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Design of a Transmitter for Ultra Wideband Radio

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ABSTRACT

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Ultra Wideband Radio (UWB) is an upcoming alternative for wireless communications. Since the Federal

Communication Commission in the USA allowed UWB for unlicensed usage in April 2002, more and more companies

have started developing UWB systems.

The major difference with UWB compared to other RF systems is that UWB sends information with pulses instead of

using a carrier wave. The technique is from the nineteenth century and was first developed by Heinrich Hertz

(1857-1894), which led to transatlantic communications 1901.

This Master thesis presents a proposal of a transmitter for Ultra Wideband Radio using multiple bands. The proposed

transmitter is implemented on system level in Simulink, MATLAB. The frequency generation in the transmitter is

also implemented at component level in a 0.13 um IBM process. The thesis begins with an introduction of UWB

theory and techniques.

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ULTRA WIDEBAND RADIO

— Figure 1. A Gaussian monocycle and a first order Hermite

based pulse

The pulses can be created in different ways and have different characteristics. The Gaussian pulse (Appendix I),

which has a relative pulse width and the Hermite based pulses (Appendix II), which are based on polynomials are

two alternatives for UWB pulses. The first order Hermite based pulse and the Gaussian monocycle are the same,

Figure 1.

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— Figure 8. The frequency response when a band is unused to avoid an interferer

The multiple bands technique allows many users to operate simultaneously by giving users different bands. In

environments with high RF interferers, there is also the alternative to temporarily close a band containing an

interferer to reduce the bit error rate (BER), Figure 8. For data modulation when transmitting with Multiple Bands,

Binary Shift Keying (BPSK) can be used giving each pulse one bit of information.

TRANSMITTER DESIGN

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— Figure 9. First model of a transmitter for UWB

The first approach to a transmitter model, Figure 9, is based on eight frequency sources. A pulse generator, a

Bessel filter and a multiplier were chosen for the pulse shaping, a sign converter and a multiplier to phase

modulate the data read from file.

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— Figure 14. A divide by two circuit (DTC)

The frequency sources used are at 4, 2, 1, and 0.5 GHz. Introducing a divider to the model, dividing the 4 GHz

source with divide by two circuits three times, the four frequencies are created. A Divide-By-Two circuit (DTC)

consists of two D-latches (Appendix V) in master and slave configuration. The DTC can be designed as in Figure 14.

CIRCUIT IMPLEMENTATION

An emphasis on the frequency generation has been made in this thesis and in the summary of chapter 3, it was

concluded that the bottlenecks of the system arises there. Therefore, that part was selected for implementation at

component level. First, a divider was designed, then a filter, an amplifier and a limiter were designed. Finally, the

total frequency generation was designed with transistors. In the filters, the inductances and the capacitances were

tuned for the different bands.

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Ultra wideband radio is here to stay. The need for a wire less alternative in high speed communication at short

distances is large and UWB has a high potential in that area. The use of multiple bands is attractive, e.g. Intel and

General Atomics are developing systems based on multiple bands. No standard is yet in place, but the IEEE 802.15

working group are developing WPAN consensus standards. This thesis contains a preliminary study of UWB and a

proposal on pulse generation for UWB transmission.

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The proposal is presented first on system level in Matlab and then at component level using Cadence. The multiple

band technique is used with eight bands with a bandwidth of 500 MHz each. The center frequencies are created

with a circuit based on one VCO where harmonics are used to obtain the eight bands of operation. The system has a

current consumption of 27mA per band during operation, giving a consumption of 230 mA if all bands are generated

simultaneously. This is unacceptable, but note that not all bands need to be on at the same time and the system

has not been optimized for power primarily.

A recommendation for future work and enhancement is to improve the 6.5 GHz and 5.5 GHz band. A bottleneck in

the system is the current consumption for amplification, which is over half of the total consumption. Enhancing the

existing or investigating an alternative solution is therefore recommendable. The pulse shaping and band switching

are ideal and has to be implemented with transistor circuits. Furthermore is the layout for the circuit yet to be

done.

Source: LinkOping University

Author: Andersson | Christofer

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