COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES

DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY
GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES
CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES OF FISH PRODUCTION IN
LAKE TANA: THE CASE OF TAKUSA WOREDA

A RESEARCH THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF

GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES, IN PARTIAL
FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER
OF ART IN GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

By: Nigusu Goshe

Advisor: Belete Gelanew
Co_Advisor Mr. Mulat Tilahun

September, 2020
Gondar
Gondar, Ethiopia

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THESIS APPROVAL SHEET
As member of the Board of Examiners of the Master of Art (M.A.) thesis open defense
examination, we have evaluated this thesis prepared by Mr. Nigusu Goshe entitled ‟ Challenges
and Opportunities of Fish Production in Lake Tana: The Case of Takusa Woreda”. We
hereby certify that the thesis is accepted for fulfilling the requirements for the award of the
degree of Master of Art in Geography and Environmental Studies.

Board of Examiners
________________________ __________________________ ______________
Name of External Examiner Signature Date
______________________ __________________________ _______________
Name of Internal Examiner Signature Date
______________________ ___________________________ ________________
Name of Chair Person Signature Date

ii
Declaration
I declare that this research thesis entitled ‟ Challenges and Opportunities of Fish Production in
Lake Tana: The Case of Takusa Woreda”is my original work submitted for the award of Degree
of Masters of Geography and Environmental studies at University of Gondar. It has not been
presented for the award of any degree in any university and all sources used have been duly
acknowledged.

Name: Nigusu GosheSignature………...………. Date……………….

This Thesis has been submitted for examination with my approval as university supervisor.

Advisor: Belete GelanewSignature……………. Date………………...

CO-Advisor: Mulat TilahunSignature……………. Date………………...

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AKNOWLEDGMENT
First and for most, I would like to thank Almighty God for his perfect protection and gave me a
wisdom, health and strength to complete this study.

I would like to express my deepest gratitude and genuine appreciation to my advisor Mr. Belete
Gelanewfor his unreserved help, and critical comment from the beginning up to the completion
of this thesis.I would like to thanks also my Co-advisor to Mr. Mulat Tilahun for all sorts of
assistance he rendered to me that were critical for the timely completion of the study.

My deepest gratitude also goes to Takusa woreda fishery development office workers specially
Mr. Birhanu Teshome, Mr. Angawu Zewudu and Adina Abebe respectively for their support
during field survey and data collection.

Finally,I would like to thanksto my wife to Asnakech Adane and to all my best friend in general
and those who helped me in any contribution towards the completion of my study, may God
bless all of them.
The researcher also likes to thank the participants in the survey, who have willingly shared their
valuable time during the process of interviewing and filling questionnaires.

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Table of contents

Contents Page
AKNOWLEDGMENT ................................................................................................................................ iv
List of Tables ............................................................................................................................................. viii
List of Figures ............................................................................................................................................ viii
ACRONYM ................................................................................................................................................. xi
ABSTRACT................................................................................................................................................ xii
CHAPTER ONE ........................................................................................................................................... 1
1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1. Background of the Study ................................................................................................................... 1
1.2. Statement of the problem ................................................................................................................... 4
1.3. Objectives of the Study ...................................................................................................................... 5
1.3.1. General Objective ....................................................................................................................... 5
1.3.2. Specific Objectives ..................................................................................................................... 5
1.4. Research Questions ............................................................................................................................ 6
1.5. Significance of the Study ................................................................................................................... 6
1.6 Delimitation of the Study .................................................................................................................... 6
CHAPTER TWO .......................................................................................................................................... 7
2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ................................................................................................. 7
2.1 Concept and Meaning of Fish Production........................................................................................... 7
2.2. Opportunities provided in the practice of fish production ................................................................. 8
2.2.1. Exploitation of fish resources ..................................................................................................... 8
2.2.2. Fishing technology ...................................................................................................................... 9
2.2.3. Seasonality in the fishery ............................................................................................................ 9
2.2.4. The sustainable livelihood approach ......................................................................................... 10
2.3. The contribution of small scale fisheries ......................................................................................... 11
2.3.1. Contribution to Poverty Alleviation .......................................................................................... 11
2.3.2. Contribution to Food Security at Household Level .................................................................. 12
2.4. Potential Challenges of Fishery ....................................................................................................... 12
2.4.1 water hyacinth ............................................................................................................................ 13
2.4.2. Overfishing ............................................................................................................................... 15
2.4.3. Fish Demand ............................................................................................................................. 15
2.5. Fishing and fish production in Ethiopia ........................................................................................... 18

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 2.5.1. Fish Demand and supply pattern in Ethiopia .......................................................................... 18
2.5.2. Lake Tana fishery...................................................................................................................... 19
2.5.3. Socio-economic features of the community .............................................................................. 20
2.6. Sustainability in fishery production ................................................................................................. 21
2.6.1. Fishery management ................................................................................................................. 22
2.6.2. Household fish consumption and preference for fish species ................................................... 23
CHAPTER THREE .................................................................................................................................... 25
3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY............................................................................................................. 25
3.1 Description of the Study Area ........................................................................................................... 25
3.1.1 Location ..................................................................................................................................... 25
3.1.2 Population of Takusa woreda ..................................................................................................... 26
3.1.3 Climate ....................................................................................................................................... 26
3.1.4 Topography and Soil .................................................................................................................. 27
3.2 Research Methodology ..................................................................................................................... 27
3.2.1. Research Design........................................................................................................................ 28
3.2.2 Research Approach .................................................................................................................... 28
3.2.3. Sample Size and Sampling Techniques .................................................................................... 28
3.2.3 1 Sampling Techniques .............................................................................................................. 28
3.2.1 Sample size determination ......................................................................................................... 29
3.2.4. Data Collection Methods and sources ....................................................................................... 30
3.2.5. Methods of Data Analysis ......................................................................................................... 32
CHAPTER FOUR....................................................................................................................................... 33
4. RESULT AND DISCUSION ................................................................................................................. 33
4.1 Demographic characteristics ............................................................................................................. 33
4.1.1 Age of respondent ...................................................................................................................... 33
4.1.2 Educational status of respondents .............................................................................................. 34
4.1.3 Religion, family size and marital status ..................................................................................... 35
4.2 Income distribution of the respondents ............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.3 Work experience of respondents ....................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.4.1. Educational status and amount of fish production .................................................................... 37
4.4.2 Work experience and fish production ........................................................................................ 38
4.5 Major challenges faced fisher men to practice fishing in Lake Tana Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.5.1. The presence of high distance from home the lake ................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.5.2 Types of fishing materials .......................................................................................................... 40
4.5.2.1 Types of gill nets for fish production ...................................................................................... 40

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 4.4.3 Problems of fishing markets ...................................................................................................... 41
4.5.4 Status of license in the study area .............................................................................................. 41
4.5.5 Reason for the absence of license .............................................................................................. 42
4.5.6. The extent of spoilage of fish product....................................................................................... 42
4.5.9. Fish demand of the community ................................................................................................. 44
4.5.10 occurrence of theft case............................................................................................................ 45
4.5.12. The major challenges of fish production................................................................................. 46
4.6 Opportunities that enhance fish production ...................................................................................... 46
4.6.3 The availability of training......................................................................................................... 48
4.6.4 The availability of credit for fishing practice............................................................................. 49
4.6.5 The amount of fish production ................................................................................................... 50
4.7 The livelihood contribution of fishery for fishermen ........................................................................ 50
4.7.1 The importance of fishery for their life ...................................................................................... 50
4.7.2 The existence of activities related to fishing .............................................................................. 51
CHAPETR FIVE ........................................................................................................................................ 53
5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS.................................................................................... 53
5.1. Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................... 53
5.2 Recommendations ............................................................................................................................. 55
References ................................................................................................................................................... 56
Appendices.................................................................................................................................................. 64
Appendix I. ................................................................................................................................................. 64
Appendix ii.................................................................................................................................................. 70
Appendix iii ................................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

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 List of Tables

Table 1. The summary of agro-ecology of Takusa woreda .......................................................... 27

Table3.2.1 list of selected kebeles and number of respondent selected from each kebeles. ........ 30

Table 4.1 age distribution of the respondent................................................................................. 33

Table 4.1.2 information on educational status of respondents...................................................... 34

Table 4.1.3 religion family size and marital status of the respondent .......................................... 35

Table 4.2 income distribution of the respondents ......................................................................... 36

Table 4.3 work experience of the respondents.............................................................................. 36

Table 4.4.1 the association between educational status and amount of fish production per day in
kilogram ........................................................................................................................................ 37

Table 4.4.2 the association between work experiences with amount of fish production.............. 38

Table 4.5.1 information on distance from the home to Lake Tana ............................................... 39

Table 4.5.2 Types of gill nets for fish production......................................................................... 40

Table 4.5.3 The problem for fish marketing ................................................................................. 41

Table 4.5.4 status of license in the study area............................................................................... 41

Table 4.5.5 reason for the absence of license ............................................................................... 42

Table 4.5.6 spoilage of fish product before sale or consumption ................................................. 42

Table 4.5.7 average percentage of fish spoilage per trip .............................................................. 43

Table 4.5.8 reason for spoilage of fish before sale or consumption ............................................. 43

Table 4.5.9 the fish demand of the community ........................................................................... 44

Table 4.5.10 information on occurrence of theft case .................................................................. 45

Table 4.5.11 the awareness of fishermen on government policy.................................................. 45

Table 4.5.12 the challenges of fish production in Lake Tana ....................................................... 46

Table 4.6.1 information on the place where people practice fishing ............................................ 46

Table 4.6.2 information on seasonality in fish production ........................................................... 47

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Table 4.6.3 information on the extent of training availability for fishermen ............................... 48

Table 4.6.4 the availability of credit for fishing practice ............................................................. 49

Table 4.6.5 information on the amount of fish production ........................................................... 50

Table 4.7.1 view of respondent on the importance of fishery for their life .................................. 50

Table 4.7.2 the extent of activities related to fishing ................................................................... 51

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 List of figures

Figure 2.3 Conceptual framework of the study ............................................................................ 24

Figure 3.1 Location Map of the study area .................................................................................. 26

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ACRONYMS
ANRS................Amhara National Regional State
ARARI………... Amhara Region Agricultural Research Institute
ARARI ………. Amhara Region Agricultural Research Institute
BNP……………Big number program
CGAZ…………. Central Gondar Administrative Zone
EARO…………...Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization
EFSSA…………. Ethiopian Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Association
GDP……………. Gross Domestic Product
LFDP…………... Lake fisheries development project
PAFFA…………. Pan African Fish and Fisheries Association
SPSS……………Statistical Package for Social Science
TWAO…………Takusa woreda agricultural office
UN……………...UNITED NATION
US ……………. UNITED STATE
WME…………...Watershed Monitoring and Evaluation

xi
 ABSTRACT
This study was conducted in Amhara regional state, central Gondar administrative zone, Takusa
woreda with the aim of investigate challenges, opportunities and the livelihood contribution of
fish production for fishermen. Purposive and simple random sampling techniques were used to
select five site and 124 sample respondents, respectively, based on nearness to the lake. The
sample size used determined by using Yemane formula and then respondents selected randomly
to reduce any bias and make it representative. Both primary and secondary data were collected
and used. Primary data were collected through questionnaire, key informant interview and field
observation. The quantitative data were analyzed through simple descriptive statistics like
percentage by using statistical package for social science (SPPS version 20) and presented
through tables. The inferential staticslike chi square were also used. The result of the study
revealed that the local people practice fishing activity throughout the year, but there was low
demand of the society for fish production. Fish production have a significant correlation with
educational status and work experience. Beside this, lack of fishing tools, low demand,
occurrences of theft case, low skill in fishing, involvement of illegal fishermen were the major
challenges that hinder fisher men to produce more. The study also revealed that the availability
of Lake Tana, which is highly suitable for fish production, production throughout the year,
availability of varieties of fish species, availability of training and credit were the major
opportunities that exist to enhance fish production in the study area. Beside this, the study
revealed that the major livelihood contribution of fishery was source of food, supplementary
income, job opportunity. Finally, the study revealed that the involvement of illegal fishermen
increased from time to time and the fish demand of the society decreased. Therefore, Takusa
woreda fishery development offices and other stakeholders should give due attention to keep
good opportunity and to reduce the problem and challenge of fish production in lake Tana
addressed in the study.

Key words:challenge,contribution,fishing, fish, fishermen, Lake Tana,Opportunity

xii
 CHAPTER ONE
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background of the Study
Fish is an important food item that has significant socioeconomic contribution as a source
of income, employment and cheap protein for marginal people in developing countries
including Ethiopia (Asmare et al, 2015).

Fisheries are one of livelihood strategies that have contributed much to people in
developing countries. It is one of the vital strategies for the poor to achieve food, income
and other social benefits. For instance, it serves as an important source of diet for over one
billion people (Erkie et. al, 2016.)

Inland fisheries are particularly important for the food security of poor people; as most
inland fish production goes for subsistence or local consumption (FAO 2004). It was
estimated that more than 56 million people were directly involved in inland fisheries in the
developing world in 2009 (BNP, 2009 and Welcomme RL, 2010).

The Global commercial production for human use of fish and other aquatic organisms
occurs in two ways: they are either captured wild by commercial fishing or they are
cultivated and harvested using agricultural and farming techniques (Global Fish Alliance,
2010). Tropical freshwaters contribute 15 percent of the world’s reported capture fishery
production and only 0.2 percent of the global aquatic surface area (FAO, 2012).

The fishery industry has been of critical importance to the economy and to the social well-
being of humanity. It provides a vital source of food, employment, recreation, trade and
economic wellbeing for people throughout the world. However, current harvest trends and
fishery conditions put these attributes of the industry at risk. It is threatened with problems
of overexploitation, environmental degradation and consequently unrecovered resources
resulting in loss of its potentials. Fish resources, although renewable, are not infinite and
need to be properly managed, if their contribution to the nutritional, economic and social
well-being of the growing world's population is to be sustained (FAO, 1995).

1
In Ethiopia would have great contribution to the economy. This is because fisheries
provide employment, food & income and it makes possible evaluation of overexploitation
of the fisheries. Since fishery production is overexploited due to inappropriate fishing
practice, the potential of fish was underdeveloped and the management rule and regulation
at federal level and regional level to control the devastation was very poor. This shows that
the government attention for fish management was very poor (Janko, 2014).

Moreover, fisheries management experts recognize that the underlying causes of fisheries
resource over-exploitation and environmental degradation are often of social, economic,
institutional and/or political origins. The primary concerns of fisheries management,
therefore, should address the relationship of fisheries resource to human welfare and the
conservation of the resources for future generations. That is the main focus of fisheries
management should be people, not fish per se. Policy interventions, if they are to bring
about lasting solutions, must address these concerns (Pomeroy 1995). Therefore, it is
essential and timely to study on the fish production and fishing activity of the Lake Tana
for sustainable utilization.

Fisheries production is also under-exploited while current demand exceeds supply by about
four-fold. One of the big and immediate challenges of our country is addressing the
problems of food security and poverty. Currently, about 45% of the total population is
living under poverty and the level of impoverishment is worse in rural areas, where 85% of
the total inhabitant’s dwell (Silesh, 2013).

At present access to all lakes is basically open to all, anyone who wants may start to fish.
There is no control either on the quality or the quantity of the fishing effort. The number of
fishermen on the lake is increasing from time to time. The use of illegal and non-
sustainable fishing gear is a common practice. This situation is clearly untenable. The issue
of appropriate management is an urgent need to address if the contribution of the fishery as
a source of food, income and employment and a means of promoting community stability
for the majority of the population around the lake is to be continued (Abdurrahman, 2002).

2
The existing fisheries production in Lake Tana is traditional. Because of traditional
production system and poor management practice, the fishermen as a whole in this area are
getting low income from these fisheries, failed for problems. It looks and approved from
fishers there is a decline in the population of fish in the sub-basin over the past years.
While all the reasons for the decline are not entirely known, it is agreed that a combination
including, loss of habitat, drying of rivers because of over utilization for irrigation,
overfishing, illegal fishing tools and time and various forms of pollution, are all
contributing and interwoven factors. Therefore, stocking of fish is one of the many
management strategies to help replenish the population for years to come (Dagnew and
Aboytu, 2015).

Currently, the traditional style of cattle ranching is rather becoming a major threat to the
environment, causing irreversible damage on ecological structures and bio-diversity.
Hence, the question now is to look for a better alternative source of animal protein that is
environmentally friendly. The ways in which government or other institutions intervene to
the alternative source of animal protein is fish farming and effective sustainable utilization
of existing potential fish resource (Aytegeb, 2013).

Ethiopians do not consume large quantities of fish, although there is no religious

prohibition for the Christian and Muslim populations. Rather, this is a country with a
strong tradition of livestock rearing and meat consumption. The Ethiopian Orthodox
Church observes several fasting periods as well as fasting days every week, when meat is
not consumed. Most Christians consider fish acceptable during those periods, though some
strict followers will not eat any animal products (Brook 2012).

Lake Tana fisheries consist of mainly artisanal predominantly subsistence fishery

conducted from papyrus reed boats (Tankwa), which resemble those of ancient Egypt. The
fishermen, who are using mainly fish traps and small gill nets, are almost exclusively
members of the reed boat fishers. Since 1986 a motorized commercial gillnet fishery
developed by Amhara fishermen in cooperation with fishermen in Netherlands (Tewabe,
2015).

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Therefore, the purpose of this study was be to investigate the main challenges and
opportunities of traditional fish production and its livelihood contribution of fishery for
fishingcommunity in Takusa woreda.

1.2. Statement of the problem

Various studies which concerned fish and fishing activities. Although there are a
considerable number of studies that have been done on fisheries in Ethiopia, it seems the
majority of them tend to focus on the biological aspects of the resource (Zenebe, 1998;
Getachew, 1993) while others relate to management of fishery resources (Felegeselam,
2003; Gordon et al., 2007). There is a dearth of studies that specifically link fisheries with
livelihoods security (EARO, 2006).

In the context of Lake Tana where the present study was conducted there are different
researches. For example, Tewabe (2015) has conducted to generate baseline scientific
information/ data about economically important and commonly found species for
management and sustainable utilization of the resources, and recommend ways and means
of conserving the diversity and stock of the fauna of L. Tana. Gebremedhin,et al (2013)
have made a research entitled Determining factor for fisher’ income: the case of lake
Tana,Ethiopia Bahir Dar University, Erkie(2016) shown that fisheries are one of
livelihood strategies that have contributed significantly to the improvement of life quality
in developing countries, Aytegeb(2013) attempted to examine socio-economic and
institutional factors influencing fishery resource utilization of Lake Tana and
Dagnew(2015) studied about the challenges and mitigations of fisheries in Tana-Sub basin.

However, the above studies are different from the present study since they focused on
management aspects and determining factors for fisheries income. Besides in the study
areathere is no well documented research output about the challenges and opportunities of
fish production.

Taking into account the gaps that the above researches’ left this thesis is designed to
investigate the challenges and opportunities of fish production and its livelihood
contribution of fishery for fishing community in Takusa wereda.

4
The rationale to focus on the challenge and opportunities of fish production in Lake Tana
arises from the above justifications and from the researcher’s physical observation.
Accordingly, local people fisheries who are engaging in fishing in Lake Tana seem
unsatisfied. Besides, the production level is decreasing from time to time. The amount of
fish caught were not proportional to the population and now a day the consumption habit
of local people decreased as there was no readily available fish in the market. So, if this
trend continued, the existence of fish species diversity decreased and even depletion of fish
species would happen in the study area.

Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the challenge and opportunities of
fish production and its livelihood contribution of fishery for fishermen and fishing
community in Takusa wereda.

1.3. Objectives of the Study

1.3.1. General Objective

The general objective of the study is to investigate the challenges and opportunities of fish
production and the livelihood contribution of fishery for fishermen in Takusa wereda.

1.3.2. Specific Objectives

Based on the general objective, the following specific objectives are drawn:

1 To identify the major challenges that hinder fishing community to benefit as a

means of livelihood;

2 To assess opportunities existed to enhance the practice of fishing in the study area;
and

3 To examine the livelihood contribution of fishery for fishermen

5
1.4. Research Questions
The basic research questions to be answered by the study are the following:

1 What are the major livelihood challenges of fishing in the selected site?

2 What are the opportunities that exist to enhance fish production in the study area?

3 What are the livelihood contribution of fishery for fishermen?

1.5. Significance of the Study

1. Gaining a full understanding on the common practices and participation of the
community on the production of fish. This information was used to fish experts to develop
relevant communication strategies aimed at promoting the participation and practices of
fish production.

2. it is also hope that the study may be used as a starting clue for researchers to the need
for further studies in relation to challenges and opportunities of fish production.

1.6 Delimitation of the Study

Considering time limitations, financial problems, and lack of experience the study
delimited its area scope in Takusa wereda, Lake Tana sub-basin. Particularly,
geographically, the study was delimited to 5 kebeles (Chach, Delghi, Mekonta,
chankebergen and Achera) of Takusa wereda. Moreover, due to shortage of available
resources, references in the study area, the study conceptually delimited to focus only
investigating the opportunities and challenges of fish production in the study area.

6
 CHAPTER TWO

2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Concept and Meaning of Fish Production
The term ‘fishing’ covers a wide range of activities involving many different methods,
purposes, target species and participants. Many writers’ use the terms ‘fishing’ and ‘fish
industry’ to mean only part of the full range of activities that potentially fall within the
ambient of these terms (Breuil, 1995).

According to Breuil (1995) fishing covers marine and freshwater activities, and target
species living in the wild or in captivity. It includes activities involving animals that are
not fish in a zoological sense, for example, crustaceans like crab’s shrimp and lobster;
shellfish like oysters and mussels; and cephalopods like octopus and squid. These activities
provide a range of food and non-food products for sale or subsistence.

Ecologically, fish production is defined as the elaboration of fish tissue per unit time per
unit area, regardless of whether or not tissue survives to the end of a given time period. It
is usually calculated as the product of mean growth rate and initial biomass of a fish size
class, summed over all sizes. As a broad measure, fish production integrates individual fish
growth and processes that drive demographic change in fish populations (birth,
immigration, death, emigration) (Thoman, et al. 1968)

Fishing is vital to Africa, supporting annual exports worth about US$3 000 million. Fish
are crucial to the health of 200 million Africans, providing a source of inexpensive protein,
and income for over 10 Million people engaged in fish production, processing and trade.
The fishing sector also plays an important role in the alleviation of poverty and general
food security in Africa. In Malawi, the FAO states that 70 per cent of dietary animal
protein is derived from fish, and the fishing sector constitutes a major source of income
and livelihood for more than 300 000 people.

Lakes in Africa support 16-17 percent of inland fishery (sithole 2000). Across much of the
continent, lake fisheries provide an important source of food and livelihood for millions of

7
people. Yet these benefits are at risk as the exploitation of natural fish stocks is reaching its
limit and aquaculture production has not yet fulfilled its potential (FAO 2004).

2.2. Opportunities provided in the practice of fish production

2.2.1. Exploitation of fish resources

Worldwide, a little more than 100 million tons of fish are consumed each year, providing
2.5 billion people with at least 20% of their average intake of animal protein and up to
50% or more in developing countries. In some of the areas most affected by food
insecurity — in Asia and Africa, for example — fish protein is essential as a large
proportion of the animal protein consumed, although these levels remain low.
Approximately 97% of fishermen live in developing countries, where fishing is extremely
important. Fish production in Africa has stagnated over the past decade, and the
availability of fish per capita has decreased (from 8.8 kg in the 90s to about 7.8 kg in 2001.
Only in Africa has this happened, despite the fact that there are no good alternative sources
of protein available to most people. For a continent where food security is so precarious,
the situation is alarming. Even though Africa has the lowest per-capita fish consumption in
the world, marine and inland water ecosystems are very productive and sustain important
fisheries, which reported rising production in some countries. With production at 7.5
million tons in 2003 and similar levels in previous years, fish provides 50% or more of
animal protein for many Africans — second only to Asia. Even in sub-Saharan Africa, fish
provide nearly 19% of the animal protein consumed by the population. This is an important
contribution in a region afflicted by hunger and malnutrition. Although fish production
levels have stabilized, the population continues to grow. In view of UN population
forecasts, fish production needs to increase by more than one third over the next 15 years
(FAO, 2007).

The general view seems to be that the lakes in the south are heavily exploited. For 8
important landing sites on lakes, (FAO 2003) estimated that off take exceeds 60% of
potential in 7 sites and 80% in 5 sites (including Awassa where off take is estimated at
140% of potential). Only in Lake Tana is off take estimated to be dramatically less than
potential (15%).

8
Breuil (1995) noted the small size of fish and declines in landings in lakes Awassa and
Ziway. Anecdotal evidence also comes from fish traders in Addis Ababa, whose sources
are largely but not exclusively the lakes in the south. The traders consistently claim that
fish size is declining. One interviewee had noticed a marked difference in supply
(difficulty in obtaining required volumes) in the last two years. This view, of heavy
exploitation of resources in the southern lakes, is also endorsed by Dr Eshete (fisheries
scientist at ARARI in Bahir Dar, personal communication).

2.2.2. Fishing technology

Fishing techniques are overwhelmingly artisan, with very few motorized boats (limited to a
very small number on Lake Tana and on some of the southern lakes). The predominant
boat is the reed (papyrus) tanqwa. It is even difficult to obtain certain materials for nets
(lead rope and floats). Gill nets are the most common, but there is also some use of beach
seines, cast nets and line-fishing (the latter for Nile perch) (Breuil 1995). Traps, scoop nets
and baskets are also used, particularly in the rivers.

2.2.3. Seasonality in the fishery

March–August: highest catch levels from Lake Tana November–May: harvest period from
seasonal ponds January–July (and especially Mar/April/May)—tilapia important June–
September (especially June/July)—catfish important June–September (especially
August)—barbus important

Closely associated with the lake fishery are: (a) the natural seasonal ponds (mostly on the
eastern shore) that are linked to the lake and flood during the rains—producing tilapia or
catfish, and (b) the rivers which are important spawning grounds for Lake Barbus
(particularly three rivers that drain into the lake, the Goumera, Magetchi and Derma).

The vast majority of fishermen use tanqwa—traditional reed boats (which numbered nearly
400 in 1998, according to Tegegne (2003), and numbers are likely to have increased since).
For the whole lake, there are fewer than 25 motorized fishing boats, most of which land
their catch in Bahir Dar (either directly or via collector boats). Traditionally, the lake was
only fished by the indigenous tribe, but recently, with improved marketing prospects,

9
fishing has been taken up on a part-time basis by the long-established agricultural migrant
community (i.e. migrants who came to the area more than 100 years ago and now represent
the dominant group) (Gordon et al2007).

2.2.4. The sustainable livelihood approach

Livelihood encompasses the capabilities, assets and strategies (path ways or activities)
required for a means of living and generally deals with people, their resources and what
they do with them. It essentially revolves around resources such as land, crops, seed, labor,
knowledge, livestock, money, social relationships, etc., and their connections with the
issues and problems of access and changing political, economic and socio-cultural
circumstances. However, in order to be sustainable, a livelihood must be adaptive and able
to withstand stress and shocks, maintain and enhance its capabilities and assets, and should
also safeguard, rather than damage the natural environment and provide sustainable
opportunities for the next generation (Carney 1998: 4). Sustainability of livelihoods is
defined in a broad manner and implies: 1. The ability to cope with and recover from
shocks and stresses; 2. Economic efficiency/use of minimal inputs to generate a given
amount of outputs; 3. Ecological integrity, ensuring that livelihood activities do not
irreversibly degrade natural resources within a given ecosystem; 4. Social equity, which
suggests that promotion of livelihood opportunities for one group should not foreclose
options for other groups, either now or in the future. Here, gender equity could be included
to promote improved livelihood opportunities equitably for men and women, children and
older people in the society; and 5. Sustainable livelihoods can be understood as ″both a
goal and an approach″.

Sustainable livelihoods as a goal are grounded in the real lives of the people and mean
achieving "good life" which would include characteristics such as: meaningful work,
meeting basic needs, health, security, and living within an equitable and just society and in
a working environment. Sustainable livelihood also creates new ways of living that enable
people to meet their varied and interwoven needs without compromising the supporting
ecosystems and their community. Sustainable livelihoods as an approach are rooted in
particular people in specific places making decisions about sustaining themselves and their

10
families. The approach is based on people's daily struggles, and builds upon their myriad
strengths, which encompass many different priorities and strategies. Sustainable
livelihoods approaches, with their structure and diversity, help to find ways to understand
the peoples’ living situation and the many dimensions, dynamics and persistence of
poverty in a holistic manner and more importantly, ways of finding solutions towards a
better future. Achieving sustainable livelihoods requires the integration of local knowledge
and community strengths with contemporary science, appropriate technology, thus
enabling cross-sectorial policies, effective and transparent governance structures, education
and training, and credit and investment. Thus, sharing and bringing individual approaches
(local and scientific knowledge) together, it may also help to find new ways of
approaching poverty and development especially in developing countries as sustainable
livelihoods are about local, self-sustaining solutions within a larger system. However, this
could suppress peoples' very real knowledge, abilities, and opportunities
(http://sdgateway.net/livelihoods/ introduction.htm).

2.3. The contribution of small scale fisheries

2.3.1. Contribution to Poverty Alleviation

Fish has historically played an important role in food security in many countries and
contributes globally providing animal protein. The importance of fish products in many
coastal, lake and floodplain areas is very much greater than this global average (FAO,
2006).

Small-scale fisheries can be broadly characterized as a dynamic and evolving sector

employing labor intensive harvesting, processing and distribution of marine and inland
water fishery resources (FAO 2004). The activities of this sub-sector conducted full -time
or part-time and seasonally, are often targeted on supplying fish and fishery products to
the local and domestic markets, and for subsistence consumption.

An estimated 90 percent for the 38 million people recorded by the FAO globally as fishers
and fish-farmers are classified as small-scale (FAO, 2004). In additional more than 100
million people are estimated to be employed in other fisheries associated occupations,

11
particularly in processing and trading, bringing the total estimated to be directly or
indirectly employed in small-scale fisheries and aquaculture to be about 138 million in
2002 (Beyene, 2007).

2.3.2. Contribution to Food Security at Household Level

The most direct contribution of fishing activity to food security at the household level is
through consumption of the household's catch, i.e. self-consumption. The percentage of
total household catch that is consumed by the household varies greatly. It is often assumed
that the poor consume a greater proportion of their catch, but, recent field research in the
Lake Chad area (Bene et al, 2003), has shown that the poorest households may consume a
lower proportion of their catch than better-off households, and instead sell most of their
fish in order to be able to purchase cheaper food stuffs.

If fish (as a subsistence product for fishing households) is potentially an important source
of direct food security, its contribution through generation of incomes derived from labor-
wages and fish commercialization, can also make it an important indirect source of food
security (FAO, 2004). Harvesting, processing and marketing fish generates livelihoods,
employment and income for millions of people around the world. Although employment
cannot be taken as the firm assurance of food security for these people, it should be
emphasized that in a significant number of cases, small-scale fishing activities take place in
rural areas where alternative employment opportunities may be scarce or even non-
existent. In these circumstances, access to fishery resources for harvest, processing and/or
trade may represent the only option available for making a living and maintaining food
purchasing power. Fishing as a secondary or complementary activity can thus be essential
for rural households both in terms of income and food security.

2.4. Potential Challenges of Fishery

Throughout Africa fishes are major sources of food accounting from some 25% to 30% of
the total animal protein consumed (Rene and Kinadijan, 1994). Even when consumed in
small quantities, fish often comprises a nutritionally important part of many people’s diets
in developing countries. It is a vital source of protein and micronutrients, and improves the

12
quality of protein in largely vegetable and starch-based diets by providing essential amino
acids. FAO (2006) has estimated that fish accounts for approximately 20 percent of animal
protein consumption in developing countries. However, this is not the case of in Ethiopia
where people do not include fish in their daily diet (Getahun and Stiassny, 1998).

2.4.1 water hyacinth

One of the major problems in water bodies of the tropics and sub-tropics is the floating
aquatic weed water hyacinth, which originated from the Amazon Basin and has
disseminated very quickly in many tropical and subtropical countries of Latin America and
the Caribbean, Africa, Southeast Asia and the Pacific (Julien, 2001). This weed has been
identified as one of the 100 most aggressive invasive species and recognized as one of the
top ten worst weeds in the world (Patel, 2012). It is characterized by rapid growth rates,
extensive dispersal capabilities, large and rapid reproductive output and broad
environmental tolerance (Zhang et al., 2010). Water hyacinth forms dense impenetrable
mats across the water surface, limiting access by man, animals and machinery. Navigation
and fishing are obstructed, and irrigation as well as drainage systems become blocked
(Julien 2001). The economic impacts of the weed in seven African countries have been
estimated at US$ 20-50 million every year (UNEP, 2013).

In Ethiopia, this weed was officially first reported about 60 years ago in Koka Lake and the
Awash River (Stroud, 1994). Water hyacinth infestation in Ethiopia has been manifested
on a large scale in many water bodies of the country. The introduction and rapid spread of
this weed in the Awash River Basin (Koka Lake, Koka Dam), Abbay River Basin (Lake
Tana, Blue Nile), Baro-Akobo River Basin (Sobate, Baro, Gillo and Pibor rivers) and Rift
Valley Basins System (Lake Ellen, Lake Abaya, Lake Elltoke), has created serious
problems for the use of the water as a resource. The major problems include: hindrance to
water transport, disrupting hydro-electric operations, blockage of canals and rivers, causing
flooding and human health problem, increased evapotranspiration, interference with
fishing, irrigation, navigation, livestock watering and reduction of biodiversity (Hailu et
al., 2004, ).

13
Comprehensive local estimates of economic impacts of water hyacinth in the affected areas
of the Ethiopian water bodies have not been done yet, except for the Wonji-Shoa Sugar
estate which incurred about US$ 100,000 in total from 2000 to 2013 for the control of this
weed (Firehun et al., 2014). For Ethiopia, which has an economy highly dependent on
agriculture and high population growth, it is prudent to effectively manage its water
resources. Moreover, since most of the rivers affected by water hyacinth in Ethiopia cross
the country border and feed neighboring countries, effective management of the local
water resources would benefit livelihoods of riparian residents in the neigh bouring
countries.

Methods to control and contain the weed in Ethiopia include manual as well as mechanical
clearing and in some spots also chemical control. Use of herbicides, even though effective,
is not popular in Ethiopia because of high costs and pollution problems (Dula et al., 2008;
Taye et al., 2009). Therefore, the success of these methods of control has been rather
limited. In contrast, successful biocontrol of water hyacinth is long lasting, cost efficient
and safe (Julien et al., 2001). Besides, various reports indicate that the use of chemical and
mechanical methods to control water hyacinth would provide only temporary relief, and
for a sustainable, long-term solution it appears necessary to employ an integrated approach
in which biological control agents play a key role (Charudattan, 2001). Use of biological
agents for water hyacinth control includes arthropods and pathogens. Among the
arthropods, the mite Orthogalumna terebrantis Wallwork, the moths Acigona infusella
Walker and Sameodes albiguttalis (Warren), the miridae Eccritotarsus catarinensis
Carvalho, and weevils (Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache) are
generally considered as good candidates. Among the pathogens, controlled experimental
studies have confirmed that Acremonium zonatum, Alternaria eichhorniae, A. alternata,
Bipolaris spp., Cercospora piaropi (Cercospora rodmanii), Drechslera hawaiiensis,
Fusarium equiseti, F. pallidoroseum, Rhizoctonia solani, Myrothecium advena, Sclerotinia
sclerotiorum, and Ulocladium atrum significantly reduce this weed’s biomass. Overall,
numerous bioagents have been released for the control of water hyacinth. However,
diverging level of success of these agents have been attained in different parts of the world.
In Ethiopia, although water hyacinth is present for the last 60 years, its biocontrol using

14
plant pathogens and insect pests has seldom been attempted, and if done it was mainly to
identify potential biological agents. For instance, a survey carried out in the Gambella
region (during the 1970s) confirmed prevalence of the fungus C. rodmanii with 5-15%
level of infestations (Stroud, 1994). Moreover, aphids were recorded. Another survey
conducted in the Awash River showed aphid and mite infestations on water hyacinth
(Stroud, 1994). Despite the presence of highly virulent fungal pathogens and effective
weevils against water hyacinth, none of them have been utilized to control this aquatic
weed in Ethiopia up till now. Hence, an in-depth evaluation of the most potential bioagents
in water hyacinth management in the country is crucial.

2.4.2. Overfishing
Inland fisheries have increased throughout the last half century reaching about nine million
tons in 2002, although this trend has been accompanied in many lake and river systems by
overfishing and the collapse of individual large, valuable species. “Ecosystem overfishing”
has occurred as the species assemblage is fished down and fisheries use smaller nets to
catch smaller and less valuable species (Allan et al., 2005).

2.4.3. Fish Demand

Fish as a source of human food has a long history in Ethiopia. People consume large
amount of fish in fasting days, in big cities, around production areas and towns, especially
in Zeway, Arbaminch, Bahir Dar and Addis Ababa. Outside these areas, however, the
domestic market for fish is small. The factors which account for this low level of local fish
consumption are the following.

i. First, fish has not been integrated into the diet of most of the population. ii. Second,
because of religious influences on consumption patterns, the demand for fish is only
seasonal. During lent, for example, Christians who abstain from eating meat, milk and eggs
consume fish. iii. The other factors that contribute to the low level of consumption are the
limited supply of the product and its high price.

15
Fresh fish is produced in the Great Rift Valley lakes and in some other northern parts of
the country. Price wise, too, fish is relatively expensive compared with the local prices of
vegetables

And grains on a unit weight basis, but it is frequently less costly than alternative animal
protein sources. With increased marketing efforts and increase in supply, the demand for
the fish product could be tremendously increased from the current level (Assefa 2014).

However, at the 4th Pan African Fisheries and Fish Association (PAFFA) conference held
in September 2008 at Addis Ababa, Although Ethiopia is endowed with resources (land,
water & fish species), the contribution of the fishery sector to the country’s GDP is still
minimal. Several factors can be mentioned of which the following are important ones. 1.
Lack of recognition (fishery was and is still under livestock), 2. Absence of universities
dealing fisheries and aquaculture (till recently) & hence lack of trained personnel. 3. Poor
coordination among stakeholders, 4. Poor enforcement of decrees, 5. High turnover of the
fishery staffs into other sectors and 6. Weak extension services and linkage despite the
challenges of the sector there are also good opportunities which can be used for the
development of the fishery production and utilization in general. Some of these are:
government policies and development strategies (irrigation, hydropower development, and
so on), suitable agro-ecologies, water bodies (surface & ground), diversity of fish species,
higher learning institutions dealing on fisheries and aquaculture (e.g. Addis Ababa, Bahir
Dar, Ambo and Hawassa universities) and increasing public awareness.

Lake Tana is the home to commercial fish and globally threatened intact flocks of
cyprinids. Currently the lake supports dense and poor local communities. The efforts
needed to meet the needs of an additional million people over the next decades will be
immense. The water level of the lake over the last 10 years has dropped by about 1-
2m.This condition (not invasive water hyacinths) has caused difficulty to shipping and the
fishing industry. Furthermore, the high silt load has had noticeable impact. • It is clear that
the development of the lake's resources can only be meaningful and sustainable when the
following principles are met: precaution, prevention, integration and public participation.
We have to work together to increase awareness of the costs of inaction i.e. of the price

16
economies to be paid for lax environmental management and ecological degradation. • A
number of potential management and policy challenges may significantly affect the aquatic
system and fisheries in the lake. Measures to try to restore and stabilize the fish ecology in
the lake might have unforeseen effects, because the huge, complex ecosystem is not
understood completely. Attempts to develop innovative aquaculture, dams, irrigation and
hydropower schemes might have unforeseen effects on the ecosystem, as did the
introduction of exotic species in the past. The scale of any proposed aquaculture needs to
be limited until the requirements and impacts of the system are well established EFASA
(2010).

For hundreds of years Lake Tana fisheries was composed of two predominantly
subsistence traditional fisheries. The first is a reed boat fishery, operated by the Woyto
people (ethnic minority). This type of fishery is limited to the shore areas and targets the
native Oreochromis niloticus, using locally made fish traps and small gillnets (length 15-20
m). Secondly, seasonal fishermen (farmers) traditionally target Labeobarbus on the
upstream spawning grounds between August and October each year. Motorized boats and
modern, more efficient, nylon gillnets were introduced in Lake Tana in the mid-1980s.

To maximize their income, the fishermen of Lake Tana specifically target O. niloticus, the
most favored fish for consumption among Ethiopians. Labeobarbus is less appreciated due
to its intra- muscular bones and the scale-less Clarias gariepinus is considered “unclean”
according to the Ethiopian Orthodox Church. In contrast to other African lakes, Lake
Tana’s small sized (<10 cm) fish species, like the pelagic zooplanktivore Barbus
tanapelagius, are at present not harvested (Dejen et al., 2009). Only the small, cigar shaped
Garra are occasionally eaten as part of a wedding ceremony in certain area around Lake
Tana.

The majority of the catch of the reed boat and seasonal river fishery is sold on local
markets and to restaurants around Lake Tana. The traditional fisheries have always played
a significant role in the local food security. In contrast, almost all fish landed by the
modern commercial motorized gillnet fishery is transported to Addis Ababa. Only in recent

17
years, mid 2000s, the export of dried fish caught by reed boat fishermen to neighboring
Sudan has started up.

2.5. Fishing and fish production in Ethiopia

2.5.1. Fish Demand and supply pattern in Ethiopia

Fish consumption presents a complex pattern, ranging greatly between countries and
within different areas in the same country or region. Fish consumption varies greatly
depending on the quantities of fish supply available for consumption produced from
capture and/or cultured or imported. Ethiopians do not consume large quantities of fish,
although there is no religious prohibition for the Christian and Muslim populations. Rather,
this is a country with a strong tradition of livestock rearing and meat consumption. The
Ethiopian Orthodox Church observes several fasting periods as well as fasting days every
week, when meat is not consumed. Most Christians consider fish acceptable during those
periods, though some strict followers will not eat any animal products (Brook Lemma,
2008). These factors give rise to some particular characteristics of fish consumption in
Ethiopia. Overall, per capita fish consumption is very low. However, consumption is
heavily biased towards quite limited geographical areas (production areas and Addis
Ababa) and also heavily weighted towards fasting days (Wednesdays and Fridays) and
fasting periods (55 days in March/April, 15 days in August, as well as other periods which
may be less widely observed). Increasing scarcity (apparently reflecting both rising
demand and supply constraints) has resulted in rising real prices for fish, so there is an
increasing tendency for fish to be a luxury product consumed by higher income groups.
Moreover, according to the study of Gordon et al. (2007), unreliable evidence that higher
income groups may represent a significant source of the increase in demand (reflecting
wider exposure to different types of food and echoing the nationwide shift in demand
towards fish as a healthier source of animal protein), though population increase
(particularly in growing Addis Ababa) and a modest general increase in incomes are also
factors.

There are seasonal variations in the availability of different types of fish, but as there are
some differences between the lakes, traders can smooth out supply to some extent. There

18
are 180 different species of fish in Ethiopia and 30 of those are native to the country. The
total annual fish potential production of the country’s major inland water bodies is
estimated to be 51,481 metric tons per year on a maximum sustainable yield basis
(Anteneh 2013). However, only 20-30% of this resource is utilized (Senbete 2008). The
per capita fish production is less than 240g per annum, but if population as a factor is taken
into account the total annual fish demand is more than 65,344 tons per year, which is
approximately equivalent to 1 kg/person per annum. The national demand for fish is
continuously increasing; it is currently estimated at 85,000 tons per year, and would
increase to about 120,000 tons by the years 2015 respectively (silesh 2013).

2.5.2. Lake Tana fishery

Lake Tana is the largest freshwater body in Ethiopia, which covers 50% of the total inland
water bodies in the country. It is an important source of fish both for the people
immediately around the lake and elsewhere in the country (Awulachew et al., 2009). Lake
Tana contributes 20-31% of the total fish potential of the country and is used for
commercial fishing (Wondie, 2010). Though, fishing in Lake Tana is believed to be started
around 18th century by the Negede woyto community, modernization of the fishery sector
started recently. Commercial fishery in the Rift valley started in the 1950s, where as in
Lake Tana it started very late in the 1980s.

Lake Tana fisheries consist of mainly artisanal predominantly subsistence fishery

conducted from papyrus reed boats (Tankwa), which resemble those of ancient Egypt. The
fishermen, who are using mainly fish traps and small gill nets, are almost exclusively
members of the reed boat fishers. Since 1986 a motorized commercial gillnet fishery
developed by Amhara fishermen in cooperation with fishermen in (Netherlands). As a
result, currently fishing with motorized boat becomes common; forexample, Bahir-Dar
number one fishers’ cooperative has more than 70 motorized boats. Commercial catches of
large barbs in Lake Tana over the last decade have sharply decreased, due to over fishing
in river mouths during fish migration to their spawning rivers Tewabe (2015). However, at
the 4th Pan African Fisheries and Fish Association (PAFFA) conference held in September
2008 at Addis Ababa, habitat degradation at the breeding ground of fish (rivers, tributaries

19
and wetlands) contributed more than over fishing for the sharp decline. The present study
shows that almost all fishers both reed boat and motorized boat fishing pressure mainly
concentrate on breeding season and spawning ground of each species. niloticus fishing is
carried out at littoral regions,

The annual catch from Lake Tana is estimated at around 1000 t. The last year for which the
board collected landings data was 1996; recorded landings were in the range 470– 1470 t
in the preceding 4 years. Depending on the season, this catch comprises varying volumes
and proportions of tilapia, barbus and catfish. Gordon et al (2007).

However, Lake Tana, the largest lake in the country and the source of the Blue Nile River,
is located in the northwest plateaux outside the Rift Valley. This lakes and rivers are
stocked with various species of fish. The potential yield of fish is estimated to be between
30, 000t and 40,000t/year for the main water bodies and about 25,000 t/year from Baro
River alone and a large potential from other rivers (FAO 1995).

2.5.3. Socio-economic features of the community

The Amhara National Regional State (ANRS) is one of the 9 ethnically based
administrative regions of Ethiopia. The mainstay of the regional economy is agriculture,
characterized by subsistence crop production. Next to farming, animal husbandry is the
most important activity in most agro-ecological zones of the region. The socio economic
conditions are characterized by low GDP per capita and high levels of illiteracy. The
illiteracy rate is very high with the urban population having better literacy rates than rural
dwellers and males having about twice the literacy rates of females (WME, 2009).

The basin is a densely populated area due to high population growth rate and immigration
(Sewnet and Kameswara 2011). This has resulted high dependency of the population on
the basin resources. This high dependency in turn has already put high pressure on the
basin resource. To decrease threats and improve the management, proper identification of
the stakeholders and ensuring active participation at all levels is indispensable. The stake
holders can be broadly classified into governmental organizations, local communities,
nongovernmental organizations, private (investors and enterprises) and international

20
communities (Ketema 2013). Lake Tana basin supports different economic activities, and
agriculture is the major one. The basin has huge potential for socio economic development
and because of this it has been identified as a major ‘economic corridor’.

2.6. Sustainability in fishery production

Generally, what are the options for sustainability in fishery production for food security,
particularly in Ethiopia? According to professor Brook Lemma recommendations 2014,
some adaptation alternatives setting the environment: i. Delineate fish sanctuaries, such as
protection of breeding grounds, ii. The fishery sector should engage in land use planning
with other stakeholders in the watershed to make water use sustainable, iii. Free access to
fresh waters, as in Ethiopia, should be regulated (know at least who does what), IV.
Restock freshwater systems, work done at Lake Tana, Ethiopia, V. create value addition at
each market chain, VI. Cutback on external nutrient load and eutrophication, vii. Capture
free nutrients and viii. Cutback on pollutants from aquaculture practice and others

ix. Use ephemeral waters (e.g. new dams) with fast growing and flexibly feeding fishes
x. Harnessing flood waters for irrigation and fish farming as in Malawi.

Sustainable utilization of aquatic resources, especially the fishery resource as a cheap

source of animal protein, is mandatory to alleviate the severe suffering of people due to
recurring drought and increasing human population in Ethiopia (Tesfaye, 1998). With the
rapid increase in population and continuing expectations of growth in the standard of
living, pressures on natural resources have become intense. In addition to these pressures,
inappropriate fishing tools and fishing time are used. According to (de Graaf et al. 2006)
from Lake Tana, in the commercial catch large specimens of African catfish (>50 cm) and
Nile tilapia (>20 cm) decreased significantly over the last ten years’ time. During the same
period, the commercial catch of riverine spawning Labeobarbus spp. declined by 75%. In
the experimental fishery a similar decrease was observed and the populations of juvenile
Labeobarbus in the littoral (length range: 5-18 cm) decreased even by more than 85%.

In conclusion, the consumption of fish is religiously acceptable and culturally acceptable

and is associated with certain health benefits. The main reasons for low consumption are

21
limited availability, high cost and general lack of knowledge, skills and equipment’s for
preservation and storage. It is important for the community to be made more aware of the
benefits of fish consumption, fishing techniques and preservation and preparation methods
so as to improve the supply and overall consumption of fish. It would also be important to
train health workers as part of the advocacy strategy through campaigns or health clinics.
The provision of cold storage facilities will also improve the preservation of fish and
ensure that even those away from the fish sources (sea or river) are able to consume fresh
fish. Promoting fish consumption is extremely crucial, as it’s readily available and is a
good source of proteins, vitamin A and minerals all that promote the good health and
nutritional status of individuals.

2.6.1. Fishery management

Management system combines a set of regulatory scheme within a particular resource to
achieve a management outcome Hanna S (1995). The effectiveness of this regulatory
measures depends on the support gained from the resource user group Jentoft (1995) and
the way they themselves define their problem, their involvement in the decision-making
process, in installing and enforcing the regulations Jentoft S (1989). Hence, management
principals have to include human responses and motivation as part of the system to be
studied and managed Ludwig (1993). Particularly, their attitudes and perceptions towards
management, compliance and enforcement as these are vital to the effectiveness of any
regulatory effort Clay (1995).

The artisanal fishery of Ethiopian fishery is undeveloped due to low level of economy,
lack of fisheries’ legislation implementation, in- effective administration set-up and lack of
expertise. Based on these facts, Ethiopian fisheries might not seem to manage. But some
stocks (Nile perch & Tilapia) on some lakes (Chamo & Awassa) show signs of over-
fishing and Tilapia of lake Ziway are probably at full exploitation. Currently there is
fishery management legislation enforced at the Federal level, proclamation No.315/2003 in
2011. It provides broad guidelines relating to resource conservation, food safety and
aquaculture. This document puts considerable emphasis on regulation, permits and the role
of the fishery inspector. It is intended that the regional administrations should then use this

22
as the broad framework within which their own proclamations are developed. Although not
all of the regional proclamations have been finalized, the proclamation for Amhara and
Oromia Region was developed in 2011 and 2012 respectively. It covers the same areas as
the national policy, but has an additional objective relating to the creation of employment
opportunities in fishing communities. It also states that information, including research
findings, should be made available to the fishing communities. As with the National
Proclamation it relies heavily on regulatory measures (‘command and control’) and the role
of the fishery inspector. There is no mention of co-management, though one of the stated
objectives (‘…to prevent and control over- exploitation of the fisheries resource’) would
seem to leave open this option. At both national and regional level, the proclamations
reflect concern that fish products should conform to prescribed standards (Gordon
etal2007).

2.6.2. Household fish consumption and preference for fish species

Fisheries provide a crucial source of animal protein and essential micronutrients for local
communities. The contribution of fish to household food and nutrition security depends on
availability, access and cultural and personal preferences. Access is largely determined by
location, seasonality and price. Household consumption of fish produced through
aquaculture by poor farming households is likely to be small because of their limited
resource base. However, such small amounts of high-quality food may be highly
significant to the relatively small overall household economy. Furthermore, the view of
fish production aimed solely at providing household food security or income is over
simplistic. Households culturing fish tend to consume more fish but food security may be
achieved through more complex strategies in which producer households purchase cheaper
fish for consumption and either sell, gift or consumed strategically their own higher-
valuefarmed fish to meet household needs for cash, social benefits and food security (Little
etal., 2007). According to Beets (1990) in a monograph written two decades ago, ‘Raising
and sustaining the productivity of smallholder farming systems in the tropics’, small-scale
farms in developing countries are in a ‘state of flux’ and ‘the isolated subsistence farm...
hardly exists anymore.

23
 Opportunity to
enhance
Sustainable of fi the practice of fish
sh on the . increase the
community income of
fishermen
. Avoiding over OPPORTU
fishing NITIES . there are no
AND seasonal &
. Destructive and CHALLE religious effects on
illegal fishing NGES OF fish consumption
practice by
FISH . increase number
lobbing for
appropriate law of fishermen
& policy . protected the
. Setting up infested water
protected area hyacinth

Challenges of fishery production:

Over-exploitation
Improper fishing method
Time & place of fishing
Introduction of exotic fish

Figure 2.1 Conceptual framework of the study

Source: Developed by Author based on review literature 2020

24
 CHAPTER THREE

3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Description of the Study Area

3.1.1 Location

Takusa woreda is found in Amhara National Regional State (ANRS),in Central Gondar
Administrative Zone (CGAZ) and 274 km and 94 km away from the regional and zonal
capitals of Bahir Dar and Gondar respectively.It is bordered on the north by Chilga, on the
south by Alefa, on the North West by Metema, on the west by Quara, on the north east by
Dembia, and on the east by Lake Tana. The woreda divided in two urban and 29 rural
kebeles. Delghi and chewudiba is a town in the south western shore of Lake Tana, in
Semien Gondar Zone of the Amhara Region. This town is located between 12º12ˈN and
12.200ºN latitude and 37º03ˈE and 37.050ºE longitude and has elevation of 1785m above
sea level. It is the only town in Takusa woreda and rich in agriculture and fishery (Takusa
WARDO and field survey, 2020).

25
Figure 3.1Location Map of the study area

3.1.2 Population of Takusa woreda

The total population of Takusa woreda is 189449 from which 92603males and 96846
females according to Takusa woreda administrative office estimation which is conducted
in 2020. The total surface area of the woreda is 1,852.62 km2. The majority of the woreda
inhabitants practiced Ethiopian orthodox, with 99% reporting that as their religion. Takusa
has a population density of 70 persons/km2 and a population growth rate of 2.8%; it faces
population pressure and landlessness of the youth, which is one of the major development
constraint.

3.1.3 Climate
Takusa woreda has two major traditional agro-ecological zones, namely woina dega
(55%), including most of rural kebeles in eastern part, and kola or warm lowland (45%),
including about 9 kebeles in the western part. The study area, which consist of Delghi,
chach, Mekonta, chanke/bergen and Achera kebeles, is included in the woina dega agro-

26
climatic zone. The annual rain fall of the woreda is about 1200mm. In general, because of
prevailing conducive agro-ecological climate condition in the woreda for livestock
production, all species/ class of animal with the exception of camels are found and reared
(TWARDO, 2020). The following Table shows the summary of agro-ecology of Takusa
woreda.

Table 1. The summary of agro-ecology of Takusa woreda

Description Agro ecological zone their feature
Woinadega Kola

Agro ecology 55% 45%

Dominant climate Warm temperate medium highland Warm lowland
Altitude(masl) 1500-2300 500-1500
Mean range of annual 16-20 20-32
temperature (ºc)
Main soil type Reddish soil (30%) black soil(30%)& other 40%with fertility ranging
medium fertile 75% & steep unfertile 25%
Topography Flat and rolling (30%) rugged and steep 70%

Source: Takusa WARDO and field survey, 2020

3.1.4 Topography and Soil

The topography of Takusa woreda consist of 30% flat to undulating (<8% slope) and 70%
rugged to steep slope terrain (>8% slope). The dominant soil type of the woreda include
reddish soil (30%) and other 40% with fertility ranging from medium fertile to poor soil
(Takusa WARDO and field survey, April 2020).

3.2 Research Methodology

Under this section, research design, research approach, sampling techniques and sample
size, data source and data collection tools and methods of data analysis, respectively, are
presented as follows:

27
3.2.1. Research Design
The study investigated the challenges and opportunities of fish production in Lake Tana,
particularly, in Takusa woreda. To attain this purpose cross sectional survey research
design was selected as it helps to observe the prevalence situations in the study area and to
collect data at a time.

3.2.2 Research Approach

The study employed mixed approach.The main reason that the researcher use this approach
is to solve the problem from using a single approach.Quantitative approach was usedthe
generalization of data. Thus, quantitative method was used during data collection and
analysis to support the argument and to strength the case by providing statistical
measurements like simple percentage to the questionnaire data. Qualitative approach was
used for interpretation of interview and observation.

3.2.3. Sample Size and Sampling Techniques

3.2.3 1 Sampling Techniques

Simple random sampling and purposive sampling techniques were employed to select the
appropriate sample size. In the study research participants of key informants for direct
personal interview were selected by using a judgment or purposive sampling method.
Because in such type of sampling method the samples are selected on the researcher’s
judgments.Its main focus is to get further detailed information from those who are more
concerned bodies that is Takusa woreda agricultural and rural development office experts.
Therefore, using purposive sampling Takusa woreda8 agricultural and rural office
employees were included in the study.

For questionnaire, under probability sampling methods the researcher was employ simple
random sampling to select respondents. This sampling method was supported by sampling
frame (a complete list of sampling unit) to give equal chance for the members of the
population understudying i.e. 181 fishermen those who are living in five kebeles.

28
3.2.1 Sample size determination
In the study, in order to determine the sample size of participants for questionnaire the
researchers select 5 kebeles of the study area. Then use a more convenient computation
formula (according to Yemane, 1967), i.e.

=
1 + .( )

Where, n= the number of the required sample fishermen

N= the total number of fishermen in Takusa woreda

e2= the error level (0.05)

According Takusa woreda (TWAO, 2020) there are an estimated 181 fisher menwhich is
the target population for the study.

=
1 + .( )

= = = = 124
.( . ) . .

29
 Table3.2.1number of respondents selected from each kebeles.
NO. Name of selected Number of participant fishermen Number of selected fishermen
village
1 Chach 28 19
2 Delghi 22 15
3 Mekonta 36 25
4 Chankie Bergen 65 45
5 Achera 30 20
Total 5 181 124
Source: Takusa woreda fishery development office (2020)

Using the above sample size determination formula, the researchers include 124 fishermen
from 5 kebeles. Therefore, a total of 124 samples were participate in filling the
questionnaire by using simple random sampling. From the total 31 kebeles of the woreda 5
kebeles selected based on the nearness to the lake and involvement of the community in
fishing practice.

3.2.4. Data Collection Methods and sources

In this study both primary and secondary data source were used to achieve the specific
objectives. Primary data was collected through survey (questionnaire), interview and
observation. The secondary data was collected from Takusa woreda agricultural office
reports. In addition to this to address specific objective number 1&2 data was required
from the fishermen, authorities and policy documents.

A. Questionnaire
Both close- and open-ended types of questions were used in the study. Because a
questionnaire is an important tool to deal with some challenges, opportunities,
contribution, educational and economic issues. Besides, a questionnaire is self-
administered which can be given to target groups of subjects at the same time and it has the
advantages of simplifying data processing. The semi-structured questionnaire was prepared
in English language and translate to the local language of the study area that is Amharic;

30
and were administered by the investigator himself and by data collectors.The items of
questions were prepared on the basis of literatures reviewed in the study and before
employing them an attempt was done to take to the respective advisor in order to evaluate
the questions. The questionnaire was had two sections. The first section dealt with the
demographic information of household respondents and the second section includes
questions in relation to the objective of the study. The purpose of the questionnaire was to
get data in relation to challenges of fish production and livelihood contributions of fishery
for fishermen and fishing community in the study area.

B. Interview
In addition to questionnaire, interview was the most important data collection tool to
generate the qualitative information. The purpose of using direct personal unstructured
interview is to get data in relation to opportunities provided in fishing practice, challenges
faced by the sectors as whole and contribution of fishing to the fishermen and fishery
community. Thus data was collected by the investigator personally by asking questions
pertaining to the inquiry to the experts. Besides, interview was held to generate the
important information concerning to fishing activity and other relevant information from
Takusa wereda fish production and development office employees were interviewed.

C. Observation
A rapid (one time) field exploratory visit was used to observethe sample participants of the
study and tentative observation was conducted to collect data on the physical
characteristics, like local people fishing activities especially there transportation boat and
fishing nets, types of fish species, the amount of fish caught by fisheries, its production, the
overall condition of lake Tana and the fishing related activities.

31
3.2.5. Methods of Data Analysis
The data collected from the study sites were entered into computer excel software for
further analysis and management. The normal distribution of the data and screening of
outliers was checked before the analysis. The data analysis were done through descriptive
statics, chi square analysis by using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) Version
20, and excels spreadsheet computer packages.Chi square analysis were run to test the
association of fisheries production with demographic and household characteristics, fishing
experience. In addition to this, challenges and opportunities, For the livelihood
contribution of fishery for fishermen and fishing community the researcher were employ
descriptive statics mainly frequency and percentage.

32
 CHAPTER FOUR

4. RESULT AND DISCUSION

This chapter deals with the analysis and interpretation of the major finding of the study on
challenges and opportunities of fish production in Lake Tana the case of Takusa woreda.
The study gathered information from fisher men who were allocated proportionally from
five district. They had participated in the research through fulfilling out the questionnaire.
The research had targeted 124 samples who filled the questionnaires and 8 were officers
involved in the interview. This analysis, interpretation and discussion are done based on
the survey data collected from both primary and secondary data. The various data collected
for the success of this study are analyzed and presented below.

4.1 Demographic characteristics

4.1.1 Age of respondent

Table 4.1 age distribution of the respondent

Age group Number percnt

18-30 24 19.4
31-45 54 43.5
46-60 45 36.3
61 and above 1 0.8
Total 124 100

Source: ownField survey (2020)

As indicated from table 4.1, from a total of 124 sample respondents 19.4% were found
under the age group of 18-30 years.43.5% were found under the age group 31-45 years,
36.3% were found under the age group from 46-60 years and 0.8% were found 61 and
above years, respectively.

33
4.1.2 Educational statusof respondents

Table 4.1.2 the educational status of respondents

Education status Number Percent

Illiterate 52 41.9
Can read write 36 29..0
Grade 1-8 21 16.9
Grade 9-12 14 11.4
Diploma holder &above 1 0.8
Total 124 100

Source: own Field survey (2020)

As indicated from the above table 4.2, the educational status of the respondents was fall in
5 categories.41.9% illiterate, 29.0% can read write, 16.9% attending grade 1-8, 11.4%
attending grade 9-12 and 0.8% respondents were diploma holder and above. The majority
respondents were illiterates (41.9%). From the above data, we can see that most of the
household heads in the area were not educated and thus have little access to information
about fishing, its practices as well as production. This idea is further supported by the
findings of Assefa (2013)better-educated households produce and have more knowledge
access to information related to the issue understudying than others’ and hence can more
easily be involved in activities.

34
4.1.3 Religion, family size and marital status

Table 4.1.3 religion, family size and marital status of the respondent

Item Number Percent

117 94.4
Orthodox
Religion
Muslim 7 5.6

Total 124 100

One 24 19.4

Two 12 9.7

Family size 3-5 65 52.4

6-8 23 18.5

9 and above 0 0

Total 124 100

Single 15 12.1

Marital status Married 87 70.2

Divorced 20 16.1

Widowed 2 1.6

Total 124 100

Source: own Field survey (2020)

In the study area only two types of religion were reported by the sampled respondents.
Except of the respondents most of them (94.4%) are orthodox Christians and 5.6%
respondents were Muslims (table 4.1.3).as indicated from (table 4.1.3) most of the
respondents were married (70.2%), 12.1% were single and the rest also divorced and
widowed. The study also assessed the family size of the respondents. Most of the

35
respondents (52.4%) have 3-5 family size and there was no respondents have a family size
9 and above (table4.1.3).

Table 4.2 income distribution of the respondents

Amount in birr Number percent
1200 and Below 44 35.5
1201-2400 25 20.2
2401-3600 20 16.1
3601and above 35 28.2
Total 124 100
Source: own Fieldsurvey (2020)

As shown from table 4.2, the income amount categorized in to four categories. 35.5% of
the respondents were earned 1200 and below birr per month. 20.2% respondents were
earned from 1201-2400 birr, 16.1% respondents were also earned between 2401birr to
3600 birr per month and the majority of the respondents were earned 1200 and below birr
per month.

Table 4.3 work experience of the respondents

Work experience per year Number percent

Below 3 36 29.0
4- 6 44 35.5
7-10 30 24.2
11 and above 14 11.3
Total 124 100
Source own:Field survey (2020)
As shown from the above table (4.3) the majority of the respondents (35.5%) have work
experience between 4 up to 6 years, 24.2% respondents have 7-10 years’ work experience,
29.0% respondents also have 3 and below this year work experience and only 11.3%
respondents have 11 and above years’ work experience.

36
 4.4.1. Educational status and amount of fish production

Table 4.4.1 educational status and amount of fish production day/ kg

Demographic Variable Fish production per day in kilogram
1-2k.g 3k.g-4k.g 5k.g-6k.g 7k.g and above Total
No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %
Illiterate 34 65.38 13 25 4 7.69 1 1.92 52 41.93
Can read 9 25 9 25 12 33.33 6 16.66 36 29.02
&write
Educationa Grade
l 1-8 2 9.52 4 19.0 6 28.57 9 42.85 21 16.69
Status of 4
Respondent Grade
9-12 1 7.14 2 14.2 4 28.57 7 50 14 11.29
8
Diploma
&above 0 0 0 0 0 1 100 1 0.80

Total 46 28 26 24 124 100

2
X =57.74, df (12), 95% ci,p=0.000
Source own: Field survey (2020)

The above table indicates that out of 52 respondents of illiterate group 65.38 percent of the
respondents produce 1-2 k.g per day which is minimum followed by 25 percent of
respondent’s which produce 4-5 k.g per day and from 52 respondents 7.69 percent produce
5-6 k.g fish per a day and only 1.9 percent of produce 7 and above kilogram per a day.

In case of the 36 respondents of those who can read and write, the majority i.e. 33.33%
catch 5k. g-6k. g fish per followed by 25 percent of respondents were produced 3k. g-4k.g
and 1k.g-2k. g per a day and only 16.66 percent of respondents were produced 7k.g and
above fish per a day.

Out of 21 respondents who attended grade 1-8 respondents the majority i.e.42.85%
produced 7k. g and above per a day followed by 28.57% of respondents who can produced
5k. g-6k. g per a day and 9.04 percent of respondents were produced 3-4k. g per a day and
only 9.52 percent produced 1-2k. g per a day.

37
In case of 14 respondents of those attended grade 9-12 respondents 50% were produced 7k.
g and above per a day followed by 28.57% of respondents produced 5-6k. g and 14.28% of
respondents were produced 3-4k. g of fish per a day and only 7.14% of respondents were
produced 1-2k. g per a day and finally 1respondents of diploma and above holder produced
7k. g and above.

When chi-square (x2) test was applied to the data the calculated x2 value 57.74 was found
to be significant at 12 d.f, 95% of c.i.

Hence education and fish production amount have a positive correlation.as their level of
education increased their probability to produce 1-2k. g per a day become low.

Table 4.4.2 the association between work experiences with amount of fish
production

Fish production per day in kilogram

Types of 1-2k.g 3k.g-4k.g 5k.g-6k.g 7k.g and Total

Variable above

No % No. % No. % No. % No. %

.
Work Belo
Experience w 23 63.8 8 22.2 2 5.55 7 19.44 36 29.03
Of 3 year 8 2
Respondent 4-6
year 21 47.7 8 18.1 8 18.18 3 6.81 44 35.48
2 8
7-10
year 2 6.66 9 30 11 36.66 8 26.66 30 24.19
Abov
e 0 0 3 21.4 5 36.71 6 42.85 14 11.29
11 2
year

total 46 28 26 24 124 100

2
X =46.694, significant at 95% level with d.f 9
Source own Field: survey (2020) C=0.000

38
The above table(4.4.2) indicate that out of 36 respondents those who have below 3-year
work experience 63.88 percent were produced 1-2k. g fish per a day,22.22 percent
respondents catch 3-4k. g fish per a day followed by 19.44% respondents produced 7k. g
and above per a day and 5.55% of respondents produced 5-6k. g fish per a day.

Out of 44 respondents who have 4-6 years’ work experience the majority i.e. 47.72 percent
produced 1-2k. g per a day followed by 18.18% of respondents produced 3-4k. g and 5-6k.
g fish per a day and 6.81 respondents were produced 7k.g and above per a day.

In case of 30 respondents with work experience of 7-10 years 36.66 percent respondents
were produced 5-6k. g per a day followed by 30% of respondents were produced 3-4k. g
per a day, 26.66 percent produced 7k. g and above and only 6.66% were produced 1-2k. g
per a day.

In case of 14 respondents with work experience of 11 years and above 42.85 percent were
produced 7k. g and above, 36.72 percent respondents were produced 5-6k. g followed by
21.24 percent of respondent were produced 3-4k. g and no one produced 1-2k. g fish per a
day.

When chi square test was applied to the data the calculated value 46.694 was found
significant at 9 d.f. and 95% confidence interval. Hence from this it could be conclude that
there was significant association between work experience and amount of fish production.

Table 4.5.1 information on distance from the home to Lake Tana

Item Alternatives Number Percent
distance from 2k.m 15 12.1
3k.m 5 4.0
Home to lake
4k.m 24 19.4
5k.m 52 41.9
24 19.4
6.k.m
7k.m 4 3.2
Total 124 100
Source: own Field survey (2020)

39
As indicated from the above table (4.5.1) 41.9 percent respondents travel 5kilometr from
their home to the lake,19.4 percent were also travel 4&6kilometer ,12.1 percent
respondents were travel 2k.m to get the lake,4% respondents were travel 3k.m and 3.2%
respondents were also travel 7k.m from their home to the lake. Hence the fishermen travel
a minimum of 2k.m to 7k.m to get the lake. The majority respondents, i.e., 41.9% travel
5k.m from their home to the lake.

4.5.2 Types of fishing materials

The majority of fishermen i.e. 100 percent of respondent in Lake Tana used traditional
fishing materials which was made up of papyrus (red wood) traditionally called tanqua for
fishing activity. A majority of the fishers owned traditional boats, which agrees with what
Ameha (2001) reported previously for Lake Tana.

4.5.2.1 Types of gill nets for fish production

Table 4.5.2.1 Types of gill nets for fish production

Item Alternatives Number Percent

types of Monofilament gillnets(nylon) 7-9c.m starched mesh

size 29 23.4
Gillnet used for fish
Traditional gillnet made by locally(20m to 30m) long
Production 72 58.1
Multi-filament nets(10c.m to 12c.m) starched mesh size
Modern nets 23 18.5

Total 124 100

Source: own Field survey (2020)
As indicated from the above table, the majority of the respondents i.e. 58.1 percent used
traditional gillnets which was locally made followed by 23.4 percent of respondent were
used monofilament gillnets and only 18.5 percent of respondent were used modern nets.

40
4.4.3 Problems of fishing markets

Table 4.5.3 the problem of fish marketing

Item Alternatives Number Percent

problem of fish
Lack of business skill 24 17.7
marketing
Lack of appropriate quality of fish 49 39.5

Lack of landing site 8 6.5

Lack of market 45 36.3

Total 124 100

Source: own Field survey (2020)
As indicated from the above table the majority i.e.39.5 percent respondent reported that
their major problem for fish market was lack of appropriate quality of fish, 36.3 percent of
respondent reported that their problem was lack of fishing market in their local area, 17.7
percent respondent problem of marketing related with lack of business skills and 6.5
percent of respondent’s problem was lack of landing site.

Moreover, in the key informant interviewees revealed that the problem with fish marketing
was absence of measurement for fish quantity and absence of fixed price for fish products
were among the problems.

4.5.4 Status of license in the study area

Table 4.5.4 status of license in the study area

S. No. license to practice fishing
No. respondent Percent
1 Yes 33 26.6
2 No 91 73.4
Total 124 100
Source: own Field survey (2020)

41
As indicated from the above table the majority i.e. 73.4 percent respondents were having
no legal license to practice fishing activity in their locality and only 26.6 percent of
respondent have legal license to practice fishing.

4.5.5 Reason for the absence of license

Table 4.5.5 reason for the absence of license

No. reason for the absence of license No. respondents percent
1 There was no way to get license 2 2.19
2 Low follow up from the concerned body 30 32.96
3 Low awareness about license 52 57.14
4 There was no difference to have license or no 7 7.69
Total 91 100
Source: own Field survey (2020)
The data in the table 4.4.5 revealed that out of 91 respondents 57.14 percent of respondent
their reason for the absence of license of license was low awareness about the license,
32.96 percent of respondent by low follow up from the concerned body, 7.9 percent of
respondent their reason were they believe there was no practical difference to have license
or not and only 2.19 percent of respondent reason was because of no way to get license.

4.5.6. The extent of spoilage of fish product

Table 4.5.6 spoilage of fish product before sale or consumption

S. No.
spoiled before sale or consume No. respondent Percent
1 Yes 89 71.8
2 No 35 28.2
Total 124 100
Source: own Field survey (2020)
The data in table 4.5.6 revealed that out of 124 respondents 71.8 percent of respondent had
a problem of fish spoilage before sale or consumption and 28.2 percent of respondent were
had no problem of fish spoilage.

42
Table 4.5.7 average percentage of fish spoilage per trip
S. No. Amount of fish spoiled per trip
No. respondent Percent
1 1kilogram 56 62.92
2 2kilogram 22 24.71
3 3kilogram 11 12.35
Total 89 100
Source: own Field survey (2020)
The data in table 4.5.7 revealed that out of 89 respondents 62.92 percent were lost
1kilogam fish per trip because of spoilage, 24.71 percent respondent were lost 2kilogam
fish products per trip and 12.35 percent of respondent were lost 3kilogram fish product per
trip because of spoilage.

Table 4.5.8 reason for spoilage of fish before sale or consumption

S. No.
Reason for fish product spoilage No. respondent Percent
1 The market is far 10 11.23
2 No means of transport 27 30.33
3 Absence of preservation and refrigerators 52 58.42
Total 89 100
Source: own Fieldsurvey (2020)
As indicated in table 4.5.8 out of 124 respondents only 89 respondent face spoilage
problem and out of this 89 respondent, 58.42 percent the main reason for fish product
spoilage was absence of fish product preservations and refrigerators,30.33 percent because
of lack of transport means and 11.23 percent of respondents were because of high market
distance.

43
 4.5.9. Fish demand of the community

Table 4.5.9 information on the fish demand of the community

Item Alternatives Number Percent
The demand of fish High 21 16.69
product of the
Low 103 83.1
community
Total 124 100
possible reasons for low Fish have not been integrated in to the diet 16 15.53
Fish is expensive relative to other source of 6 5.82
demands of fish
meat
product Lack of recognition 14 13.59
Limited availability of product 67 65.04
Total 103 100
Source: own Field survey (2020)
As shown from the above table 4.5.9 out of 124 respondents,83.1 percent were
believedthat there was low fish demand of the community and only 16.69 percent
respondents perceive that there was lack of demand among the community in the study
area. Out of 103 respondent who judge the law demand of the community, 65.04 percent of
the respondent revealed that the main reason for low demand of the society was because of
limited availability of the fish product followed by 15.53 percent of respondent point out
the reason because of fish had not been integrated in to the diet of the society,13.59
because of lack recognition for the nutritional value of the product and 5.8 percent of the
respondent reported for the lack of demand was because of expensiveness of the product
relative to other source of meat. Hence, the main reason for low demand of the society was
because of limited availability of fish product.

44
4.5.10 occurrence of theft case

Table 4.5.10 information on occurrence of theft case

S. No.
Information on occurrence of theft case No. respondent Percent
1 Yes 88 71
2 No 36 29
Total 124 100
Source: own Field survey (2020)
The data in the table 4.5.10 exhibit that out of 124 respondents the majority i.e. 71 percent
of respondent faced theft case and only 21 percent of respondent was not faced theft case.
And from these 88 respondents the majority respondents i.e. 65 percent encounter at least
1-2 time throughout their work experience and 34.04 percent of respondent were face theft
case 3-5 times. Hence the majority of the respondents were vulnerable for theft case.

Table 4.5.11 information on awareness on government policy

S. No. Information on awareness on government policy
No. respondent Percent
1 Yes 43 34.7
2 No 81 65.3
Total 124 100
Source: own Fieldsurvey (2020)
As table 4.5.11 revealed that out of 124 respondents the majority of the respondents i.e.
65.3 percent of the respondent’s does not have awareness about government policy or strict
municipal ordinance that may perceive barriers to entry and only 34.7 of respondents had
awareness about government policy or restriction and the main responsible bodies was
word’s fishery officer.

45
4.5.12. The major challenges of fish production

Table 4.5.12 information on challenges of fish production in Lake Tana

Item Alternatives Number Percent
Information on challenges Low skills 26 21
of fish production in Lake Fluctuation of its volume 1 0.8
Tana Lack of fishing tools 72 58.1
Lack of infrastructure 25 20.2

Total 124 100

Source: own Fiel survey (2020)
As indicted in table 4.512, 58.1 % of respondents said lack of fishing tools, 21% low skills,
20.2 percent lack of infrastructure and 0.8 percent were the problems that challenged the
fishermen to use in Lake Tana in the area understudied.

Moreover, in the key informant interviewees revealed that the challenges encountered
fishermen and people around were lack of cooperation from the concerned bodies, illegal
fishermen activity, poor technology system for handling, processing fish product and
wastage are among the challenges that hinder fishing activity in the study area.

4.6 Opportunities that enhance fish production

Table 4.6.1 information on the place where people practice fishing

Alternatives Number Percent
Information on the place where people practice Lake Tana 124 100
fishing Ponds - -
Artificial fishing ground - -
Total 124 100
extent suitable for fishing activities Very high 37 29.8
High 70 56.5
Medium 5 4.0

Low 12 9.7
Total 124 100
Source: own Field source (2020)

46
The data in table 4.6.1 despite that out of 124 respondents 100 percent were replied that
they were mainly practiced fishing only in the nearby Lake Tana. The researcher’s
observation indicates that there is water body which is called Lake Tana in the study area
where people practiced fishing. also as shown from table 4.6.1 out of 124 respondents 56.5
percent were believed that lake Tana had high suitability,29.8 veryhigh,9.7 low and 4.0
percent were perceiving the suitability of lake Tana for fish practice. Hence it is possible to
concluded that Lake Tana highly suitable for fish practice.

Table 4.6.2 information on seasonality in fish production

When do you practice Alternative Number percent
Fishing activity. Throughout the year 82 66.1
During summer 3 2.4
During winter 11 8.9
During special occasion 28 22.6
Total 124 100
Source: own Field survey (2020)
The data in table 4.6.2 revealed that out of 124 respondents the majority i.e. 66.1 percent of
respondent were practice fishing throughout the year, 22.6% during special occasion, 8.9%
during winter and only 2.4 percent of the respondent were practice fishing during winter.
Hence the majority of the respondent i.e.66.1 percent practice throughout the year and this
show that fishing activity practice without interruption in the study area. The majority of
the respondent’s i.e.65.3 practice in morning, 33.9 in afternoon and 0.8 percent respondent
at nigh time rear practiced fishing activity. Hence the main time to practiced fishing
activity were at morning time followed by afternoon.

47
4.6.3 The availability of training

Table 4.6.3 the extent of training availability for fishermen

get training Alternative Number percent
about fishery resource Yes 69 56.5
before Fishing No 55 44.5
Total 124 100
areas offishery resource Fish preparation and consumption - -
training Fishing methodology 62 89.85
How to prepare fishing materials 7 10.14
On fish product handling and marketing - -
Total 69 100
Interest of training about Yes 55 100
fishing No - -
Total 55 100
Main areas of training Fish preparation and consumption
Fishing methodology 28 50.9
How to prepare fishing materials 19 34.54
On fish product handling and marketing 8 14.54
Total 55 100
Source: own Fieldsurvey (2020)
As shown from the above table 4.6.3 out of 124 respondents the majority i.e.56.5 percent
were got training and 44.5% of respondent had not got training. Out of this 69 respondent
who have got training the majority of respondent i.e.89.5% of respondent were trained in
area of fishing methodology, 10.14 percent on how to prepare fishing materials. Hence the
majority of respondent on the study area have got basic training on fishing methodology at
least on time. This idea more over supported by the key informant interviewers they
provide training on fishing methodology and fishing material preparation at woreda and in
collaborative with dembiya woreda gorgora fishery center. Also as shown from table 4.6.3
out of 55 respondents who haven’t got training all of the need training. Out of 55
respondents 50.9% need training on fishing methdology,34.54 on preparation of fishing
material and 14.54 on fish product handling and preservation methods. Hence the majority
of respondent need training on fishing methodology.

48
 4.6.4 The availability of credit for fishing practice

Table 4.6.4 the availability of credit for fishing practice

Item Alternative Number percent
get credit over the last Yes 71 57.3
Year No 53 42.7
Total 124 100
The purpose of credit For fertilizer 5 7.04
For fishing activity 56 78.7
For agricultural improved seed 8 11.26
For livestock rearing 2 2.81
Total 71 100
sources of credits Non-governmental organization - -
Amhara credit and saving 40 56.33
institution(ACSI)
Relative and friends 31 43.66
Total 71 100
Source: own Fiel survey (2020)
As the data from table 4.6.4 revealed that out of 124 respondents 71 percent of respondent
were had access for credit and 42.2 percent of respondent were not getting credit for the
last year. This show that the majority of respondent got credit.

As indicated from table 4.6.4 the purpose of this credit were 78.7 percent used for fishing
activity,11.26 percent were used for agricultural improved seeds, 7.04 percent were used
for fertilizer and only 2.18 percent of respondent were used for livestock rearing. This
show that the majority of respondent used the credit for fishing activity than other.

Table 4.6.4 indicated that, for 56.33 percent of respondent their source of credit was
Amhara credit and saving institution, for 43.66 percent of respondent their source of credit
was relatives and friends. This idea was further explained and supported by Alayu (2011)
There are two sources of credit in Lake Tana area. Amhara Credit and Savings Institute
offers credit at 18% per annum- a rate considered prohibitively high by many people in the
fishing communities. The second is the farmers’ co-operatives that make loans at 12.5%
per annum, but are not present in all areas and therefore not accessible to everyone.

49
4.6.5 The amount of fish production

Table 4.6.5 the amount of fish production

Item Alternative Number Percent
Amount of fish 1-2k.g 46 37
capture per day 3-4k.g 28 22.6
4-5k.g 26 21
7k.g and above 24 19.4
Total 124 100
Source: own Field survey (2020)
As the data from table 4.6.5 indicated that out of 124 respondents 37 percent respondent
were produce 1-2k. g per day, 22.6 percent 3-4kg per day,21 percent capture 4-5k. g per a
day and 19.4 percent of respondent produce 7k. g and above per a day. As the above table
revealed the majority of respondent i.e. 37% capture 1-2k. g per a day which was minimum
and only 19.4% of respondents 7k. g and above per a day.

As key informant interviewer reported in the study area thee type of fish species i.e.
catfish, tilapia and intermedius or labeobarbus captured by the fishermen.

4.7 The livelihood contribution of fishery for fishermen

Fishing activity which is carried out in the study area have varies contribution for fisher
men and fishing community. The fishermen and the fishing community have access from
the lake for transportation and fishing activity.

4.7.1 The importance of fishery for their life

Table 4.7.1 view of respondent on the importance of fishery for their life
Item Alternative Number percent
Fishery is important for life Yes 118 95.2
No 6 4.8
Total 124 100
Purpose fishing Alternative source of food 28 23.72
Create job opportunity 13 11.01
Supplementary income revenue 20 16.94
Used for source of food, job and income 57 48.30
118 100
Source: own Field survey (2020)

50
The data in the table 4.7.1 shown out of 124 respondents 95.5 percent were believed
fishery was important for their life and only 4.8 percent of respondent does not believe
fishers importance for their life.

As table 4.7.1 revealed out of 118 respondents 48.3 percent of respondent used fishery for
the purpose of source of food, job and income,23.72& used as alternative source of
food,16.94 as source of supplementary income revenue and 11.01 percent of respondent
were used fisher as the source of job opportunity. Hence fishery have a great contribution
for the fishermen as the main source of food, income and job opportunity.

Moreover, this idea also supported by the key informant interview, as the reported that
fisher have high contribution as a means of food, income, job opportunity source of
protein.

As table 4.7.1 indicate only 4.8 percent of respondents were reported the low value of
fishery and their major reason was because of low production and absence of infrastructure
to deliver the products. Hence fishing activity in the study area have high value and
contribution.

4.7.2 The existence of activities related to fishing

Table 4.7.2 the extent of activities related to fishing

Item Alternative Number Percent
Activities related to fishing Yes 92 74.2
No 32 25.8
Total 124 100
Types of fishing related activity Making local boat 2 2.17
engaged Making fishing gillnets 70 76.08
Washing and drying of 20 21.73
fish
Total 92 100
Source: own Field survey (2020)
As indicated in table 4.7.2 out of 124 respondents 74.2 percent were practice fishing
related activity and 25.8 percent of respondent were not engaged in fishing related activity.
Hence this creates additional contribution for fishermen and the fishing community.

51
As the data in table 4.7.2 revealed that out of 92 respondents who engaged in fishing
related activities 76.8 percent of respondent were practiced making local fishing nets,
21.73% in washing and drying fish products. The majority of respondent’s i.e.76.08%
participated in making local nets.

52
 CHAPETR FIVE
5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1. Conclusion
The main purpose of this study was to investigate challenges and opportunity of fish
production in Lake Tana the case of Takusa woreda. To achieve this objective data were
collected from sample respondent in five kebeles through questionnaire, key informant
interview and observation. As it was found from data collection tools and through data
analysis in chapter four, the study attempt to answer the basic research question. Therefore,
based on the discussion and main finding or results of the study the following conclusion
were drawn.

The majority of respondent (43.5) were between age group of 31-45 years.
The study found that majority of respondent were illiterate.
The majority of respondent (35.5) percent have income below 1200 birr per month
The study found that education have its own impact on the productivity of fishermen.
The illiterate fishermen (65.38) were produce only 1-2k. g per a day and more
educated fishermen have less probability to produce 1-2k. g per a day.
The study also found that work experience and fish productivity have a significant
relationship. Low experienced respondent produced 1-2k. g per a day and the more
experienced people produced 7k. g and more per a day.
The major challenges of fish production were high distance from the home to lake,
traditional fishing equipment’s, problem of fishing market because of lack of
appropriate quality of fish product, absence license, spoilage of fish products due to
absence of preservation and storage facilities, low fish demand of the community
because of limited availability of fish products, occurrences of theft case and
involvement of illegal fisher men, low awareness of government police and low follow
up from the concerned body, lack of fishing skills were among the major challenges
that hinder fisher men to produce more.

53
Based on the response of the questionnaire, interview and observation it could be said
that despite most of local people accustomed to eat/consume fish the study revealed
there was decreasing trend of using fish as usual diet. This perhaps indicated that cost,
seasonality, availability, socio-economic status, special events, preservation and
quality were the constraining factors that affect the usual consumption habit of local
people of the study area
In relation to the opportunities that exist to enhance fish production in the study area
the availability of lake Tana in the nearby area and its high suitability, the existence
fish production throughout the year, availability of training in fishing methodology for
the majority respondents availability of credit provided by Amhara credit and saving
institution, the opportunity to catch 1-7k.g fish per a day and the presence of variety of
fish species were the major opportunities that helps to enhance fish production in the
study area.
The study also found that fishery have great livelihood contribution for fishermen by
serving as a source of food, supplementary source of income revenue, by creating job
opportunity and the study also found that there was high practice of fishing related
activity and the majority of respondent were engaged

54
5.2 Recommendations
Based on the major finding and conclusions drawn, the researchers provide the following
recommendation.

To minimize illegal fishermen, the government should give legal licenses that let
them to sell based on the economic status of the community.
Takusa woreda fish development offices should increase their follow up to control
unstandardized fishing materials.
The government should facilitate infrastructures and create awareness for post
handling and preserving of fish products.
The government should work to create market linkage and encourage to work on
association and fishery union than working alone.
Increasing the adoption of effective strategy to provide and to promote effective
fishing system and service.
There should be adequate intervention to build more infrastructures where local
people utilize Lake Tana for fishing purpose and improve their livelihood by
fishing in Lake Tana.
There should be effective wastage handling mechanism and providing land site for
post harvesting practice.

55
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 Appendices

Appendix I.
Questionnaire: To Takusa woreda fishermen

Dear respondents;

The purpose of this questionnaire is to obtain information from fishermen who are
living in Takusa woreda around Lake Tana about personal back ground information, the
challenges of fishermen that hinder fishing practice, to assess opportunities existed to
enhance fishing practice and to examine the livelihood contribution of fishery for fishing
community. The outcome of this research will help to identify the major the challenges of
fishermen that hinder fishing practice, to assess opportunities existed to enhance fishing
practice and to examine the livelihood contribution of fishery for fishing community and
forward possible solution. It is believed that it will assist the community, the government
and non-government organizations in designing mechanisms to ensure the sustainable
utilization of fishery resource. . I confirm you that all data will be treated confidentially
and only aggregate and average information will be taken. Therefore, I kindly request the
cooperation of respondents in filling out the questionnaire accurately considering the
importance of the study.

Thank you for your time and cooperation in advance.

Part 1. Back ground Information

Region: Amhara National Regional State
Zone: central Gondare Administrative Zone
Wereda: takusa Kebele: ____________
Part 2. Demographic Characteristics of Household Head

64
 1. Sex a) Female a) Male
2. Age a) 18-30 year b) 31-45 year C) 46-60 year d) 61 year and above
3. Marital status a) single b) married c) divorced d) widowed
4. Family size a) only 2 b) 3-5 C) 6-8 D) 9 and above
5. Level of education a/ illiterate b/can read &write c. attending grade 1-8
d/ Attending grade 9-12 grade e/diploma and above

6. Income (per month) A)1200&birr B) 1201-2400 birr C) 2401-3600 birr D) 3601

& above

7. Religion a. orthodox Christian b. Catholic Christian c. Protestant d. Muslim

e. Other's specify

8. How many years engaged in fishing activity?

a. below 3 years b. 4 years – 6year c. 7 years- 10 years d. 11 years and above
Part 3
A. challenges faced by the fishermen
1. How do you access the lake? a. by foot b. pedal bike c. animal power d. motor
bike
2. 1.How far is your home from the Lake? __________km.
3. What type of boat used for fishing purpose? a. made up of steel b. made up of wood
c. traditional made up of papyrus(red wood) d. specify if others
4. What types of gillnets used for production?
a. monofilament gillnets(nylon) 7c.m to 9c.m stretched mesh size
b. traditional nets made by locally 20m to 30 meters
c. multi-filament nets (10cm to 12cm stretched mesh size modern nets
d. specify if there is others
5. What are the problem for fish marketing? a. lack of business skills b. lack of appropriate
quality fish
c. lack of landing site d. lack of fishing markets e. specify other
6. do you have license to produce fish in your locality?

65
a. yes b. no
7. If your answer for question number (11) is no, why? Because,
a. there is no way to get license b. low follow up from the concerned body
c. low awareness about the license d. because there is no real difference to have or
not
8. is your product spoil before sale or consume? a. yes b.no
9. If your answer is yes what is the average percent that is spoiled per trip? -------------------
--
10. What are the reasons for the spoilage? Because
a. the market is far b. no means of transport c. absence of preservation and
refrigerator
d. specify others
11. How do you see the demand of the community on fish products? a. high b. low
12. If your answer is for question (10) is low, what are the possible reason?
a. fish have not been integrated in to the diet of the of the community.
b. fish is expensive relative to other source of meat
c. lack of recognition d. limited availability e. specify if there is others
13. Do you encounter theft case? a. yes b. no
14. If your answer is yes, how often------------------------------------?
15. Are you aware of any government policy or strict municipal ordinance that may
perceive barriers to entry? a. yes b. no
16. If you say yes who are responsible organs? a. areal council b. woreda’s fishery
officer c. kebele officer d. kebeles agricultural workers
17. Which challenges do you faced to fish in Lake Tana?
a. low skills b. fluctuation in its volume c. lack of fishing tools d.
overfishing
18. What do you need to be fulfilled to produce more?

66
B. Opportunities that enhance fish production
1. Where do you practice fishing activity in your area?
a. Lake tana b. ponds c. artificial fishing grounds d. specify
others
2. If your answer for question number (1) is lake tana, to what extent do you think it is
available for fishing a. very high b. high c. medium d. low
3. How often do you rear fish production? a. morning b. afternoon c. evening
d. all times
4. Who are your collaborative? a. non-governmental organization b. individual
partners
c. governmental organization d. all of the above e. none of the above
5. Have you receive training on fishery resource and fishing before? a. yes b.
no
6. If your answer for question number (6) is yes, for how many times----------------------
------?
7. On what areas you have got training? a. fish preparation and consumption?
b. fishing methodology c. how to prepare fishing materials d. fish product
preservation and marketing e. specify other
8. If your answer for question number (6) is no, do you need training? a. yes
b. no
9. If your answer for question number (6.3) is yes, on what areas you need?
a. fish preparation and consumption? b. fishing methodology
c. how to prepare fishing materials d. fish product preservation and marketing
e. specify others
10. Did you get credit over the last year? a. yes b. no
11. If your answer is yes, what was the purpose of credit?
a. for fertilizer b. for fishing activity c. for agricultural improved seed d. for
livestock

67
 12. Who are the source of credits? a. government b. non-government organization
c. relative and friends d. specify others
13. When do you practice fishing? a. throughout the year b. during summer c.
during winter
d. during special occasions.
14. How much kilogram fish capture per day?
a. 1k.g-3k.g b. 3k.g-4k.m c. 5k.g-6k.g d. 7k.g and above
15. Do you have awareness about fish production? a. yes b. no
16. If your answer for question number (12) is yes, where did you get the awareness?
a. from my own experience b. through training c. from my family d. specify if
other
17. Which type of fish species captured around your locality?
a. catfish b. tilapia c. labeobarbus d. all are available
18. Which type of fish species highly preferable for the society?
s. Types of species Rank
no
1 Catfish
2 Tilapia
3 Labeobarbus

C. the livelihood contribution of fishery for fishing community

1. What products do you obtain around the lake? a. transport b. fish c. irrigation d.
specify others
2. Do you believe that fishery is important for your life? a. yes b. no
3. If your answer for question number (2) is yes, for what purpose do you keep fishing?
a. alternative source of food b. create job opportunity
c. supplementary income revenue d. specify others
4. If your answer is no, why? Because of
a. low production b. low demand of the products by the society

68
 c. absence of infrastructure to deliver the products in to the market d. specify if
others
5. What is your employment status? a. Self- employed b. Employer c. Employee
6. How do you compare the value of fishery with other income source?
a. high b. low
7. Is there activities related to fishing in your area? a. yes b. no
8. If your answer for question number (4) is yes, what are these activities related to
fishing?
a. Making local boats b. making gillnets
c. washing and drying of fishing products d. specify others
9. Who perform these activities related to fishing? a. I and my family b. laborer’s specially
men
c. laborers women d. specify others

69
Appendix ii.
Interview: To Takusa wereda Fish Production office employees

The purpose of this key informant interview is to submit a thesis for partial fulfillment
of the requirement for master of art in Geography and environmental studies in
UniversityofGondar under the title challenges and opportunities of fish production in
Lake Tana the case of Takusa woreda. So, you are kindly requested to participate in
this study. Finally, thank you very much for your time devotion and patience.

1. What are the major challenges that hinder fishermen to produce more fish
production?
2. As fish expert, what kinds of assistance would you offer to promote the practice of
fishing in Takusa woreda?
3. What are the main efforts to ban illegal fishermen?
4. What are the main efforts to create market access for the fishermen community and
what mechanism should proposed to solve the marketing problem.
5. What are the common type of fish species captured by the fisher men?
6. What are the livelihood contribution of fishing for fishermen?
7. Are there any governmental or non-governmental organization which are working
to support the fishery industry? If there is what are their contribution?
8. What are the main opportunities for fishing activity in Takusa woreda?

70
Appendix iii.
ማውጫ 1

ጥያቄዎች፡- ለጣቁሳወረዳአሳአጥማጆች

ክፍል 1: አጠቃላይመረጃ

ክልል : በአማራብሔራዊክልላዊመንግስት

ዞን : ማዕከላዊጎንደርአስተዳደር

ወረዳ: ጣቁሳ

ቀበሌ፣ ---------------------------

ክፍል 2 ፡የቤተሰብሁኔታ

1. ፆታ : ሀ. ሴትለ . ወንድ

2. ዕድሜ : ሀ. ከ18-30 ዓመትለ. ከ31-45 ዓመትሐ.ከ46-60

ዓመትመ.ከ60ዓመትበላይ

3. የጋብቻሁኔታ : ሀ. ያላገባለ . ያገባሐ.የፈታመ. ጋለሞታ

4. የቤተሰብቁጥርሀ. 2 ለ. ከ3-5 ሐ . ከ6-8 መ.ከ9 በላይ

5. የትምህርትደረጃ : ሀ. ያልተማረለ. መፃፍናማንበብየሚችልሐ. ከ1-8

ክፍልየሚከታተልመ. ከ9-12 የሚማርሠ. ዲፕሎማናከዛበላይየሚማር

6. የወርገቢ: ሀ. 1200 ብርለ. ከ1201-2400 ብርሐ. 2401-3600 ብርመ. 3601

ብርበላይ

71
7. ሃይማኖት: ሀ. ሙስሊምለ. ክረስቲያንሐ . ካቶሊክመ.
ፕሮቴስታንትሠ.ሌሎችሃይማኖቶች

8. በአሳስራውስጥምንያህልዓመትሆነህ? ሀ. ከ3 ዓመትበታችለ. ከ4-6 ዓመትሐ.

ከ7-10 ዓመትመ. ከ11 ዓመትበላይ

ክፍል 3

ሀ. በአሳአጥማጆችላይያጋጠመችግር

1. ወደሃይቁበምንትጓዛለህ? ሀ. በእግርለ. በሳይክልሐ. በጋማከብቶችመ.

በሞተርሳይክል

2. ሃይቁከመኖሪያቤትህበምንያህልርቀትላይይገኛል፡፡ -------------------- ኪ.ሜ.

3. አሳንስታጠምዱበምንዓይነትጀልባነው? ሀ. ከብረትበተሰራለ. ከእንጨትበተሰራሐ.

በባህላዊታንኳየተሰራመ. ሌሎች

4. በአሳምርትላይያለውየገበያችግርምንድንነው? ሀ. የንግድስራክህሎትእጥረትለ.
የአሳጥራትእጥረትሐ.የማረፊያስፍራእጥረትመ. የገበያእጥረትሠ. ሌሎች

5. የአሳምርትፈቃድአለህ? ሀ. አዎለ.የለኝም

6. ለጥያቄቁጥር 5 መልስህየለኝምከሆነለምን?
ምክንያትህሀ.የፍቃድአሰጣጥዘዳአለመኖርለ. የመንግስትአካላትክትትልዝቅተኛመሆንሐ.
ስለፈቃድአሰጣጥአናሳግንዛቤመኖር

7. ከመሸጥህ /ከመጠቀምህበፊትምርቱይበላሻል? ሀ. አዎለ. አይበላሽም

8. መልስህአዎንከሆነበአንድጉዞላይበአማካይስንትፐርሰንትይበላሻል? ---------------

9. ለመበላሸቱምክንያቱምንድንነውብለውያምናሉ? ሀ. የገበያማዕከልመራቅለ.
የትራንስፖርትአገልግሎትአለመኖርሐ. ማቀዝቀዣአለመኖርመ. ሌሎች

72
10. የአሳምርትፍላጎትበህዝቡላይእንዴትታየዋለህ ? ሀ.በጣምክፍተኛለ. ከፍተኛሐ.
መካከለኛመ. በጣምዝቅተኛሠ.ዝቅተኛ

11. ለጥያቄቁጥር 10 መልስህዝቅተኛከሆነዋናምክንያቱምንድንነው?

ሀ. ማህበረሰቡአሳንለምግብነትበብዛትአለመጠቀሙ

ለ. ከሌሎችየስጋምግቦችጋርሲነፃፀርአሳውድስለሆነ

ሐ. የግንዛቤእጥረት

መ. የተጠቃሚውዝቅተኛመሆንሠ .ሌሎች

12. በስርቆትጉዳይላይያጋጠመችግርአለ? ሀ. አዎለ. የለም

13. ለጥያቄቁጥር 12 መልስህአዎከሆነብዙጊዜነው? -------------------

14. ማንኛውምየመንግስትአካልያውቃል? ሀ . አዎለ. አያውቅም

15. ለጥያቄቁጥር 14 መልስህአዎከሆነማንነውሃላፊነቱንየሚወስደውአካል: ሀ.

የወረዳውአሳጽ/ቤትለ. የቀበሌውጽ/ቤትሐ. የአሳግብረሃይልኮሚቴመ.
የቀበሌውየግብርናሰራተኛ

16. በጣናውስጥየአሳምርትችግሮችየምትላቸውምንድንናቸው? ሀ. የሙያማነስለ.

የውሃይዘቱመለዋወጥሐ. የአሳማስገሪያእጥረትመ. ለምግብያልደረሱአሳዎችመያዝ

ለ. አሳምርትንለማሳደግምቹሁኔታዎች:

1. የትቦታነውየአሳምርትየምታመርቱት?

ሀ. ጣና ለ. ኩሬሐ. ሰውሰራሽግድብመ.ሌሎች

2. የጥያቄቁጥር 1 መልስህጣናከሆነአሳውንለመጠቀምምንያህልስፋት

አለው? ሀ. በጣምትልቅ ለ. ትልቅሐ. መካከለኛመ. ዝቅተኛ

3. በምንሰዓትነውአሳንየምታመርቱት? ሀ. ጠዋትለ. ከሰዓትሐ. ማታ

73
5. አሳንከማጥመድህበፊትስለአሳአሰጋገርስልጠናወስደሃል? ሀ. አዎለ.አልወሰድኩም

6. ለጥያቄቁጥር 5 መልስህአዎከሆነ፣ለምንያህልሰዓት ?----------

ስልጠናውንያገኘኸውበምንዙሪያነው? ሀ. አሳዝግጅትናአቃቀምለ. በአሳዕቅድሐ.
እንዴትየአሳማስገሪያንማዘጋጀትእንዳለብንመ. የአሳንምርትመጠበቅናለገበያማቅረብሠ.
ሌሎች

7. ስልጠናውንያገኘኸውበምንዙሪያነውሀ. በአሳዝግጅትናአጠቃቀምለ.
በአሳዕቅድሐ.እንዴትየአሳማቴርያልማዘጋጀትእንዳለብንመ.
የአሳንምርትመጠበቅናለገበያማቅረብሠ. ስለሌሎችነገሮች

8. ለጥያቄቁጥር 5 መልስህአልወሰድኩምከሆነ፣ስልጠናመውሰድትፈልጋለህን? ሀ.
አዎለ. አልወስድም

9. ምንአይነትስልጠናአገኘህ? ሀ.የአሳሀብትጥበቃለ. የአሳመያዣወቅቶችሐ.

የአሳመራቢያጊዝያቶች

10በባለፈውዓመትብድርአግኝተሃል? ሀ.አዎለ. አላገኘሁም

11. ለተራቁጥር 10 መልስህአዎከሆነ፣ለምንጥቅም? ሀ. ለማዳበሪያለ. ለአሳስራሐ.

ለግብርናምርጥዘርመ. ለቀንድከብቶች

12. አበዳሪውማነው? ሀ. መንግስትለ. መንግስታዊያልሆኑአካላትሐ. ጓደኛናዘመድመ.

ሌሎችአካላት

13. አሳንየምታጠምድበትወቅትመቸነው? ሀ. አመቱንሙሉለ. በክረምትሐ. በበጋ

መ. ባመቸኝጊዜ

14. በቀንምንያህልኪሎግራምአሳትይዛለህ? ሀ. 1 ለ. ከ3-4 ሐ. ከ5-6 መ.ከ7

እናከዚያበላይኪ.ግ

15. በአሳምርትላይግንዛቤአለህሀ. አዎለ. የለኝም

74
16. ለጥያቄቁጥር 15 መልህአዎከሆነ፣ከየትወሰድክሀ. ከራሴልምድለ.
በስልጠናሂደትሐ.ከቤተሰቦቼመ. ከሌሎችአካላት

17.የትኛውንየአሳአይነትታመርታለህ? ሀ.ቀረሦለ.ነጭአሳሐ.አባዛ

18.በማህበረሰቡውስጥየትኛውአሳነውተመራጭነትያለው ?

ሀ.ቀረሦለ.ነጭአሳ ሐ.አባዛ

ሐ. የአሳማጥመድስራለህዝቡየሚያደርገውአስተዋፅኦ:

1. በጣናሐይቅላይምንአይነትጥቅምታገኛለህ?

ሀ. መጓጓዣለ. አሳሐ. መስኖ መ. ሌሎች

2. በህይወትህላይአሳይጠቅማልብለህታስባለህ? ሀ. አዎለ. አይጠቅምም

3. ለጥያቄቁጥር 2 መልስህአዎከሆነለምንጥቅምአሳንትይዛላችሁ?

ሀ. እንደአማራጭነትለ.የስራዕድልለመፍጠርሐ. ለገቢምንጭነትመለሌላ

4. መልስህአይጠቅምምከሆነለምን? ምክንያቱም

ሀ. ዝቅተኛምርትስለሆነለ.የህዝቡየማምረትፍላጎቱዝቅተኛመሆንሐ.
ከምርቱእስከገበያማዕከልትራንስፖርትአለመኖርመ. ሌሎችነገሮች

5. በምንሁኔታላይትሰራለህ? ሀ. ለራሴለ.በአሰሪነትሐ. በተቀጣሪነት

6. አሳንከሌሎችየገቢምንጮችእንዴትታወዳድረዋለህሀ.በከፍተኛለ.በዝቅተኛ

7. የአሣማጥመድሥራከሌሎችየስራተግባርጋርግንኙነትአለው

ሀ. አዎለ. የለውም

8. ለጥያቄቁጥር 7 መልስህአዎከሆነ፣በምንዓይነትስራይገናኛል

ሀ. በአካባቢጀልባለ. አሳንየማከማቸትዘደበመፍጠር

ሐ. የአሳምርትንበማጠብናበማድረቅ መ. ሌሎችነገሮች

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9. አሳማጥመድንየሚሰራውማነው?

ሀ. እኔናየእኔቤተሰቦችለ. የቀንሰራተኛበተለይወንዶችሐ. የሴትቀንሰራተኛመ. ሌሎች

ማውጫ 2

ቃለመጠይቅ፡

ለጣቁሳወረዳአሳሃብትጽ/ቤት:

1. አሳንበብዛትእንዳይመረትየሚያደርጉተግዳሮቶችምንድንናቸው?

2. እንደአሳባለሙያነትህበወረዳህ/ሽለአሳአምራቾችምንእገዛአደረክ/ሽ?

3. ህገ-ወጥአሳአጥማጆችንለማገድምንጥረትአደረክ/ሽ?

4. በማህበረሰቡአሳንወደገበያእንዲወስዱናበገበያላይያለውንተፅዕኖለመቅረፍ

መስሪያቤቱምንጥረትአደረገ?

5. አሳአጥማጆችበቋሚነትየሚይዙትየአሳአይነትምንድንነው?

6. አሳአጥማጆችአሳበኑሯቸውላይየሰጣቸውድጋፍምንድንነው?

7. በወረዳውለአሳማጥመድምቹየሆነምንድንነው?

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