1a) Stimuli :- The changes in the environment to which living organisms respond are called stimuli. Eg :- heat, cold, sound, smell, taste, touch, pressure, gravity, water etc. Living organisms respond to stimuli in the form of body movements. b) Coordination ;- For a proper response to a stimulus many organs in the body should work together. The working together of various organs in an organism to produce a proper response to a stimulus is called coordination. i) In animals control and co ordination is done by the nervous system and endocrine system. ii) In plants control and co ordination is done by chemical substances called plant hormones or phytohormones.2) Coordination in animals ;- In animals control and co ordination is done by the nervous system and endocrine system. The nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord and nerves. a) Receptors ;- are the sense organs which receive the stimuli and pass the message to the brain or spinal cord through the sensory nerves. Eg :- Photoreceptors in the eyes to detect light. Phonoreceptors in the ears to detect sound. Olfactory receptors in the nose to detect smell. Gustatory receptors in the tongue to detect taste. Tangoreceptors in the skin to detect touch. b) Effectors ;- are the muscles and glands which respond to the information from the brain and spinal cord through the motor nerves. c) Sensory nerves :- are nerves which carry information from the receptors (sense organs) to the brain and spinal cord. d) Motor nerves ;- are nerves which carry information from the brain and spinal cord to the effectors (muscles and glands).HUMAN NERVOUS SYSTEM NERVOUS SYSTEM cerebrum cerebellum spinal cord brachial plexus intercostal nerve radial nerve median nerve ulnar nerve lumbar plexus sacral plexus a digital nerve sciatic nerve Superficial peroneal ‘common peroneal wewe.inFovisual.infe3) Human nervous system :- a) Parts of the nervous system :- The human nervous system consists of the Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System. i) Ihe ceniral nervous system :- consists of the brain, and spinal cord. ii) The peripheral nervous system:- consists of cranial nerves arising from the brain and spinal nerves arising from the spinal cord. Cranial « Central newes: spinal cord. pars of Peripheral (pune ie-ub=rat) Horves go from Your spinal cord Autonomic Gwe toh- NOM i) eres go from your spinal cord fo yourlungs, hearty stomach, Imestines, bladder, and sex organs. To your aries, hands, legs, and featST SYS Js 2 EMCranial (KRAY-nee-ul nerves go from your brain to your eyes, mouth, ears, and other parts of your head. Central nerves are in your brain and spinal cord. Peripheral (puh- RIF-uh-rul) nerves go from your spinal cord to your arms, hands, legs, and feet. Autonomic (aw-toh- NOM. ik) nerves go from your spinal cord to your lungs, heart, stomach, intestines, bladder, and sex organs.b) Nerve cell (Neuron) :- Neuron is the structural and functional unit of the nervous system. It has a cell body called cyton containing a nucleus and cytoplasm. It has several branched structures called dendrites. It has a long nerve fibre called axon which is covered by a protective covering called Myelin sheath. The junction between two neurons is called synapse. Messages pass through the nerve cell in the form of chemical and electrical signals called nerve impulse. The dendrites receive the information and starts a chemical reaction which produce electrical impulse which passes through the axon. Structure of a Typical Neuron Dendrites Axon terminals Cellbody Node of ranvier ‘Schwann's cells Myelin sheath NucleusNeuromuscular junction Muscle. fibre Capillary Mitochondrion» Purkinje cells are a special type of neuron found in the cerebellum. These cells have highly developed dendritic trees which allow them to receive thousands of signals. » Myelin sheath is made by specialized cells called glia. In the brain, the glia that make the sheath are called oligodendrocytes, and in the peripheral nervous system, they are known as Schwann cells. > The brain contains at least ten times more glia than neurons. Glia perform many jobs. Researchers have known for a while that glia transport nutrients to neurons, clean up brain debris, digest parts of dead neurons, and help hold neurons in place. > Nodes of Ranvier are the spaces between the myelin coating on the neuron's axon. Much like the plastic coating on a wire needs to be clear to connect to an appliance and supply power, there must be breaks in the myelin to conduct electricity in neurons. = Electricity travels quickly through the axon wrapped in myelin. At the nodes of Ranvier, electricity can be conducted within the cell's environment, and the electrical signal will be propagated down the axon. = Atthe nodes of Ranvier the cell membrane, or boundary of the cell is exposed. This part of the membrane has proteins, called channel proteins, which allow ions to enter and exit the cell. They're like doors for the cell, letting specific people in and out.This whole process is largely controlled by sodium and potassium ions. Below is a diagram of the sodium and potassium ion channels in neurons. These channels are in the membrane at the nodes of Ranvier. ION CHANNELS Potassium , | iat | (i bilipid yp ‘ gy j membrane sisael eas closed 1 OL closed 2 https://www.youtube.com/watch ?v=oa6rvUJIg70Types of Neurons In terms of function, scientists classify neurons into three broad types: sensory, motor, and interneurons. 1. Sensory neurons Sensory neurons help you: staste smell shear ssee sfeel things around you = Sensory neurons are triggered by physical and chemical inputs from your environment. = Sound, touch, heat, and light are physical inputs. = Smell and taste are chemical inputs. For example, stepping on hot sand activates sensory neurons in the soles of your feet. Those neurons send a message to your brain, which makes you aware of the heat.2. Motor neurons + Motor neurons play a role in movement, including voluntary and involuntary movements. * These neurons allow the brain and spinal cord to communicate with muscles, organs, and glands all over the body. + There are two types of motor neurons: lower and upper. v Lower motor neurons carry signals from the spinal cord to the smooth muscles and the skeletal muscles. ¥ Upper motor neurons carry signals between your brain and spinal cord. For instance, When you eat, lower motor neurons in your spinal cord send signals to the smooth muscles in your esophagus, stomach, and intestines. These muscles contract, which allows food to move through your digestive tract.3. Inter-neurons/Relay Neuron + Interneurons are neural intermediaries found in your brain and spinal cord. They’re the most common type of neuron. + They pass signals from sensory neurons and other interneurons to motor neurons and other inter-neurons. Often, they form complex circuits that help you to react to external stimuli. For instance, when you touch something hot, sensory neurons in your fingertips send a signal to interneurons in your spinal cord. Some interneurons pass the signal on to motor neurons in your hand, which allows you to move your hand away. Other interneurons send a signal to the pain center in your brain, and you experience pain.Structure of neuron (Nerve cell) Structure of a Typical Neuron Dendrites Axon terminals Cell body Node of ranvier Schwann's cells Axon Myelin sheath Nucleus‘Soma (cell body) Dendrite Axon hillock Presynaptic cell ‘Synapse Neuro- transmitter Postsynaptic cellLY Synaptic} 5 Myelin sheath terminals ~Nervous System Central Nervous System — Consisting Brain & Spinal Cord Autonomic Nervous System Which operates automatically or involuntarily Peripheral Nervous System Consisting all nerves of the body like Cranial Nerve, Spinal Nerve, Visceral Nerves etc. | Voluntary Nervous System Which is under the control of brainCENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM eee SPINAL CORD SPINAL — CORD ae - & a sees Frontal lobe: = + faces ae = was ¢ memory — Temporal lobe = a =c) Brain :- The brain is the main coordinating centre in the human body. It is protected by the cranium. It is covered by three membranes called meninges filled with a fluid called cerebrospinal fluid which protects the brain from shocks. The brain has three main parts. They are fore brain, mid brain and hind brain. i) Eore brain ;- consists of the cerebrum and olfactory lobes. It is the thinking part of the brain and controls voluntary actions. It controls touch, smell, hearing, taste, sight, mental activities like thinking, learning, memory, emotions etc. ii) Mid brain :- controls involuntary actions and reflex movements of head, neck, eyes etc. iii) Hind brain ;- consists of cerebellum, pons and medulla. Cerebellum ;- controls body movements, balance and posture. Pons ;- controls respiration. Medulla ;- controls heart beat, blood pressure, swallowing, coughing, sneezing, vomitting etc.HUMAN BRAIN www.BrainHealthandPuzzles.com PARIETAL Li ONTAL Lt TEMPORAL LOBE OCCIPITAL LOBE MEDULLA OBLONGATA CEREBELLUM SPINAL CORDVarious functions of the Brain » Receives information carrying nerve impulse from all the sensory organs of the body. » Responds to the impulse brought in by sensory organs by sending its own instructions through motor nerve to the muscles and glands causing them to function. » It correlates the various stimuli from different sense organs and produces the most appropriate and intelligent response. » It coordinates the body activities so that the mechanisms and chemical reactions of the body work together efficiently. > It stores information so that behavior can be modified according to the past experience.d) Spinal cord ;- The spinal cord starts from the brain and extends through the vertebral column. It has 31 pairs of spinal nerves. It is concerned with spinal reflex actions and the conduction of nerve impulses to and from the brain. Spinal cord Medulla oblongata |_ Cervical nerves |_ Thoracic nerves |_ Lumbar nerves Coccygeal ~ Sacral nerves Posie SoePeripheral Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System Voluntary Nervous System4a) Reflex action :- Reflex action is a sudden, unconcious and involuntary response of the effectors to a stimulus. Eg :- We suddenly withdraw our hand if we suddenly touch a hot object. In this reflex action, the nerves in the skin (receptor) detects the heat and passes the message through the sensory nerves to the spinal cord. Then the information passes through the motor nerves to the muscles (effector) of the hand and we withdraw our hand. Reflex arcsensory neuron Reflex Arc Ri interneuron in spinal cord motor neuron muscle PNS CNSVentral VENTRAL Cell body of Root motor neuron The Pathway for « Reflex Action - the Reflex ArcREFLEX ACTION Cell body of Gray Quads sensory neuron in matter muscle dorsal root Hamstring muscle Spinal cord (cross section) @ Sensory neuron @ Motor neuron @ interneuronb) Reflex arc :- The pathway of a reflex action is called reflex arc. Ina reflex arc the stimulus is received by the receptors (sense organs) and it passes through the sensory nerves to the spinal cord. From the spinal cord the information passes through the motor nerves to the effectors (muscles/glands) for the response. Stimulus Receptors css rgen) > [Sercorneres Spinal cord Effectors J (Muscles/Glands) ¢ Motor nerves ResponseREFLEX ARC A Reflex Arc Shows How Neuron Types Work Together. The afferent and efferent Sensei Eee Om fibers often pass in the same nerve. white matter Integration Sensory neuron Stimulus => Response c matter Somunsucumvins Motor céll bodyMuscular Movements and Nervous Control: Muscle tissues have special filaments, called actin and myosin. When a muscle receives a nerve signal, a series of events is triggered in the muscle. Calcium ions enter the muscle cells. It result in actin and myosin filaments sliding towards each other and that is how a muscle contracts. Contraction in a muscle brings movement in the related organ Information ———> Central © ——> Information (collected by Nervous Processed | nervous tissue) System by (Sensory Nerve} {CNS} (cNs) fssitas made by t (CNS) Muscle shorten (Motor Nerves} t Message Contraction = <——— Muscles, — Passed to (Muscle cell) (Change in shape muscles ‘ and arrangement of proteins) Muscular movement and nervous controlAutonomic Nervous System » Auto means- ‘Self’ and nomos means ‘governing’, so this system is self governing nervous system. > Part of Peripheral Nervous system. > Controls the activities of the internal organs of our body automatically even without our thinking about them. » Controls the specific process like breathing, heart beat, digestion, sweating etc. that maintain or life and keep us alive. » Its nerves are attached to the smooth muscles of the various organs of the human body like head, heart, blood vessels, alimentary canal, lungs, kidney, urinary bladder, glands and skin etc.Voluntary Nervous System > Voluntary means- ‘acting of one's own free will’, so this system is under the control of the person. > Part of Peripheral Nervous system. > Actions like thinking and which are performed by us knowingly are called voluntary actions. > This system helps us to take voluntary actions which are under the conscious control of the brain. » Ex- Writing a letter, Dancing, Kicking a ball etc. Suppose we are walking down to school ata slow pace, After cove dette watch and find that we are gettis z nn SO ee voluntary nervous system ome: oe aut ‘ee ied Wout of (When our eyes see time on the watch, they send this information tothe brain thro ‘nerves. “y we-should walk faster. (ii) The brain sends the instructions to walk faster to the muscles of o (iv) The muscles of the legs act accordingly and make us walk faster. 4 an example of voluntary action and the decision to take this voluntary action h el system, 2Hypothalamus “Testis (in male)The endocrine glands also help in control and coordination. The endocrine glands produce chemical substances which help to control and coordinate various activities in the body. The endocrine glands in our body are :- pineal, hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, adrenal, pancreas, testes and ovary. |.) The pineal gland is a small, pea-shaped gland in the brain. Its function isn't fully understood. Researchers do know that it produces and regulates some hormones, including melatonin. Melatonin is best known for the role it plays in regulating sleep patterns. Il) The hypothalamus is a small region of the brain. It's located at the base of the brain, near the pituitary gland. Hypothalamus plays a crucial role in many important functions, including: releasing hormones, regulating body temperature, maintaining daily physiological cycles, controlling appetite, managing of sexual behaviour, regulating emotional responses. The hormones produced in the hypothalamus are corticotrophin-releasing hormone, dopamine, growth hormone-releasing hormone, somatostatin, gonadotrophin-releasing hormone and thyrotropin-releasing hormone, Oxytocin, Vasopressin. it) The pituitary gland produce growth hormones. Deficiency of this hormone in childhood causes dwarfism. Excess of this hormone causes tall growth.iv) lodine is needed by the thyroid gland to produce the hormone thyroxin. Thyroxin controls the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins and helps in proper growth. If the diet is deficient in iodine it causes goitre, It makes two hormones that are secreted into the blood: thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). These hormones are necessary for all the cells in your body to work normally. > The hypothalamus produces TSH Releasing Hormone (TRH) that signals the pituitary to tell the thyroid gland to produce more or less of T3 and T4 by either increasing or decreasing the release of a hormone called thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). >» Too muchT3 and T4 in your body (hyperthyroidism, and too little T3 and T4 in your body (hypothyroidism): > Hypothyroidism:- Wait gain > Hyperthyroidism:- Weight loss v) Parathyroid glands are four small glands of the endocrine system which regulate the calcium in our bodies by Parathyroid Hormone( PTH). Parathyroid glands are located in the neck behind the thyroid where they continuously monitor and regulate blood calcium levels.aaa ok Hyperthyroidism Symptoms: Extreme Tirdeness/Lethargy/ Spene ae Lack of Stomino/Motivation ee Memory Lom/"Broin Fog! pass rd pt Depression/. rie Mood Swings ne epERe Ree Hearing Loss Wasting of Tongue Weight Tito, culo lok Eyes Goin Hoarseness Rapid Heart FR wih cpetioee 5 of corcion oa Slow Thinking hese! Slow Speech — Slow Pole foe Brite Ridged Nails Joint/_ Muscle Non pitting oedema of onkles Cold/dry/sore/scaley skin/britle nos Low bosal activity level temperature Dry/course site hair oF hie loss Unexploined Weight Gein Pounding Heart Beat Nervousness Sluggish ‘Movement Constipation Premenstrual Tension Intolerance to Cold/Heat/ ‘Sweating/Low Body Temperoture Tingling & Numbness in Extremities Re eae Symptoms: Signs: Protrusion of one or both Protruding Eyes eyeballs (exophthalmos) {exophthalmos) Breathlessness Hair Loss Nervousness. Storing Gaze Difficulty wusea & Vomi ee * Nousea & Vomiting Insomnia Worm Moist Skin Goitre Fost Heart Rate Fotigue Teableg hig Hands ‘overall Heartbeat\ Sensations Skin Blushing/ Flushing Blood Pressure - high Diorthoes Pulse - bounding Increased Bowel Movements Weight Loss Heot intolerance Maicle Wecketas Light or Absent tin ae Breast Development in Men eeVi.) The thymus gland is a small organ behind the breastbone that plays an important function both in the immune system and endocrine system. Though the thymus begins to atrophy (decay) during puberty, its effect in "training" T lymphocytes to fight infections and even cancer lasts for a lifetime. The thymus gland produces several hormones including: “ thymopoietin and thymulin, which are hormones that assist in the process where T cells differentiate into different types “+ thymosin, which accentuates the immune response as well as stimulating pituitary hormones such as growth hormone “ thymic humoral factor, which acts similarly to thymosin, but increases the immune response to viruses in particular VII) The Pancreas produces the hormone insulin which controls the blood sugar level. Increase in blood sugar level causes diabetes. A diabetic patient has to take insulin injections to control his blood sugar level. Q serves as two glands in one: A digestive exocrine gland and A hormone- producing endocrine gland. A) As an exocrine gland, the pancreas excretes enzymes to break down the proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids in food. B) Functioning as an endocrine gland, the pancreas secretes the hormones insulin and glucagon to control blood sugar levels throughout the day.Vill) The adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands) are endocrine glands that produce a variety of hormones including adrenaline and the steroids aldosterone and cortisol. They are found above the kidneys. » Adrenal glands produce hormones that help regulate your metabolism, immune system, blood pressure, response to stress and other essential functions. > Cortisol: control the body’s use of fats, proteins and carbohydrates; suppresses inflammation; regulates blood pressure; increases blood sugar; and can also decrease bone formation. Also controls the sleep/wake cycle. It is released during times of stress to help your body get an energy boost and better handle an emergency situation. > Aldosterone:plays a central role in regulating blood pressure and certain electrolytes (sodium and potassium). Also helps regulate the blood pH by controlling the levels of electrolytes in the blood. » DHEA and Androgenic Steroids: are weak male hormones. They are precursor hormones that are converted in the ovaries into female hormones (estrogens) and in the testes into male hormones (androgens). > Epinephrine (Adrenaline) and Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline) v When we are frightened or angry, the Adrenal glands produce more Adrenalin {Ephinephrin) hormone which is sent through the blood to the heart, rib muscles iaphragm. This increases breathing rate to supply more oxygen to the muscles to prepare the body to either run away or fight with the enemy.IX) The testes in males produces the hormone testosterone which controls the production of male gamete, sperms and changes during puberty. X) The ovary in females produces the hormone oestrogen which controls the development of female sex organs and female features like feminine voice, soft skin, mammary glands etc. It also produces progesterone hormone which controls the uterus changes during menstrual cycle and it also helps in the maintenance of pregnancy. Ovary also make the female gamete called Ova.5) Coordination in plants :- In plants control and coordination is done by chemical substances called plant hormones or phytohormones. Dormancy:- A resting, inactive condition in which metabolism almost stops. There are five main types of plant hormones. They are Auxins, Gibberillins, Cytokinins, Abscisic acid and Ethylene. i) Auxins ;- help in cell division, cell elongation and growth. ii) Gibberillins ;- help in growth of stem and branches. iii) Cytokinins:- help in cell division, formation of fruits?” seeds. iv) Abscisic acid ;- inhibits growth and affects wilting of leaves. v) Ethylene ;- helps in flowering and ripening of fruits.ir. No. PLANT HORMONES 3. 4 Auxins . and cell in plants. (Naturally occuring * These also Peis differentiation in pla auxin is indole t. Mi Buacttic acid) f ge int growth movements, ie., tropisms. (i.e., the formation of seedless fruits ate = omote ment and cell differentiation in plants (Gibberellic acid) presence of auxins. ‘ * These also promote growth in stems and fruits. + * Rosette plants (i.e., plants that show profuse leaf developments but m show bolting* and flowering when treated with gibbe ‘© These also induce Parthenocarpy in many plants. Cytokinins * These promote cell division in plants. “These play vital role in the morphogenesis in plants. “These help in breaking the dormancy of seeds and buds. ‘These ‘the ageing in leaves. ‘ _olcaategs eatin the opening of stomata. | se: These also promote fruit growth. Ethene "© It promotes growth and ripening of fruits. CEshyene) '* Ithelps in breaking the dormancy in buds and seeds. siehly ‘lapinaab Re » Tnsimulates the formation of separation layer (abscission zone) in leaves its. stele 'e It promotes yellowing and senescence of leaves. Abscisic Acid « It promotes the dormancy in seeds and buds and thus inhibits gr (ABA) ‘* It also promotes the closing of stomata and thus effects wilting of It also promotes the falling of leaves (abscission) and senescence in6) Movements in plants :- Movements in plants are of two main types. They are :-Tropic movements and Nastic movements. a) Tropic movements ;- are directional movements towards or away from the stimulus and it depends on growth. They are of different types like Phototropism, Geotropism, Chemotropism, Hydrotropism, Thigmotropism, etc. i) Phototropism ;- is movement of plants in response to light. If it is towards light, it is called positive phototropism. Eg:- Bending of shoot towards light. If it is away from light, it is called negative phototropism. Eg:- Bending of root away from light. ii)Geotropism ;- is the movement of plants in response to gravity. If it is towards gravity it is called positive geotropism. Eg:- Downward growth of roots. If it is away from gravity it is called negative geotropism. Eg:- Upward growth of shoot. iii) Chemotropism ;- is movement of plant in response to chemical stimuli. Eg:- Growth of pollen tube towards the ovule. iv) Hydrotropism ;- is the movement of plants in response to water. V) Ihigmotropism ;- is the movement of plants parts in response to the touch of the object. Eg. Climbing parts of the plants such as tendrils grow towards of an support and wind around it.We will now exp and bends towards it due to the action of ‘auxin hor (i) When sunlight comes from abe in the stem [see Figure uniformly de (Aand B) grow equally rapidly [see Figure 11(a)] a | f Aux distrbutod ‘untormly al Stem >) (or! omnes | @ \ Figure 1 (i) When _the light falls on! hormone collects inthe left side prefers to stay in shade. n the bending 1, Diagrams to explain the bending of y_on_the rig! (shady side A) of the stem, awa PHOTOTROPISM + plant stem towards sunlight, The plant stem responds to light mone present in the tip of th reads sresence of auxin, both the then the auxin by 1(a)]- Due to the equal p And the stem tern ws straight up, stem ponds rowards amt More aun oles on wnsaor side (away Tomo ap (oo o a plant stem (or shoot) towards light by the ae ht side of the stem [side B in Figure 11(6)), then the auxin from light. This is because auxin hormone © tion of ‘auxin’ hormone.GEOTROPISMCHEMOTROPISM eth (or moveme: ed ne Of a pollen tube towards the ovule induced by a sugary sl IBle Of chemotropism. This earr-be-explatied ae follaee The ripe stigma in th stance (which is a sugary substance) into the style towsHYDROTROPISMCHEMOTROPISM Double fertilization pouon grains Sperm cells Pollen tube Female gametophyte j——— Polar nuclei IntegumentsUsefulness of Tropic Movements 1. Positive Geotropic/Positive Hydrotropic 2. Negative Geotropic/ Positive Phototropic * These movements help the plants to obtain water and nutrients from soil and light from the sun, which are necessary for their growth and survival.b) Nastic movements :- are non directional movements which are neither towards or away from the stimulus and it does not depend on growth. Note: All tropisms are growth movements but all nasties/nastic movements are not growth movements. Eg. Folding up of the leaves a sensitive plant on touching is not a growth movement but the opening and closing of petals of flowers by the action of sunlight is a growth movement. Thigmonasty:- Non-directional movement of a plant part in response to the touch pf an object. Here stimulus is “Touch”. Eg :- If we touch the leaves of touch me not plant/ Mimosa pudica, its leaves fold up and droops down immediately due to the change in the amount of waiter in the leaves. Note:- Folding of leaves of a sensitive plant is not a case of tropism like Thigmotropism. In this case directional movement of leaves does not depend on the direction of stimulus (touch).Eg :- If we touch the leaves of touch me not plant, its leaves fold up and droops down immediately due to the change in the amount of water in the leaves. Depending upon the amount of water in the leaves, it swells or shrinks. iSensitive plant has pad like swellings called ‘pulvini’ at the base of each leaf. Pulvini containa lot of water in their cells. Due to internal water pressure called Turgor Pressure in them, all the pulvini are very firm and hold the leaves above them upright. Pulvini has also lare intracellular ‘spaces between their cells. The folding of the leaves of a sensitive plant on touching is due to to sudden loss of water from pad like swellings called Pulvini present at the base of all the leaves of the sensitive plant which make the pulvini lose their firmness causing the leaves of droop and fall. When the leaves of sensitive plant are touched with a finger, then a n electrical impulse is generated which travels through ordinary cells. This electrical impulse acts on a plant hormone. The plant hormone makes the water migrate from the cells of one half of a pulvinus to the intracellular spaces in the other half of pulvinus. This loss of water from half of pulvinus cause the pulvinus to lose its firmness making the leaf to fold. Depending upon the amount of water in the leaves, it swells or shrinks. oa ~ es ota frome cate roves bop tran owe coe teat mane pnce e ar re @ O) b Fig. Tho lars f eave pla ol a Uae wae fs af tbePHOTONASTY::- The Non-directional movement of a plant part (usually petals of flowers) in response to light. Here stimulus is ‘Light’ Note:- The opening of closing of flowers in response to light are growth movements. Petals open when their inner surfaces grow more than their outer surfaces. On the other hand, petals close when their outer surfaces grow more than their inner surfaces. (®) Dandelion flower closes. (a) Moonflower closes the _(b) Moonflower opens the the petals at dusk (or night) _—_petals during the daytime _petals at dusk (or night) when it gets dark ‘when there is bright light When it gets dark and there is no light Dandelion flower opens he petals in bright light during the daytime 0. Nastic movements of petals of moonflower in ure 19, Nastic movements of petals of dandelion flower in Fi response to light. This is an example of photonasty. response to light. Another example of photonasty.