aaW = Ulw Each element of the vector X in Eq. (2) represents an independent channel, and so we write p= AyAyt Wy = 1,2, (b) In the multichannel transmission model, the channel capacity of the entire system in bits per transmission is given by Ins-Z3)) (3) inst where v is the length of the channel impulse response. We may also express the R as follows: R = Flog (1+ ESNR) coe cating) ° Hence, combining (3) and (4): Ne p \\OR P+ (SNR) pce enee = FTI 1+ 24 | dnt Toy (SNR) vector coding if (©) As the block length goes to infinity, we may ignore v, in which case the channel matrix H becomes nearly an N x N matrix. Therefore, H may be decomposed as H = Q"aQ 368where Q is an orthonormal matrix, and A is a diagonal matrix of eigenvalues (ie., singular values). Correspondingly, the singular values approach the magnitude of the Fourier transform, Even though a vector coding receiver and discrete multitone receiver converge to the same performance, they are not the same: +The subchannel gains are the same in both cases, but in vector modulation all subchannels have zero phase, while in DMT the subchannels have arbitrary phase angles + Unlike DMT, a vector-coding system does not require the use of a cyclic prefix. computational, comnlexity_of. the. vector-codine_ multichannel. svstem carat TEMS ansensi300 = [Ecos Bin, +1), O>I, the second term on the right-hand side of Eq. (3) has a negligible effect; hence, this modulation scheme has an average probability of symbol error practically the same as that for coherent QPSK or MSK. For the coherent detection of differentially encoded QPSK, the average probability of symbol error is given by E, o [E 1. af [E,) 2erfe) || —2erfe"| |) + erte = gerfe!) | ( i] (fe (Wie) 47° Ly 371For large £)/No, this average probability of symbol error is approximately twice that of coherent QPSK. Problem 6.48 (a) Assuming that the input data sequence x(n] is measured in volts, and recognizing that the symbol 4, is dimensionless, then from Eq. (6.271) we find that the error signal e[n] is also measured in volts. Then, with the phase estimate 6[n] measured in radians, it follows that the step-size parameter for carrier recovery in Eq. (6.272) is measured in radians/volts. (b) From Eq. (6.282) defining the error signal in terms of the input data sequence, we see that the error signal is measured in volts squared. Hence, with c[n} responsible for timing recovery, measured in seconds, it follows that the step-size parameter y for timing recovery in Eq. (6.286) is measured in seconds/volts”. Problem 6.49 (a) The complex envelope of the received waveform is given by F(t) = 3(t) + W(2) dd Il where 5(1) = ?™* Sy ayo(r—KT 1) i and (i) is the channel noise. The parameter v represents the frequency offset, @ is the carrier phase we want to estimate, t is the timing error, {a,} is the sequence of information symbols, Tis the symbol period, and g(t) is the signaling pulse shape. ‘The likelihood function L(r|8) is given by T) To ! [Retrosena = ay, J Beara @ 0 Since |3(f)] is independent of the carrier phase @ , the log-likelihood function of @ is given by 372T,) 1(8)=log(L(r|8)) = Re: frox'wal oD) ° j 1%, fol where J 7038" (Ndt = eS ajx(k) ° i where x(k) represents the sample taken at time f= AT +t in the formula for convolution: = pave xM=ir(e 1 *a(-1) Therefore, ll fer > «isco | k=0 (8) = ‘The maximum of /(0), i.., maximum likelihood estimation of @, is achieved for to" 6 = arg) Lain} (4) (ico (b) Hence, from Eq. (4) we deduce the following system for estimating the phase 0 (k) A +{_) my = ® + 2 of arg} }» 6 tktee 373Problem 6.51 Matlab codes u Problem 6.61 a. CS: Haykin Yettect of a dispersive channel on BPSK signals %M. Sellathurai 4% number of bits and number of samples per bit no_of_syms no_of bit: % generating bits Bits=[1 10110400417; 4% generating QPSK signals [oyms]=BPSK_mod(no_of_bite, Bits); tsH1e-3/16; A=Length (eym 4% baseband signal s=zeros(sanples_per_bit*(1) ,1); for ket:1-1 for kk=0: (samples_per_bit-1) ((k-4)*samples_per_bittkk+t,1)=syns (1k); end end ts: (Length(s)-1)#ta; % channel bandwidths 28-12, filter order 2N=10 N=5; H12-butter_channel (2+B,N); TT12=conv(Hi2, »: % channel bandwidths 21 6 filter order 2N=10 Hi16=butter_channel (2+B,N); ‘TT16=conv(H16, 8); 374% channel bandwidth 242-20 filter order 2 H20=butter_channel (2+8,N); TT20=conv(H20, s); Yehannel bandwidth 248=24 filter order 2 25 Ho4=butter_channel(2+B,); TT24=conv(H24, 8); % channel bandwidth 2 85 430=butter_channel(2*B,N); ‘TT30=conv(H30, 8); 10 filter order 2N=10 % prints subplot (2,3,1) hold on for k=1:10 plot (ke, Leyms(ie)]’,%0”) Line((k, 1, [0 syms(k)) end xlabel(’Bit period’); title( ‘Transmitted bits’); hold off subplot (2,3,2) Cm start}=max(real(12)); hold on plot(t,s,’--")3 plot(t,real (TT12(start: 160+start-1))); xlabel (time (s)' title( Baseband BPSK, BY=12kHz"); hold off subplot (2,3,3) Un stert]-max(real (Hi6)); hold on plot(t,s,’——'); plot(t,real (IT16(start: 160+start-1))); xlabel(’tie (s)'); title(’ Baseband BPSK, BV=i6kHiz’); hold off 375subpiot(2,3,4) Um start] =max(real(H20)); hold on plot(t,2,?——); plot(t,real(TT20(start :160+start-1))); xlabel(’time (s)'); title(’Baseband BPSK, BW=20kHz'); hold off subplot (2,3,) Gn start]=max(real (H24)); hold on plot(t,s,'--"); plot(t,real (TT24(start:160+start-1))); xlabel('tine (5)'); title(Baseband BPSK, BY=24¢Ki"); hold off subplot (2,3,6) Gm start]-max(real(H30)); hold on plot(t,s,?=-"); plot (t,real (7730(start: 160+start-1))); xlabel (time (s)’); title( "Baseband BPSK, BY=30KH2"); hold off 376