06 CE 015 - Shear and Torsion - Stu - 02

Principles of
Reinforced/
Prestressed
Concrete
2 ND SEMESTER (2020-2021)
Shear andTorsion
in Beams
Principles of Reinforced/Prestressed Concrete
Shear in Beams
Introduction
Another type of beam failure other than bending is shear failure.

failure
CE 015 PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
Shear in Beams
Introduction
Vmax
Vmax

Shear in Beams
Shear Capacity
Basic code requirement on shear strength:
Where:
Vn = nominal shear capacity
Vu = factored shear force
= strength reduction factor
Nominal shear capacity:

No y:
Where:
Vc = concrete shear capacity
Vs = shear capacity provided by
reinforcements
Shear in Beams
S h e ar S t re n gt h p r o v i d e d b y C o n c rete , Vc fo r n o n - p r e st re s s i n g m e m b e rs
Simplified Calculation of Vc
o For members subject to shear and flexure only:
only
Where:
= modification factor ( = 0.75 lightweight; = 0.85 sand-lightweight; = 1.00 normal weight)
f c = specified compressive strength of concrete
= width of the web
d = effective depth
o For members subject to axial compression:
compression
Where:
Nu / Ag = must be expressed in Mpa
Nu = factored axial load normal to cross section occurring simultaneously with Vu to be taken
as positive for compression and negative for tension
Ag = gross area of section in

Shear in Beams
Detailed Calculation of Vc
o For members subject to shear and flexure only:
only
Where:
1.0
Mu = factored moment occurring simultaneously with Vu at section considered
= steel reinforcements ratio (As / d))
o For members subject to axial compression:
compression
Where:
= - (this is not limited to 1.0)
Shear in Beams
Maximum Vc
Where:
shall be expressed in MPa
- when as computed in the previous equation is negative, maximum Vc must be considered
Members subjected
Me bjje to si
significant
ficant axial tension
Where:
shall be expressed in MPa
Nu = is negative for tension
= steel reinforcements (As / d))
Shear in Beams
Shear in Beams

Shear in Beams
Shear Reinforcements
The shear force to be carried by reinforcement,

Vs is equal to the total shear resistance of the
bars within a distance, d.
Where:
Av = cross section area each stirrup has
crossing the rack
Av = 2 x Ab for a U stirrup Required spacing of vertical
fyt = specified yield strength of hoop, tie or stirrups:
stirrups
spiral reinforcements
n = no. of stirrups within a distance d
Shear reinforcements: Value of Vs can be determined from:
Shear in Beams
Ve r t i ca l S t i r r up D e s i gn
1. Calculate the factored shear force Vu at critical section or at any section you want the spacing
to be determined.
2. Calculate the shear strength provided by concrete Vc:
Stirrups
tirru are necessary
eces
Calculate
culat for the
emminimum
um area of stirrups
Beam Section is capable to carry the

required shear

Shear in Beams
3. Calculate the shear strength Vs to be provided by the stirrups.
Calculate
alcu the required
equ stirrups
rups spacing
Adjust the bea

beam size
Shear in Beams
4. Calculate spacing of stirrups

If s < 25 mm + ddt, increase the value of
Avv by either usin
using bar size or addingng
more
ore shear area
ea
Maximum Spacing of stirrups:
stirrups
Minimum area of stirrup
(use larger)

DESIGN of Stirrups in Beams
Ve r t i c a l S t i r r u p
Example Problem 1
As simply supported beam has a span of 6 m. Design the spacing of a 10mm U stirrups for the beam shown.
Consider symmetrical spacing of stirrups.
WDL = 20 kN/m
WLL = 10 kN/m
F c = 27.50 MPa
Fyt = 275 Mpa
b = 400 mm
h = 600 mm
PDL = 52 kN
PLL = 31 kN
As = 3- 20 mm
Dist. From extreme fiber to center of tension
Dist
bars = 70 mm

Example Problem 1

Example Problem 1

Example Problem 1

Example Problem 1
Torsion in Beams
Introduction
Reinforced Concrete Members are commonly subjected to bending moments,

to transverse shears associated with those bending moments, and, in the case
of columns, to axial forces often combined with bending and shear.
shear
In addition, torsional forces may act, tending to twist a member about its
longitudinal axis, which almost always act concurrent with bending moment
and transverse shear, and sometimes with axial force as well.
Torsion in Beams
Introduction
Reinforced Concrete Members are commonly subjected to bending moments, to

transverse shears associated with those bending moments, and, in the case of columns,
to axial forces often combined with bending and shear.
O F F - C E N T E R L O A D C A U S I N G T O R S I O N I N T H E S PA N D R E L B E A M
Torsion in Beams
T y p e s o f To r s i o n
Primary Torsion - also known as equilibrium or statically determinate torsion,

this exists when the external load has no alternative load path but must be
supported by torsion.

Torsion in Beams
T y p e s o f To r s i o n
Secondary Torsion - also known as compatibility or statically indeterminate

torsion, this arises from the requirements of continuity, that is, compatibility of
deformation between adjacent parts of a structure.
structure
Torsion in Beams
To r s i o n a l S t r e s s e s
When a concrete member is loaded in pure torsion, shear stresses develop.

develop
The torsional stress adds to the shear stress on one side of a member and subtract from
them on other.

Torsion in Beams
To r s i o n R e i n f o r c e m e n t s
Torsion Reinforcements:
Transverse Reinforcements (At)
Longitudinal Reinforcements (Al)
Torsion in Beams
To r s i o n C a p a c i t y
Basic code requirement on shear strength:
Where:
Tn = nominal torsional strength of member
Tu = required torsional strength at factored loads
= strength reduction factor

Torsion in Beams
F a c t o r e d To r s i o n a l M o m e n t
Calculation of Factored Torsional Moment
Where:
Acp = area enclosed by outside perimeter of
conc. Cross section (mm2)
Pcp = outside perimeter of conc. Section (mm)
Nu = factored axial load normal to cross-section
occurring simultaneously w/ Vu to be taken as positive
CE 015 PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE for compression & negative for tension.
Torsion in Beams
T h r e s h o l d To r s i o n
Torsional effects may be neglected if:
Where:
Acp = area enclosed by outside perimeter of
conc. Cross section (mm2)
Pcp = outside perimeter of conc. Section (mm)
Torsion in Beams
T h r e s h o l d To r s i o n
Torsion in Beams
Torsional Strength:
area enclosed by centerline of the outermost

closed transverse torsional reinforcement
(closed hoops)

Torsion in Beams
To r s i o n R e i n f o r c e m e n t s
Torsion Reinforcements:
Transverse Reinforcements (At)
Longitudinal Reinforcements (Al)
Torsion in Beams
= shaded area
Torsion in Beams
Cross-sectional Limits
Cross-sectional Limits:
perimeter of centerline of outermost closed

transverse torsional reinforcements.
Torsion in Beams
M i n i m u m To r s i o n a l R e i n f o r c e m e n t s
Minimum Torsional Reinforcements

Torsion in Beams
S p a c i n g o f To r s i o n a l R e i n f o r c e m e n t s
Additional Longitudinal Reinforcements
Torsion in Beams
S p a c i n g o f To r s i o n a l R e i n f o r c e m e n t s
Spacing of Torsional Reinforcements

Torsion in Beams
Example Problem
Length of beam = 8.0 memeter span

Beam Live Load = 13 3 kN/m
Slab Live Load = 2.4 kPa
d = 535 mm m
f c = 35 Mpa
Fy = 420 MMPa
Torsion in Beams
Example Problem
Length of beam =8.0 meter span

Beam Live Load = 13 kN/m
Slab Live Load = 2.4 kPa
d = 535 mm
f c = 35 Mpa
Fy = 420 MPa
0.975m
0.975
LOADINGS:
ADINGS
(Slab weight)
(Slab Live Load)
Eccentricity =
(Beam weight)
(Beam LL + Slab Live Load)

Torsion in Beams SHEAR AND TORQUE DIAGRAM:
Example Problem
d = 535 mm
Shear Diagram
m
Torque Diagram
Total Uniform
Torsion in Beams DETERMINE IF TORSION ARE NECESSARY:

Example Problem
If Tu < Tth (torsion may be neglected)
If 45.5 > 8.36

.36 kN-m (torsion must be considered)

Torsion in Beams CHECK IF SECTION IS ADEQUATE:
Example Problem
(Section is Adequate)
Torsion in Beams DESIGN OF TORSION AND SHEAR REINFORCEMENTS:

Example Problem
(Torsion reinforcements)
nt
(Shear reinforcements)

Example Problem
(Torsion + Shear)

Example Problem
(Torsion + Shear)

Example Problem
d = 535 mm
@ x = 2(d) = 1.07 m
No. of stirrups within 1.07 m =
@ 4 m > x > 1.07 m

No. of stirrups =
Torsion in Beams CHECK MINIMUM REINFORCEMENTS:

Example Problem

Torsion in Beams DESIGN FOR LONGITUDINAL BARS FOR TORSION:
Example Problem
Al > Almin (ok)
Torsion in Beams DESIGN FOR LONGITUDINAL BARS FOR TORSION:

Example Problem
Al > Almin (ok)
Additional longitudinal reinforcements due to torsion:
A s = 100
1000 A s = 1000
Top
Mid Al =
As = 2000
Bot As = 2000 + 381

06 CE 015 - Shear and Torsion - Stu - 02

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Principles of

Another type of beam failure other than bending is shear failure.

CE 015 PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

CE 015 PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

Basic code requirement on shear strength:

Nominal shear capacity:

CE 015 PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

CE 015 PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

CE 015 PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

CE 015 PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

CE 015 PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

The shear force to be carried by reinforcement,

Shear reinforcements: Value of Vs can be determined from:

CE 015 PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

2. Calculate the shear strength provided by concrete Vc:

Beam Section is capable to carry the

CE 015 PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

3. Calculate the shear strength Vs to be provided by the stirrups.

Adjust the bea

CE 015 PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

4. Calculate spacing of stirrups

Minimum area of stirrup

CE 015 PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

CE 015 PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

DESIGN of Stirrups in Beams

CE 015 PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

CE 015 PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

DESIGN of Stirrups in Beams

CE 015 PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

CE 015 PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

Reinforced Concrete Members are commonly subjected to bending moments,

Reinforced Concrete Members are commonly subjected to bending moments, to

Primary Torsion - also known as equilibrium or statically determinate torsion,

CE 015 PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

Secondary Torsion - also known as compatibility or statically indeterminate

CE 015 PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

When a concrete member is loaded in pure torsion, shear stresses develop.

CE 015 PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

Transverse Reinforcements (At)

Longitudinal Reinforcements (Al)

CE 015 PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

Basic code requirement on shear strength:

CE 015 PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

Calculation of Factored Torsional Moment

Torsional effects may be neglected if:

CE 015 PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

area enclosed by centerline of the outermost

CE 015 PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

Transverse Reinforcements (At)

Longitudinal Reinforcements (Al)

CE 015 PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

perimeter of centerline of outermost closed

Minimum Torsional Reinforcements

CE 015 PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

Additional Longitudinal Reinforcements

CE 015 PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

Spacing of Torsional Reinforcements

CE 015 PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

Length of beam = 8.0 memeter span

CE 015 PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

Length of beam =8.0 meter span

CE 015 PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

CE 015 PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE