Therefore, following a procedure similar to that used for evaluating the average probability of error for a conventional PSK system, we find that for the system defined by Eq. (1) the average probability of error is Py = 7 erte(/e, (1-47)/Ng) 142 3 AG Ty where E, ey (€) For the case when P, = 10-* and k? = 0.1, we get 10 = 2 erfe(u) 2 0.9 W where u? = ‘0 Using the approximation 2 erfocuy = 2xp(cu) fru we obtain exp(-u?) = 2VF x 10 ° Tne solution to this equation is us 2.64. The corresponding value of E,/Ny is E D , 260 Wy = 09 Expressed in decibels, this value corresponds to 8.9 dB. (d) For a conventional PSK system, we have 1 B erte(YEL7NG) In this case, we find that 5 2 T= (2-64)* = 6.92 No Expressed in decibels, this value corresponds to 8.4 dB. Thus, the conventional PSK system requires 0.5 dB less in E,/No then the modified scheme described herein. 307Problem 6.5 (a) The QPSK wave can be expressed as s(t) m,(t) cos(2nf.t) + m(t) sin(2nf.t). Dividing the binary wave into dibits and finding m (t) and m,(t) for each dibit: dibit W 00 10 00 10 mt) E/E = VE7T Yet - VET ET mt) YEE VET ET VET - VEIT ™,(t) SE 7 bona | | 0 t Ey L| L_ mice) t ) sa) 308Problem 6.6 Let P, = average probability of symbol error in to the in-phase channel P,g = average probability of aymbol error in to the quadrature channel Since the individual outputs of the in-phase and quadrature channels are statisttcally independent, the overall average probability of correct reception is Py = (1 - Poy) A - Peg) =1- Pa - Peg + Per Peg The overall average probability of error is therefore = Par + Peg - Pet Peg 309Pre 67 Let r denote the received signal vector. Suppose that the signal corresponding to message point mis transmitted. Then, referring to the signal-space diagram of Fig. 1, the conditional probability of error is given Pp bn, = PO lies in shaded region) = P(r lies in =) + P(R lies in |) - P(r lies in ) =F erte| |= sin ® | + 1 rte 2 NM) 2 No - P(r lies in ji) Pein, < erfe ® sink Assuming that all the message points are equally likely to be transmitted, we have P, = Py|m » ™ and so Hence, 310, / / r aS Decision Z seurdany n E ne - t = Ra E r t . yl ma = 1 r| Pein 3 /| ' /! N / N / / N | : c | 311Problem 6.8 Figures 6.10 and 6.10b of the textbook, reproduced here for convenience of presentation, depict the signal-space diagrams of QPSK and offset QPSK signals, respectively: (a) QPSK (b) Offset QPSK Figure | The two parts of this figure clearly show that the signal-space structure of the offset QPSK is basically the same as that of the standard QPSK. They only differ from each other in the way in which transition takes place from one signal point to another. Accordingly, they have the same power spectral density, as shown by SUP) = Eglsine" (27 y(F-f,)) + sine? 27,(f + f.))1 where 7;, is the bit duration and f, is the carrier frequency. Problem 6.9 (a) In vestigial-sideband (VSB) modulation, there are two basis functions: + The double-bandwidth sinc function, defined by (0 = [fsine(# where T'is the symbol period and f, is the carrier frequency. cos 2/1) @ + The Hilbert transform of 6;(0), defined by92(0) = (0) = ffsine(24) sin(2nf,1) Q) where it is assumed that f, > 2/T. (Here we have made use of the Hilbert-transform pair listed as entry 1 in Table A6.4, with the low-pass signal m(t) set equal to YT7F sinc 2(t/T).) The basis functions (1) and (2) imply the use of single-sideband modulation, which (as discussed in Chapter 2) is a special form of vestigial sideband modulation. We have chosen these definitions merely to simplify the discussion. The use of VSB substitutes a realizable function for the sinc function that is unrealizable in practice. Based on the definitions of the basis functions (1) and (2) given in Eqs. (1) and (2), it may be tempting to choose 2/T as the symbol rate for successive transmission of binary symbols using binary VSB. However, such a choice of signaling destroys the orthonormality of 6,(t) and $3(0); that is, froune(s- wre 1 for j=i 0 for j#i To maintain orthogonality of (1) and 69(1), successive translations of these basis functions must be integer multiples of 1/7, as shown by f O(1)0(t-kT)dt = { nue 0 0 for j#i for any integer k. ‘Suppose, however, we restrict k to assume only odd integer values, and choose the carrier frequency f, to be an odd integer multiple of 1/27; that is, = odd integer ) We then have the following two properties 313jdt = 0 for all odd integer k 4) i) sin(2ny(r-Z)) = sin(2mft)cos(kln/2) - cos(2n/,1)sin(kin/2) = cos(2nf,t) for * = odd integer 1 = odd integer With such a choice, the implementation of the digital VSB transmission system is equivalent to a time-varying one-dimensional data transmission system, which operates at the rate of 2/T dimensions per second. (b) The optimum receiver for the digital VSB transmission system just described consists of a pair of matched filters, that are matched to the two basis functions @,(t) and 65(¢) as defined in Eqs. (1) and (2). However, in order to conform to the design choices imposed on integer & and carrier frequency f, as described in Eqs. (4) and (3), the instants of time at which the two matched filter outputs are sampled are staggered by 7/2 with respect to each other. The two sequences of samples so obtained are subsequently interleaved so as to produce a single one- dimensional data stream as the overall receiver output. The delay by 7/2 is identical to what is actually done in the offset QPSK, thereby establishing the equivalence of the digital VSB system to the offset QPSK. Problem 6.10 Assuming that modulator initially resides in a phase state of zero, we may construct the following sequence of events in response to the input sequence 01101000. Step k Phase ®.; | Input Phase Transmitted (radians) | dibit change phase 0, AO, (radians) (radians) 1 0 o1 anl4 3n/4 2 3n/4 10 -n/4 m2 3 m2 10 nia ma 4 m4 00 m4 m2 3l4Problem 6,11 The output of a n/4-shifted QPSK modulator may be expressed in terms of its in-phase and quadrature components as FE The different values of interger i correspond to the eight possible phase states in which the modulator can reside. But, unlike the 8-PSK modulator, the phase states of the 1/4-shifted QPSK modulator are divided into two QPSK groups that are shifted by 1/4 relative to each other. s(t) 10s (it/4)cos(2n ft) PEsacinraysinconr.n §=0,1,2,...7 Therefore, s(t) = FE costin/4) so(t) = PEsincineay The orthonormal-basis functions for m/4-shifted QPSK may be defined as, 91) = jPeosconren (0) = scar T ‘Then the 7/4-shifted QPSK signal is defined in terms of these two basis functions as s(t) = JEcos(in/4)o, (1) — VEsin(in/4)o,(0) On the basis of this representation, we may thus set up the following scheme for generating m/4- shifted QPSK signals: or) >| VEcos(-) 3 : Sequence of t input abit QP rites on(t) QPSK signal 3 s() Esin() 315Problem 6.12 A n/4-shifted DQPSK signal can be expressed as follows: s() = [Eoosce, "| + A0,e0s(2nf,)- PE e EE ONT where $j.1 + Ax = $4 and O,.1 is the absolute angle of symbol k-1, and Ady is the differentially encoded phase change. In the demodulation process, the change in phase $j occurring over one symbol interval needs to be determined, in (Op. + Ad,)sin(2m ft) cos (21, 14 bg, FA0,) If we demodulate the 1/4-shifted DQPSK signal using a FM discriminator, the output of the FM discriminator is given by dl2nf.t +O) You (t) = Ke [ons + 4] K(2nf, +A] where K is a constant. In a balanced FM discriminator, the DC offset 2nf-K will not appear at the output. Hence, the output of the FM discriminator is KAdy. Problem 6.13 The output of a m/4-shifted DQPSK modulator may be expressed as s(t) = Ee. +40,)cos(any.0)- PE = [Fiecso, 1CosAG, ~ sinO,., sin AO, Joos (2m ft) in(O, 1 + AO,)sin(2nf,t) in, cosAO, + 0050, SinAQ,]sin(2mf,,1) 316