stress and manifests
in the body as physical pain and other symptoms. Depression can also contribute to
psychosomatic illness, especially when the body's immune system has been weakened by
severe and/or chronic stress. A psychosomatic disorder is a disease which involves both
mind and body. Some physical diseases are thought to be particularly prone to being made
worse by mental factors such as stress and anxiety. Our mental state can affect how bad a
physical disease is at any given time.
The term psychosomatic refers to real physical symptoms that arise from or are influenced
by the mind and emotions rather than a specific organic cause in the body (such as an injury
or infection). 
A psychosomatic illness originates from or is aggravated by emotional stress and manifests
in the body as physical pain and other symptoms. Depression can also contribute to
psychosomatic illness, especially when the body’s immune system has been weakened by
severe and/or chronic stress. 
A common misconception is that psychosomatic conditions are imaginary or "all in the
head." In reality, physical symptoms of psychosomatic conditions are real and require
treatment just as any other illness would. Unfortunately, effective treatment doesn't always
come in a timely or effective manner.
The pervasive social stigma attached to psychosomatic illness may prevent someone from
seeking treatment. Even when someone does seek treatment, stigma is also present in
research and medical communities, at least in part because the mechanisms that drive the
stress-illness relationship are not yet fully understood. 
4) which pranayama has the deepest relaxing and therapeutic effects on our body and
mind? Please support your answer why.
Nadi Shodhana pranayama has the deepest relaxing and therapeutic effects on our body
and mind.
Benefits:
 Lowers heart rate and reduces stress and anxiety
 Said to synchronize the two hemispheres of the brain
 Said to purify the subtle energy channels (nadis) of the body so the prana flows more
easily during pranayama practice

Nadi Shodhana, also known as Alternate Nostril Breathing, can have a profound impact on
your body, mind, and nervous system. This is a simple and powerful tool, which can be used
by most people as a simple and effective practice to clear the mind and calm the whole self.
The translation of Nadi Shodhana is fairly straightforward.
Nadi means “channel” and Shodhana means “purification.” So among many other things,
the purpose is in the title, to purify or clear the channels of the subtle and physical body. For
each of us, every 90 minutes or so, we will have alternating nostril dominance. This means
that whichever nostril is dominant has some effect on which parts of your nervous system
and brain are more stimulated, affecting your clarity of mind and general capacity to
function in different ways.
In addition to carrying a larger supply of oxygen to the blood than regular breathing, Nadi
Shodhana soothes the nerves, helps to still the mind, and balances the subtle energy of the
body. While there are many types of pranayama and ways in which we can guide the breath
to achieve specific effects, Nadi Shodhana can be accessed by almost anyone and effective
for the stresses of every day life.
This type of breath, when performed consistently, can have a substantial effect on the
nervous system and improving general wellbeing.

5) what is breathe modification? Why is it done?

Modified Paced Breathing
Easy, rhythmical breathing with a frequency of approximately twice our normal respiratory
rate. Relaxed movement in chest and abdomen with more use of intercostal (chest) muscle.
Use same steady rate throughout contraction or use attention focusing strategies as
needed.
6) explain in brief:
2 sitting asanas:
Padmasana (lotus position)
This is the most basic sitting pose where you sit cross-legged with the right leg over the left
thigh and the left over the right thigh. It might be difficult if you are not able to flex your legs
and thighs adequately, in which case, you can do Ardha Padmasana or Half Lotus Pose.
Here, just place one leg on the other thigh keeping the other leg on the ground. With time,
you might be able to keep both legs in this posture.
Benefits:
a. Improves digestion
b. Reduces muscular tension 
c. Regulates blood pressure 
d. Deeply relaxes the body and mind
e. Helps pregnant ladies during childbirth as it strengthens the pelvic region 
f. Reduces menstrual discomfort
Badhakonasana (butterfly pose)
While sitting, bend the knees, bringing the feet towards the pelvis, the soles touching each
other. Hold both feet with your hands. Press the knees and thighs downwards and flap
them. This relaxing stretch will help loosen muscles in the hips, groin, and thigh regions.

Benefits:
a. Stretches the inner thighs, groins and knees, improving flexibility in the groin and hip
region

b. Helps in intestine and bowel movement

c. Removes fatigue from long hours of standing and walking

d. Offers relief from menstrual discomfort and menopause symptoms

e. Helps in a smooth delivery, if practiced regularly until late pregnancy.

2 standing asanas:
Vrksasana, Tree Pose
In Tree Pose, we balance on one leg and open up the hip of the other leg. This helps to build
on the alignment established in Tadasana but makes it more challenging to maintain by
introducing a postural asymmetry and cutting the base of support in half.This is one of the
strongest yoga poses for maintaining balance and is an important pose for practitioners of
an older age group who are looking to maintain their mobility and live an active lifestyle as
they age.

Padangusthasana, Big Toe Pose:

Padangusthasana is a powerful forward bend that is well worth spending a bit of extra time
refining in your yoga practice. Most modern people tend to have tight hamstrings, either
from long periods of sitting in chairs or from long periods of walking. This is the classic pose
to release hamstring tightness.

2 twisting asanas.
Kati Chakrasana- Waist rotating pose

Steps:
Starting in Samasthiti, standing with our feet shoulder width apart, and our weight spread
evenly. Inhale, raising the arms to the shoulder level. Exhale, bringing the left hand on the
right shoulder, and wrap the right arm around the back, bringing the hand around to the left
side of the waist. Look over the right shoulder. Keep the neck staight as if the top of the
spine is a fixed point around which the head turns. Hold the position for two seconds and
inhale, coming back to the starting position. Repeat on the other side. This will be one
round.

Benefits:

 Tones the neck, shoulder, waist back and hips.

 Useful for correcting back stiffness and postural problems.
 The twisting movement induces a feeling of lightness and may be used to relieve
physical and mental tension at any time during the day.

Parsva sirshasana/ twisted headstand

Parsva means side or flank. In this variation, the trunk and the legs are turned sidewards on
either side while balancing without disturbing the position of the head or the hand. First try
this near a wall till you get the confidence to do a free headstand.  The benefits of all
variations of headstand are almost the same with a few additions in the variations.