(b) Table 2, presented below, describes the mapping from the four bits I) ».172 p-1+ 03,04,» t0 the PI tnetl2n-t» 0312s, output coordinates of the V.32 modem. Table 2 Present output | Present input Output dibit dibit coordinates Tin lon Q3n 24. o 2 0 1 0 0 1 -l 0 1 0 I 1 a 0 = 1 0 3 -1 0 BE 7 I a 3 0 0 0 0 “ll “1 0 0 0 1 3 Bt 0 0 1 0 1 3 0 0 1 1 3 3 1 0 0 0 <1 1 1 0 0 1 <1 3 1 cv) 1 0 3 1 1 0 1 1 3 3 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 3 1 1 1 1 0 1 3 1 1 1 1 3 3 (b) We are given the current input quadbit: 21, nQ2,nQ3,nQs,n = 0001 and the previous output dibit Tin-tlan From Table 1, we find that the resulting present output dibit is Tinton = 4th quadrant 3rd quadrant } / 2nd quadrant Ist quadrant Hence, using this result, together with the given input dibit Q3 ,04, = 01 in Table 2, we find that the coordinates of the modem output are as follows: 357o, = 3, and = 1 We may check this result by consulting Table 6.10 and Fig. 6.49 of the textbook With Qj, ,Q2y = 00 we find from Table 6.10 that the modem experiences a phase change of 90°. With Fry Foyer = Ol, we find from Fig. 6.49 that the modem was previously residing in the fourth quadrant. Hence, with a rotation of 90° in the counterclockwise direction, the modem moves into the first quadrant. With Qs ,Qs,, = O1, we readily find from Fig. 6.49 that 6, =3, and = 1 which is exactly the same as the result deduced from Tables 1 and 2 of the solutions manual. For another example, suppose we are given Qj, nr, nQ3,nOa,n = LOU and Ty nal ‘Then, from Table 1, we find that Fnlajn = 00 Next, from Table 2, we find that the output coordinates are $y =-3 and 2 = -3. Confirmation that these results are in perfect accord with the calculations based on Table 6.10 and Figure 6.49 is left as an exercise for the reader. Problem 6.40 (a) The average signal-to-noise ratio is defined by Pay (SNR) gy = @ ° where Pyy is the average transmitted power, and 62 is the channel noise variance. The transmitted signal is defined by sylt) = a,cos(2nft)—Bysin(Q2n fF), OStSTwhere (ap, bs) is the kth symbol of the QAM signal, and T is the symbol duration. The power spectrum of s;(t) has the following graphical form: Power spectrum of 540) Main lobe Fig. | On the basis of this diagram, we may use the null-to-null bandwidth of the power spectrum in Fig. 1 as the channel bandwidth: Py = 2Ey = —™ @ where E,, is the average signal energy per symbol. To calculate the noise variance 6, refi» the following figure: Pox spectrum of noise | No/2 0 ie 5 Lo .s_ Fig. 2 359‘The noise variance is therefore o = NB GB) Hence, substituting Eqs. (2) and (3) into (1) BE,,/2 (SNR)qy = 5 NB 1/E aw * alm) Expressing the SNR in decibels, we may thus write Ew 10log (SNR), = —3 + 10log (se).08 10\No. Given the value 1010819, (Eay/No ) = 20 dB or E,y/Np = 100, we thus have 10log jg(SNR),y = 17 4B (b) With M= 16, the average probability of symbol error is, P,= 1 we farim| 1 100 E ot serte( Hm) = 1.16% 10° Problem 6.41 We are given the following set of passband basis functions: i {O(t)eos(2nf,1), $(4)sin(27f,1)}, 360Property 1 fi (o(Heos(2nf,M)PU(e)sin(2mf,N))dt = 0 for all n a To prove this property, we use the following relation from Fourier transform theory: feos ans, O(sin(2xf,)de = 0 for all n @ where g,(t)G,(f) for i = 1,2, and the asterisk denotes complex conjugation. For the problem at hand, we have att) = [Psine((A)cos(2nF,0) a(t) = Fsine((2)sineens,0) ‘The Fourier transform of the sine function is F [sine{2)] = Trect( fT) where 1 1 hspsh rect(fr) = | | for -aRSfS5p 0 otherwise rect((f—f,)T) + rect((f + f,)T)] 361rect((f-f,)T) — rect((f + f,)T)] Let 7, denote the integral on the left-hand side of Eq. (1). We may then use Eq. (2) to write AG) tech -F,7) ~ reel + far ® where the integrand is depicted as follows: 4 : f Fig. 1 fy ° : — VT le— VT —s From Fig. | we immediately see that the areas under the two rectangular functions are exactly equal. Hence, Eq, (3) is zero, thereby proving Property 1 for any n. Property 2 fi Jaf! 1 PRE 1 for k= n ole on dt = 4) Late (Z oe) { 2 for ken ‘ Let J denote the integral in Eq, (4). When k = n, we have ~ Loop = af ear = slo (9) 3621 of = Zf_sine (Za Using Rayleigh’s energy theorem, namely, fear = we may write 6nPar 3A sine?[Z)at = sine" an, hewT fi reo (nar which proves Property 2 for k = To prove Property 2 for k#n, let par, gilt) = one” _P Ward : FFsne(S)e Dap a2) = OMe fesine($) ttle Then applying the following relation from Fourier transform theory, Feanewo a =f ene af we may rewrite the integral J, of Eq. (4) asar F[sine (pe) F[sine (2) eo ap Since f,, = n/T by definition, we may depict the two Fourier transforms constituting the integrand of Jy as shown in Fig. 2 for the worst possible case of k= n+1: Flsince ye nly Fig.2 Hf gt ft 2 2s From Fig. 2 we immediately see that the Fourier transforms of (1) and 9(t)e will never overlap for k #. Hence, the integral J; is zero, proving the rest of Property 2. Property 3 Forney * oayen(nye yah =0 for ken where the star denotes convolution. From the convolution theorem, we have FLO@)*A()] = O(AHCS) where ®(f) = F[(t)] and ®(f) = F[h(1)]. For k #7, the picture portrayed in Fig. 2 remains equally valid except for the fact that the basic rectangular spectrum is now replaced by that rectangular spectrum multiplied by the frequency response H(f). This multiplication does not affect’ the nonoverlapping nature of -—sthe_~— two spectra._—_representing Coens ana (QUp*ACNE” *) for k #n, hence, proving Property 3. Problem 6.42 Step 1 - Set k = 0 and the initial noise-to-signal ratio NSR(K) = 0. Sort the subchannels used in ascending order (i.., from the smallest to largest ones), Step 2 - Update the number of subchannels used by setting k= k+1. 364Step 3 - Compute NSR(k+1) = NSR(O) + 8 Step 4 - Set 2(k) = PP ESRD) % Step 5-If Py = A(k)-T] | <0 Bk. (st) then compute P; = A(k-1) A 5 Pi) and for 1 = 1,2,-,k-1 Otherwise, go to step 2. For notations, refer to Section 6.12. (The algorithm presented here is adapted from T. Starr, .M. Cioffi, and PJ. Silverman (1999); see the bibliography.) Pr 43 (a) P| +P, +P3 a o 2 | -K = TS =To* @ 81 P,-K = ) 365@) ‘Adding Eqs. (2), (3) and (4), and then using Eq, (I): 2 lot 3K = P40 ee 40° (1+ i +7) Solving for K, we thus have 10,1 yt 3(1 +3-3) a 3 366