Essential Question How do natural forces affect ® = Earth? ao P. Go Digital! 60Eart Changing Surface iees} Words to Know Vocabulary Use the picture and the sentences to talk with a partner about each word. Cascaded a. the sink overflowed, water Easeaded onto the floor. What else have you seen that cascaded? The scientist hoped that careful documentation of experiment results would support her theory. Why is documentation important? Because a tornado is so dynamic, it can quickly change course. Why are dynamic weather events often dangerous? Sunny weather often exerts a positive effect on a person's mood. What exerts a positive effect on your mood? sob Henk SoremenceyInapes eh rey naae Osea an reverend ingePotolby a Nthrough the night sky. What is a synonym for plummeting? The chef needed to pulverize the spice into a fine powder. Why might a cook pulverize food for a recipe? You should let sealding soup cool before trying to eat it. What might happen if you eat or drink something that is scalding? The vase fell off the shelf and broke into many shards. epthtORa yy ce Pick three words. Write three questions for your partner to answer. Use the online visual glossary {0b shige Numazoa/As Photo BaktiteResaheslon ane ages en Aptana Gey mages 63How do natural forces affect Earth? Read how a scientist studies forces that cause volcanic activity at Mount Vesuvius.Meet Marta Ramirez As a young girl during World War II, Marta Ramirez saw newsreels that showed B-25 airplanes flying near the smoky plume of a volcanic eruption. The year was 1944, and Mount Vesuvius in Italy was erupting! Blankets of burning ash were seen smothering the airplanes. Shards of volcanic rock came plummeting from the sky. Soldiers on the ground ran for cover. Each glowing splinter of rock was like a deadly bullet. Those images never left Marta. She has been fascinated by volcanoes ever since. When she got older, Marta earned degrees in geology and volcanology. Though she has studied many of the world’s volcanoes, she returns again and again to Mount Vesuvius. Marta has climbed down into its smoking crater many times. In the following memoir, she describes one of her visits and why this volcano still inspires her work. At the Monster's Mouth | recently went to see this dynamic volcano again. | decided to climb its slope along with the dozens of curious tourists visiting that day. As we walked, our shoes crunched on cinders that had been dropped there long ago. Finally reaching the rim, we gazed at the spectacular view. We stared 800 feet down into the crater. It was quiet for now, but | knew it was only sleeping. Frequent tremors and small earthquakes prove that this monster is not dead. Did the others standing there with me know about the danger beneath their feet? we Mount Vesuvius This model shows how Mount Vesuvius formed where one plate of Earth's crust pushes against another. Mol rock at this collision point exerts pressure upward until lava explodes from the volcano.Every time | see this volcano up close, | think about how it had roared like a lion back in 1944. The trembling earth shook buildings for miles around, and streams of scalding lava flowed down the sides. Like glowing red fingers, they stretched out to crush defenseless homes below. It must have been terrifying to witness in person. Today, the lava that once cascaded down the mountain is hard and dry. It looks a bit like the skin of an elephant. When the Monster Awakens There is a lot of documentation of Vesuvius’s past. Geologists have gathered this evidence of earlier o eruptions by studying the rocks that SD Mevesuvius were formed. Before 1944, the most Naples” catastrophic eruption occurred in 79 A.D. A Roman writer named Pliny the Younger described it in detail in his letters. On the morning of that tragic day, no one guessed that an enormous volcanic explosion was about to pulverize tons i — of rock and send it raining down on the city. People couldn't know that thick, dark ash and fiery lava would completely destroy the nearby cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum. By evening, few people had survived. Many smaller eruptions have occurred since then, including the one in 1944. Volcanologists believe that another major eruption could occur at any time. The probability grows with each passing year. To watch for geological changes within Vesuvius, we have set up seismographs on the slopes of its cone. These instruments measure the slightest shifts in the rock beneath the mountain. During one dangerous but exciting mission, | climbed down into the crater itself. My crew and I worked on mapping what wasNaples, Italy going on underground. We also measured the gases leaking from small vents. Any sudden increase in carbon dioxide and other gases might signal an eruption. Looking Ahead | don't go into the crater anymore, but | often think about how Vesuvius threatens the environment around it. Today, the city of Naples lies at the foot of Mount Vesuvius. If an eruption occurred tomorrow, the city would not be ready. Tons of ash and rock would ‘once more be hurled into the air. This volcanic debris would keep cars, planes, and trains from operating. People would try escaping on foot. Sadly, no one can outrun such an eruption The only sure way to protect people who live near this volcano is to give them enough warning. The city of Naples has detailed evacuation plans. For the plans to work, however, officials need to be warned seven days before an eruption occurs. | hope the work that volcanologists do will help to give people the warning they need. Until then, I'll be watching this sleeping monster, just in case it starts to wake up. =) Talk about how Earth’s natural forces affect the environment around Mount Vesuvius. ESSENTIAL QUESTION What natural occurrences have you experienced that could pose a danger to people? TEXT TO SELF Behind Vesuvius are the remains of Mount Somma, a volcano that erupted 25,000 years ago. Vesuvius formed inside Somma’s crater. 67PUSS Ceci) Reread Rereading portions of “The Monster in the Mountain” can help you better understand the factual information about Mount Vesuvius and its volcanic eruptions. Find Text Evidence You may not be sure why volcanologists study a volcano even when it isn’t erupting. Reread “When the Monster Awakens” on page 66 of “The Monster in the Mountain.” ‘When the Monster Awakens : i Lread that scientists gather eee Gaara : lead that scientists jather of Vesuvius's past. Geologists have historical and geological. gathered this evidence of earlier - - ¥ volcano’s past. From this | can tell that learning about past eruptions helps predict when it may erupt again. eaasonare a | How does information about past eruptions affect people living near Vesuvius today? Reread “Looking Ahead” on page 67. Remember to use the strategy Reread. 68Pe Turtle LG Main Idea and Key Details The main idea is the most important point an author makes about a topic or in a section of text. The main idea may be stated or unstated. If it is not stated, readers use key details to identify the main idea. © Find Text Evidence 4 When | reread “Meet Marta Ramirez” on page 65, | can ask myself what this section is mainly about. All of the key details together help me figure out the main idea. All the details connect to Main Idea the unstated main idea. Ramirez's childhood fascination with Mount Vesuvius led to a lifelong career as a volcanologist Rare As a child, Ramirez saw dramatic newsreel images of Mount Vesuvius Reread the rest of “The erupting in 1944 Monster in the Mountain.’ Find F the key details in each section Detail d list them in the graphic and lisi rez ear de | Ramirez earned degrees in geology organizer. Use what the details have in common to find the Detail main idea of each section. Ramirez has studied many volcanoes, and Vesuvius in particular. Use the interactive graphic orgat 69 and volcanology.Informational Text Narrative Nonfiction “The Monster in the Mountain’ is mostly a first-person narrative by a scientist. Narrative nonfiction: + Gives factual information about a topic + May tell one person’s experiences related to that topic D Find Text Evidence “The Monster in the Mountain’ is a scientist's memoir written with the first-person pronouns | and we. A map shows the location of Vesuvius. A model adds information about how Vesuvius formed. Pe Text Features Mas Maps show the locations of places discussed in the text. Models Models provide simple visual explanations of detailed factual information. ca ABOR Te cr 33 Find and list two text features in “The Monster in the Mountain.’ Tell your partner how each contributes to your understanding of the factual information. 70Vocabulary Strategy ( Metaphor and Simile A simile compares two things or ideas using the words like or as. A metaphor is a direct comparison that refers to one thing as another. It does not use like or as. )) Find Text Evidence On page 65, ! see the word like in the sentence, Each glowing splinter of rock was like a deadly bullet. This comparison is a simile. In the sentence, Soon blankets of burning ash were smothering the airplanes, the burning ash is compared to smothering blankets without using like or as. This is a metaphor. Context clues help p), you understand the comparisons. Each glowing splinter of ro€k.was EW EET aT Soon|blankets of burning ash|were Sela Rae toa Reread the first sentence on page 66. Tell whether it contains a simile or a metaphor. Identify the things being compared. Then identify one more simile and one more metaphor. Tell how the comparisons add to your understanding of the text. teroaenicas 71Readers to... In narrative nonfiction writing, the author's tone reminds readers that a real person is speaking. This recognizable voice helps readers understand the topic. Reread the excerpt from “The Monster in the Mountain” below. Expert Model Descriptive Details Describe the author's At the Monster's Mouth | recently went to see this dynamic volcano again. | decided to climb its slope along with the dozens of curious tourists visiting that day. As we walked, our shoes crunched on cinders that had been dropped there long ago. Finally reaching the rim, we gazed at the spectacular view. We stared 800 feet down into the crater. It was quiet for now, but | knew it was only sleeping. Frequent tremors and small earthquakes prove that this monster is not dead. Did the others standing there with me know about the danger beneath their feet? voice. How does her tone, or style, add to your understanding of the topic? 72A Add 4 Add a comma. © Aaa a period. _¥ Take out. J, Make a lowercase letter Writers Anika wrote about volcanic pollution. Read her revisions to a part of this informational text. Grammar) Han Complex Sentences BST Cua Cr See page 453. eg a C Yog > “SS Pa SK Living near Kilauea Volcano, 1 Know how vog, or volcanic smog, pollutes the air. First, the haze it creates 3 Second, makes it hard to see, Did-you-know vog contains a poisonous gas \V Describe the tone, or When I go outside, style, that Anika uses. athe gas irritates my skin and makes Which words and phrases wat Finally, d o bring out this tone? my eyes ater, Yog jamages crops. (¥ Tell how she made a Some plants turn brown and shrivel __ complex sentence. | Tell how the revisions up. Everyone should Know about the improved her writing. negative effects that vog can have. EE 73