Delta Load - Load Current and Line Current Relationship:

Three phase sources are usually Wye connected and three phase loads are Delta connected.
There is no neutral connection for the Y- Δ system.

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Line currents are obtained from the phase currents IAB, IBC and ICA

Phasor diagram of phase and line currents

Single phase equivalent circuit of the balanced Wye-delta connection

Balanced Delta-delta Connection:

Two Wattmeter Method of Power Measurement:

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Two Wattmeter Method can be employed to measure the power in a 3 phase, 3 wire star or delta
connected balanced or unbalanced load. In Two wattmeter method the current coils of the wattmeter are
connected with any two lines, say R and Y and the potential coil of each wattmeter is joined across the
same line, the third line i.e. B as shown below in the figure A.
Measurement of Power by Two Wattmeter Method in Star Connection:

Considering the above figure A in which Two Wattmeter W1 and W2 are connected, the instantaneous
current through the current coil of Wattmeter, W1 is given by the equation shown below.

Instantaneous potential difference across the potential coil of Wattmeter, W1 is given as

Instantaneous power measured by the Wattmeter, W1 is

The instantaneous current through the current coil of Wattmeter, W2 is given by the equation

Instantaneous potential difference across the potential coil of Wattmeter, W2 is given as

Instantaneous power measured by the Wattmeter, W2 is

Therefore, the Total Power Measured by the Two Wattmeters W1 and W2 will be obtained by adding the
equation (1) and (2).

Where, P is the total power absorbed in the three loads at any instant.
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Hence, the total instantaneous power absorbed by the three loads Z1, Z2 and Z3, are equal to the sum of
the powers measured by the Two watt meters, W1 and W2.
Measurement of Power by Two Wattmeter Method in Delta Connection

Considering the delta connected circuit shown in the figure below,

The instantaneous current through the coil of the Wattmeter, W1 is given by the equation
Instantaneous voltage measured by the Wattmeter, W1 will be
Therefore, the instantaneous power measured by the Wattmeter, W1 will be given as

The instantaneous current through the current coil of the Wattmeter, W2 is given as
The instantaneous potential difference across the potential coil of Wattmeter, W2 is
Therefore, the instantaneous power measured by Wattmeter, W2 will be
Hence, to obtain the total power measured by the Two Wattmeter the two equations, i.e. equation (3) and

(4) has to be added.

Where, P is the total power absorbed in the three loads at any instant.

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The power measured by the Two Wattmeter at any instant is the instantaneous power absorbed by the
three loads connected in three phases. In fact, this power is the average power drawn by the load since the
Wattmeter reads the average power because of the inertia of their moving system.
Alternate method:

THREE PHASE REAL POWER MEASUREMENTS

The three phase real power is given by,

The three phase power can be measured by using either one wattmeter, two watt meters or three watt
meters in the measuring circuit. Of these, the two wattmeter method is widely used for the obvious
advantages of measurements involved in it as discussed below.
Single Wattmeter Method

Here only one wattmeter is used for measurement of three phase power. For circuits with the balanced
loads, we have: W3ph=3(wattmeter reading). For circuits with the unbalanced loads, we have:
W3ph=sum of the three readings obtained separately by connecting wattmeter in each of the three phases.
If the neutral point is not available (3 phase 3 wire circuits) then an artificial neutral is created for
wattmeter connection purposes. Instead three wattmeters can be connected simultaneously to measure the
three phase power. However, this involves more number of meters to be used for measurements and
hence is not preferred in practice. Instead, the three phase power can be easily measured by using only
two wattmeter method.
Two Wattmeter Method

The circuit diagram for two wattmeter method of measurement of three phase real power is as shown in
the figure 4.7. The current coil of the wattmeters W1 and W2 are inserted respectively in R and Y phases.
The potential coils of the two wattmeters are joined together to phase B, the third phase. Thus, the
voltage applied to the voltage coil of the meter, W1 is VRB= VR-VB, while the voltage applied to the

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voltage coil of the meter, W2 is VYB=VY-VB, where, VR, VB and VC are the phase voltage values of
lines R, Y and B respectively, as illustrated by the phasor diagram of figure 4.8. Thus, the reading of the
two wattmeters can be obtained based on the phasor diagram of figure 4.8, as follows:

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