Jacob Cashman MIDTERM 1 REVIEW MATH 226 SI Fall 2021

jcashman@usc.edu 10.1-10.8, 11.1-11.5 Sep 26

10.1 3D Coordinate Systems 10.2 Vectors

Vector of 2 points: Given 𝐴 𝑥" , 𝑥! , 𝑥$ and 𝐵 𝑥" , 𝑥! , 𝑥$
Distance: 𝑥! − 𝑥" ! + 𝑦! − 𝑦" ! + 𝑧! − 𝑧" ! 𝐴𝐵 = < 𝑥! − 𝑥" , 𝑦! − 𝑦" , 𝑧! − 𝑧" >
Sphere: 𝑟 ! = 𝑥 − 𝑥# ! + 𝑦 − 𝑦# !
+ 𝑧 − 𝑧# ! Vector Length: Given 𝑎⃗ =< 𝑥" , 𝑦" , 𝑧" >
𝑎⃗ = 𝑥"! + 𝑦"! + 𝑧"!
10.3 Dot Product
"
Unit Vector: 𝑢 = 𝑎⃗
Definition: Given 𝑎⃗ =< 𝑎" , 𝑎! , 𝑎$ > and 𝑏 = %
< 𝑏" , 𝑏! , 𝑏$ >
𝑎⃗ 1 𝑏 = 𝑎" 𝑏" + 𝑎! 𝑏! + 𝑎$ 𝑏$ 10.4 Cross Product
Geometric Properties: Definition: Given 𝑎⃗ =< 𝑎" , 𝑎! , 𝑎$ > and 𝑏 =< 𝑏" , 𝑏! , 𝑏$ >
𝑎⃗ 1 𝑏 = 𝑎⃗ 𝑏 cos 𝜃 𝑎⃗ × 𝑏 = < 𝑎! 𝑏$ − 𝑎$ 𝑏! , 𝑎$ 𝑏" − 𝑎" 𝑏$ , 𝑎" 𝑏! − 𝑎! 𝑏" >
Orthogonal if 𝑎⃗ 1 𝑏 = 0 𝚤̂ 𝚥̂ 𝑘A
Parallel if 𝑎⃗ 1 𝑏 = |𝑎||𝑏|
⃗ = 𝑎" 𝑎! 𝑎$
Projections: 𝑏" 𝑏! 𝑏$
𝑎⃗ 1 𝑏 𝑎⃗ 1 𝑏
𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝% 𝑏 = 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑗% 𝑏 = 𝑎⃗ Geometric Properties:
𝑎⃗ 𝑎⃗ !
𝑎⃗ × 𝑏 is orthogonal to 𝑎⃗ and 𝑏 (Right hand rule)
𝑎⃗ × 𝑏 = 𝑎⃗ 𝑏 sin 𝜃 = Area of Parallelogram
1) Given A(1, -2, 3), B(2, 1, 7), C(-4, 0, 3), For parallel vectors: 𝑎⃗ × 𝑏 = 0
a) Find the angle between 𝐴𝐵 and 𝐴𝐶 Triple Product:
𝑎⃗ 1 𝑏 × 𝑐⃗ = 𝑉 of Parallelepiped

b) Find the projection of 𝐴𝐵 onto 𝐴𝐶

c) Find the area of triangle ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶

10.5 Equations of Lines and Planes

Line: Contains vector 𝑣⃗ = < 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 > and Point Plane: Normal vector n = < a, b, c > and Point
𝑃(𝑥# , 𝑦# , 𝑧# ) P(x# , y# , z# )
𝑥 = 𝑥# + 𝑎𝑡 𝑎 𝑥 − 𝑥# + 𝑏 𝑦 − 𝑦# + 𝑐 𝑧 − 𝑧# = 0
Parametric: J𝑦 = 𝑦# + 𝑏𝑡 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 + 𝑑 = 0
𝑧 = 𝑧# + 𝑐𝑡 Distance from point to plane:
Vector: 𝑟⃗ = 𝑟# + 𝑡𝑣⃗ |𝑎𝑥" + 𝑏𝑦" + 𝑐𝑧" + 𝑑|
&'&! ('(! *'*! 𝐷=
Symmetric: t = = = 𝑎! + 𝑏 ! + 𝑐 !
% ) +
 &'! !(-. *'"
2a) Find the equation of the plane that contains point A(1,-1,4) and line ,
= .
= $

b) Find the line of intersection between the plane from part a and the plane −𝑦 + 𝑧 = 4

3) Find an equation for the plane consisting of all points that are equidistant from the points 2,5,5 and (−6,3,1)

4) Find the distance between the skew lines with parametric equations 𝑥 = 1 + 𝑡, 𝑦 = 1 + 6𝑡, 𝑧 = 2𝑡 and
𝑥 = 1 + 2𝑠, 𝑦 = 5 + 15𝑠, 𝑧 = −2 + 6𝑠

10.6 Cylinders and Quadric Surfaces

Ellipsoid Cone Elliptic Paraboloid

𝑥! 𝑦! 𝑧! 𝑥! 𝑦! 𝑧! 𝑥! 𝑦! 𝑧
+ + =1 + = + =
𝑎! 𝑏 ! 𝑐 ! 𝑎! 𝑏 ! 𝑐 ! 𝑎! 𝑏 ! 𝑐

Hyperbolic Paraboloid Hyperboloid of One Sheet Hyperboloid of Two Sheets

𝑥! 𝑦! 𝑧 𝑥! 𝑦! 𝑧! 𝑥! 𝑦! 𝑧!
− = + − =1 − − + =1
𝑎! 𝑏 ! 𝑐 𝑎! 𝑏 ! 𝑐 ! 𝑎! 𝑏 ! 𝑐 !

NOTE – Cylinders are shapes w/ two variables (x&y, y&z, or x&z)

5) On another page, identify the following surfaces
a) 25 𝑧 − 2 ! + 4𝑥 ! + 25𝑦 ! = 100
b) 3𝑥 = −9 + 4𝑧 − 𝑦 ! + 6𝑦
10.7 Vector Functions and Space Curves / 10.8 Arc Length & Curvature
Given 𝑟⃗ 𝑡 = < 𝑓 𝑡 , 𝑔 𝑡 , ℎ 𝑡 >:
- Derivative: 𝑟⃗ 2 𝑡 = < 𝑓 2 𝑡 , 𝑔2 𝑡 , ℎ2 𝑡 >
) ) ) )
- Integral: ∫% 𝑟(𝑡)
⃗ 𝑑𝑡 = < ∫% 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡, ∫% 𝑔(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡, ∫% ℎ(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 >
) )
- Arc Length (from a ≤ t ≤ b): 𝐿 = ∫% |𝑟⃗ 2 𝑡 | 𝑑𝑡 = ∫% 𝑥2 𝑡 ! + 𝑦2 𝑡 ! + 𝑧2 𝑡 ! 𝑑𝑡

4⃗# 1
- Tangent Unit Vector: 𝑇 𝑡 =
|4⃗# 1 |
|6# 1 | 4⃗# 1 ×4⃗## 1
- Curvature: 𝜅⃗ 𝑡 = |4⃗# 1 |
= 4⃗# 1 $

6a) Let C be the curve parametrized by 𝑟 𝑡 = < 𝑒 1 , 𝑒 1 sin 𝑡 , 𝑒 1 cos 𝑡 >. Find the parametric equations for the
line which is tangent to the point (1, 0, 1)

b) Find the length of C from 𝑡 = 0 to 𝑡 = 4

c) Find the curvature at t=0

11.1 Functions of Several Variables 11.3 Functions of Several Variables

Domain Level Curves/ Given 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 :

Contour Maps /0 /0
Partial Derivative: 𝑓& 𝑥, 𝑦 = /&, 𝑓( 𝑥, 𝑦 = /(
Higher order Partial Derivative: 𝑓&& 𝑥, 𝑦 =
/ /0 /" 0
=
/& /& /&"

Clairaut’s Theorem: 𝑓&( 𝑎, 𝑏 = 𝑓(& (𝑎, 𝑏)

11.4 Tangent Planes & Linear Approximtations
Tangent Planes: 𝑧 − 𝑧# = 𝑓& 𝑥# , 𝑦# 𝑥 − 𝑥# + 𝑓( (𝑥# , 𝑦# )(𝑦 − 𝑦# )
Linear Approximation: 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 ≈ 𝑓 𝑎, 𝑏 + 𝑓& 𝑎, 𝑏 𝑥 − 𝑎 + 𝑓( (𝑎, 𝑏)(𝑦 − 𝑏)
/* /*
Differential: 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦
/& /(

7) Given surface 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 cos(𝜋𝑦) − 𝑦 & ,

a) Find the tangent plane at the point (3,1)

b) Approximate the value of f(3.2,0.9)

11.2 Limits and Continuity

Limit lim 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝐿 Continuous

&,( →(%,))
𝑓 is continuous at (𝑎, 𝑏) if
If for every 𝜀 > 0 there is a corresponding 𝛿 > 0 lim 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑓(𝑎, 𝑏)
such that if 𝑥, 𝑦 are in domain of 𝑓 and &,( →(%,))

0 < 𝑥 − 𝑎 ! + 𝑦 − 𝑏 ! < 𝛿 then 𝑓 is continuous on 𝐷 if 𝑓 is continuous

𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 − 𝐿 < 𝜀 at every point (𝑎, 𝑏) in 𝐷

8.) Evaluate the following limits or show that they do not exist:
2𝑥𝑦
lim
&,( → #,# 𝑥 ! + 2𝑦 !
 𝑥𝑦
lim
&,( → #,# 𝑥! + 𝑦!

11.5 Chain Rule

Implicit Differentiation: Given F 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 0
Chain rule for two variables: Given 𝑓(𝑥 𝑠, 𝑡 , 𝑦 𝑠, 𝑡 ), 𝜕𝐹 𝜕𝐹
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝐹 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦 𝐹(
= − 𝜕𝑥 = −
&
= + =− =−
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝐹 𝐹* 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝐹 𝐹*
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧

6) Find the following partial derivatives:

/* /*
a) and for 𝑧 = 2𝑠 + 𝑠 ! 𝑡, where 𝑠 = 𝑥𝑦, 𝑡 = 𝑥 − 𝑦 at the point where x = 2 and y = 3
/& /(

/* /*
b) /&
and /( for 𝑥 ! − 4𝑦 ! + 𝑧 ! − 2𝑧 = 4

Tips:
- Practice HW questions
- Look through old exams (https://dornsife.usc.edu/mathcenter/226/)
- Expect questions to cover multiple concepts like those exams
- A nice 3D graphing tool for visualizing things: https://www.geogebra.org/3d?lang=en