PuTCHayAVE SIGNAL PROCESSING Principles, Algorithms, and Applications Fourth Edition John G. Proakis Dimitris G. ManolakisDigital Signal Processing Fourth Edition John G. Proakis Deparment of Electrical and Computer Engineering Northeastem University Boston, Massachusetts Dimitris G. Manolakis MIT Lincoln Laboratory Lexington, Massachusetts Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 074589.6 Round-Off Effects in Digital Fiters 625. a + yin Figure 9.6.1 Ideal single-pole recursive . system. * where the pole is at z = a. The ideal system is realized as shown in Fig. 9.6.1. Oa the other hand, the actual system, which is described by the nonlinear difference equation ln) = Olavin = D+ x0) (96.2) is realized as shown in Fig. 9.6.2. Suppose that the actual system in Fig. 9.6.2 is implemented with fixed-point arithmetic based on four bits for the magnitude plus a sign bit. The quantization that takes place after multiplication is assumed to round the resulting product upward. In Table 9.2 we list the response of the actual system for four different locations ofthe pole z =a, and an input x(n) = A3(n), where BEESUS/I6, which has the binary representation 0.1111. Ideally, the response of the system should decay toward zero exponentially [ie.. yz) = a > 0 as. —» co]. In the actual system, however, the response »(n} reaches a steady-state periodic output sequence with a period On the other hand, when the pole is negative, the output ‘sequence oscillates between positive and negative values (7, fora =—3 and ty for a = —4). Hence the period is W, = 2. ‘These limit cycles occur as a resuit of the quantization effects in multiplications. When the input sequence x(n) to the filter becomes zero, the output of the filter then, after a number of iterations, enters into the limit cycle. The output remains in the limit cycle until another input of sufficient size is applied that drives the system ‘out of the limit cycle. Similarly, zero-input limit cycles occur from nonzero init conditions with the input x(x) = 0. The amplitudes of the output during a limit cycle are confined to a range of values that is called the dead band of the filter. It is interesting to note that when the response of the single-pole filter is in the limit cycle, the actual nonlinear system operates as an equivalent linear system with xa) Figure 9.6.2 ‘Actual noclinear system,oF 0000 Consider a single pole system described by the difference equation vini=2yin-1+ x10). 1 his systems implemented with fixed-point arithmetic based on four bits for the magnitude ous-0 sign bit. and an input xIn]~15ain) & given. the dead band of the system's Justification:- Given Pole is Positive in the above question as, vink=Zyin— text} a=2 a Only when the given pole is Negative ie., if a=-3/4, then the jam srtinencrenayune mn mie rinses =f a All the options should not contain the negative values and so the given options are all wrong since its, the values for negative poles. So, the grace mark should be given for the above question