Quà Tặng Giáng Sinh 2021 - Crack IELTS Reading - IELTS Fighter Biên Soạn

May your Christmas be filled with special moment, warmth, peace and happiness, the joy of covered ones
near, and wishing you all the joys of Christmas and a year of happiness.
Giáng sinh đến rồi!

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Contents
Unit 1. Animals ........................................................................................ 2
Unit 2. Plants ......................................................................................... 11
Unit 3. Education ................................................................................... 21
Unit 4. Children ..................................................................................... 28
Unit 5. Technology ................................................................................. 35
Unit 6. Science ....................................................................................... 41
Unit 7. Language.................................................................................... 48
Unit 8. Environment .............................................................................. 54
Unit 9. Business...................................................................................... 63
Unit 10. History ..................................................................................... 72
Answer Key ........................................................................................... 80
Crack IELTS Reading – IELTS Fighter | 1

01 Animals
Unit 1. Animals
Language Development
 Vocabulary
English Phonetic Vietnamese
1. bee-eater (n) /biː ˈiːtər/
2. beehive (n) /ˈbiːhaɪv/
3. breed (v,n) /briːd/
4. canal (n) /kəˈnæl/
5. chick (n) /tʃɪk/
6. concrete (n) /ˈkɑːnkriːt/
7. diet (n) /ˈdaɪət/
8. flock (v,n) /flɑːk/
9. migration (n) /maɪˈɡreɪʃn/
10. nest (v,n) /nest/
11. get rid of (v) /ɡet rɪd əv/
12. predator (n) /ˈpredətər/
13. prey (v,n) /preɪ/
14. stratagem (n) /ˈstrætədʒəm/
15. winter (v, n, adj) /ˈwɪntər/

Exercise 1. Match the word with the correct image.
beehive insects farmland river valley
1. ……….…………………………… 2. ……….……………………………
3. ……….…………………………… 4. ……….……………………………
Exercise 2. Match the following word/ phrase with its synonym.

Word Synonym
1. remove A. pesticides
2. a group of many birds B. produce offspring
3. chemicals to kill insects C. predator
4. animals that hunt and eat other animals D. get rid of
5. a newly hatched bird F. flock
6. breed G. chick
1. ……….. 2. ……….. 3. ……….. 4. ……….. 5. ……….. 6. ………..

 Grammar
Exercise 3. Identity the type of the underlined words.
Sentence Underlined word type
Example: Bee-eaters from Hungary and other parts of
Central and Eastern Europe cross the Mediterranean Verb
Sea and Arabian Desert to winter in southern Africa.
1. European bees pass the winter by sleeping in
their hives.
2. In April, they return to Europe.
3. Their return was predicted.
4. Birds build nests by digging tunnels in
riverbanks.
5. When nesting, small birds receive food from their
parents.
6. Bee-eaters prey on bees.
7. Bee-eaters’ preys are bees.
Relative clause
Relative clause (Mệnh đề quan hệ) là một mệnh đề đi theo sau một danh từ/cụm
danh từ để bổ sung thông tin cho danh từ/cụm danh từ đó.
Mệnh đề quan hệ thường bắt đầu bằng các Đại từ quan hệ (who, whom, which,
that, whose, why, when, where).
Các đại từ quan hệ có thể đóng vai trò Chủ ngữ (that, which, who), Tân ngữ
(that, which, whom), Trạng ngữ (why, when, where) hoặc Định ngữ cho 1 danh
từ khác (whose + Danh từ)

Example: European bee-eaters (Merops apiaster) form families that breed in the spring
and summer across an area that extends from Spain to Kazakhstan.
Trong câu ví dụ trên đây có tới 2 mệnh đề quan hệ:
 Noun: “families”
Relative clause: “that breed in the spring and summer”
Translate: “những gia đình mà sinh sản vào mùa xuân và mùa hè.”
 Noun: “an area”
Relative clause: “that extends from Spain to Kazakhstan.”
Translate: “1 khu vực mà trải dài từ Tây Ban Nha đến Kazakhstan.”
Dịch nghĩa cả câu: “Chim ăn ong châu Âu (Merops apiaster) tạo thành những gia đình
(mà) sinh sản vào mùa xuân và mùa hè trên khắp 1 khu vực (mà) trải dài từ Tây Ban
Nha đến Kazakhstan.”
Exercise 4. Analyze the noun and relative clause then translate the following sentences.
1. He is a British ornithologist who has studied European bee-eaters for more than 45
years.
Noun:…………………………………………………………………………………….
Relative clause:………………………………………………………………………….
Translate:………………………………………………………………………………..
2. Their journey which is long and dangerous happens annually.
Noun:…………………………………………………………………………………….
Relative clause:………………………………………………………………………….
Translate:………………………………………………………………………………..
3. A river valley which is formed by the flow of a river is the bee-eaters’ natural
habitat.
Noun:…………………………………………………………………………………….
Relative clause:………………………………………………………………………….
Translate:………………………………………………………………………………..

4. Bee-eaters’ breeding sites which are usually located near river banks are
disappearing.
Noun:…………………………………………………………………………………….
Relative clause:………………………………………………………………………….
Translate:………………………………………………………………………………..
Exam Focus
Sentence Completion
Đối với dạng bài Sentence Completion (Điền từ để hoàn thành câu), kỹ năng xác
định từ loại cần điền là kỹ năng vô cùng cơ bản và cần thiết.
Các bước làm bài Sentence Completion:
Bước 1. Đọc đề bài để biết số lượng từ cần điền trong mỗi chỗ trống.
Bước 2. Dựa vào các từ đã có sẵn trong câu, phân tích cấu trúc ngữ pháp của câu
văn và suy luận ra từ loại của từ còn thiếu.
Bước 3. Dựa vào nghĩa của câu văn để đoán ra nghĩa của từ còn thiếu.
Bước 4. Đọc và tìm đáp án.
Áp dụng các bước làm bài trên vào câu hỏi sau:
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
1. Because of .……………………….. almost one-third of bee-eaters do not survive
migration.
2. Bee-eaters make nests in .……………………….., which they build themselves.
3. One problem for bee-eaters is .……………………….., which have reduced the
amount of food available.

Bạn được điền không quá 2 từ trong mỗi chỗ trống, các từ phải được tìm thấy trong bài
đọc.
migration.
Phân tích ngữ pháp: Sau “because of” chắc chắn phải là danh từ hoặc cụm danh từ
(Noun/Noun phrase)
Dịch nghĩa: Vì …, gần 1/3 số chim ăn ong không thể sống sót sau cuộc di cư.
Vậy từ còn thiếu là một yếu tố gây nên cái chết của rất nhiều chim ăn ong.
Phân tích ngữ pháp: Sau các giới từ như in, on, of, at, gần như luôn luôn là danh từ
hoặc cụm danh từ (Noun/Noun phrase). Sau từ còn thiếu là mệnh đề quan hệ, vậy nên
chắc chắn từ cần điền là danh từ hoặc cụm danh từ. Mệnh đề quan hệ bổ sung thêm 1
thông tin cực kỳ quan trọng: địa điểm đó do những con chim tự xây dựng nên.
Dịch nghĩa: Chim ăn ong làm tổ trong những …, cái mà chúng tự xây nên.
Vậy nên từ còn thiếu phải là một danh từ chỉ địa điểm nơi chim ăn ong làm tổ. 3. One
problem for bee-eaters is .……………………….., which have reduced the amount of
food available.
Phân tích ngữ pháp: sau động từ tobe “is” có thể là danh từ hoặc tính từ (trong các cấu
trúc thường), hoặc là V-ing (thì Hiện tại tiếp diễn) hoặc V PII (cấu trúc câu bị động),
cũng có thể là cụm giới từ (in/on/at, v.v). Sau từ còn thiếu là có mệnh đề quan hệ, vậy
nên chắc chắn từ cần điền là danh từ hoặc cụm danh từ.
Dịch nghĩa: Một vấn đề đối với những loài chim ăn ong là …………, điều làm giảm
lượng thức ăn sẵn có.
Vậy từ còn thiếu phải là một danh từ chỉ vấn đề làm giảm lượng thức ăn của loài chim
ăn ong.

Practice
The life of the European bee-eater

A brilliant movement of colour as it catches its food in the air, the European bee-
eater moves between three continents.
True to their name, bee-eaters eat bees (though their diet includes just about any
flying insects). When the bird catches a bee, it returns to its tree to get rid of the bee’s
poison, which it does very efficiently. It hits the insect's head on one side of the
branch, then rubs its body on the other. The rubbing makes its prey harmless.
European bee-eaters (Merops apiaster) form families that breed in the spring and
summer across an area that extends from Spain to Kazakhstan. Farmland and river
valleys provide huge numbers of insects. Flocks of bee-eaters follow tractors as they
work fields. When the birds come upon a beehive, they eat well - a researcher once
found a hundred bees in the stomach of a bee-eater near a hive.
European bees pass the winter by sleeping in their hives, which cuts off the bee-
eater's main source of food. So, in late summer, bee-eaters begin a long, dangerous
journey. Massive flocks from Spain, France and northern Italy cross the Sahara
Desert to their wintering grounds in West Africa. Bee-eaters from Hungary and other
parts of Central and Eastern Europe cross the Mediterranean Sea and Arabian Desert
to winter in southern Africa. 'It's an extremely risky stratagem, this migration,' says
C. Hilary Fry, a British ornithologist who has studied European bee-eaters for more
than 45 years.
'At least 30 percent of the birds will be killed by predators before they make it back
to Europe the following spring.' In April, they return to Europe. Birds build nests by
digging tunnels in riverbanks. They work for up to 20 days. By the end of the job,
they've moved 15 to 26 pounds of soil - more than 80 times their weight.
The nesting season is a time when families help each other, and sons or uncles help
feed their father's or brother's chicks as soon as they come out of their eggs. The

helpers benefit, too: parents with helpers can provide more food for chicks to
continue the family line.
It's a short, spectacular life. European bee-eaters live for five to six years. The
difficulties of migration and avoiding predators along the way affect every bird. Bee-
eaters today also find it harder to find food, as there are fewer insects around as a
result of pesticides. Breeding sites are also disappearing, as rivers are turned into
concrete-walled canals.
Questions 1 - 8
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
1. Bee-eaters’ preys are bees and other .………………………..
2. Bee-eaters need to remove the .……………………….. from bees before eating
them.
3. There is plenty of food for bee-eaters on agricultural land and in
.………………………..
4. Bee-eaters migrate to spend the winter in different parts of .………………………..
migration.
7. When nesting, the .……………………….. receive food from different family
members.
8. One problem for bee-eaters is .……………………….., which have reduced the
amount of food available.
Questions 9 – 12
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the Reading Passage?
In boxes 9-12 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
9. European bee-eaters give birth to their offspring in many places in Africa.
10. The average lifespan of a European bee-eater is 10 – 12 years.
11. Bee-eaters’ food source and habitat are reducing due to human activities.
12. Bee-eaters are immune to poison.

02 Plants
Unit 2. Plants
 Vocabulary
1. tensile strength (n) /ˈtensl streŋkθ /
2. habitat (n) /ˈhæbɪtæt/
3. commodity (n) /kəˈmɑːdəti/
4. evergreen (adj, n) /ˈevərɡriːn/
5. endosperm (n) /ˈendəʊspɜːrm/
6. derivative (n) /ˌderɪˈveɪʃn/
7. foliage (n) /ˈfəʊliɪdʒ/
8. palm tree (n) /pɑːm triː /
9. seed (n) /siːd/
10. cosmetic (n) /kɑːzˈmetɪk/
Exercise 1. Match the Vietnamese words with its definition in English.

1. nội nhũ a. The resistance of a material to breaking under
tension.
2. thường xanh b. The natural home or environment of an animal,
plant, or other organism.
3. chế phẩm c. A substance that is derived chemically from a
specified compound.

4. sản vật d. The part of a seed which acts as a food store
for the developing plant embryo, usually
containing starch with protein and other
nutrients.
5. sinh cảnh e. Relating to or denoting a plant that retains
green leaves throughout the year.
6. độ bền kéo f. A raw material or primary agricultural product
that can be bought and sold.
1- 2- 3- 4- 5- 6-
Exercise 2. Write the Vietnamese meaning next to its equivalent terminologies below.
1. tensile strength (n): .........................................................................................
2. habitat (n): .......................................................................................................
3. commodity (n): ...............................................................................................
4. evergreen (adj, n): ...........................................................................................
5. endosperm (n): ................................................................................................
6. derivative (n): ..................................................................................................

Exercise 3. Match the word with its picture.
palm tree cosmetics bamboo
coconut foliage seed
1. ………………………………………. 2. ……………………………………….
3. ………………………………………. 4. ……………………………………….
5. ………………………………………. 6. ……………………………………….

 Grammar
Reduced Relative Clauses with Passive voice
Khi rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ là câu bị động, ta có thể lược bỏ đại từ quan hệ và
trợ động từ “to be” mà vẫn giữ nguyên ý nghĩa và độ chính các về ngữ pháp của
câu văn.
Example:
“Inside is a purple-brown shiny seed which is surrounded by a lacy red or
crimson covering which is called an ‘aril’.”
 “Inside is a purple-brown shiny seed surrounded by a lacy red or crimson
covering called an ‘aril’.”
Exercise 4. Underline reduced relative clauses in these sentence, then add “which +
to be” to the appropriate position to make a full sentence.
1. Bamboo tends to grow in stands made up of groups of individual plants that grow
from root systems known as rhizomes.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
2. An important product obtained from the shell is charcoal.
.........................................................................................................................
3. Inside the shell are the nutrients needed by the developing seed
.........................................................................................................................

Exam Focus
Sentence completion
Các bước làm bài:
Áp dụng chiến thuật làm bài vào câu hỏi sau:
The nutmeg tree, Myristica fragrans, is a large evergreen tree native to Southeast Asia.
Until the late 18th century, it only grew in one place in the world: a small group of
islands in the Banda Sea, part of the Moluccas – or Spice Islands – in northeastern
Indonesia. The tree is thickly branched with dense foliage of tough, dark green oval
leaves, and produces small, yellow, bell-shaped flowers and pale yellow pear-shaped
fruits. The fruit is encased in a husk. When the fruit is ripe, this husk splits into two
halves along a ridge running the length of the fruit. Inside is a purple-brown shiny seed,
2-3 cm long by about 2 cm across, surrounded by a lacy red or crimson covering called
an ‘aril’. These are the sources of the two spices nutmeg and mace, the former being
produced from the dried seed and the latter from the aril.
Exercise 5.
Questions 1- 4
Complete the notes below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.

The nutmeg tree and fruit
 the leaves of the tree are (1) ……………………. in shape
 the (2) ……………………. surrounds the fruit and breaks open when the fruit is
ripe
 the (3) ……………………. is used to produce the spice nutmeg
 the covering known as the aril is used to produce (4) …………………….
 the tree has yellow flowers and fruit.
Complete the notes below.

 the leaves of the tree are (1) ……………………. in shape

S to be Adjective
 the (2) ……………………. surrounds the fruit and breaks open when …
S V O
[Article + Noun]
 the (3) ……………………. is used to produce the spice nutmeg
S V O
[Article + Noun]
 the covering known as the aril is used to produce (4) ……………………
S V O
[noun]

(1) Tính từ chỉ hình dáng (ví dụ: tròn, vuông, oval …)
(2) Danh từ chỉ cái vỏ
(3) 1 bộ phận của cây dùng để làm ra “nutmeg spice”
(4) 1 loại sản phẩm được làm ra từ “aril”
 the leaves of the tree are (1) oval in shape

“The tree is thickly branched with dense foliage of tough, dark green oval
leaves …”
 the (2) husk surrounds the fruit and breaks open when the fruit is ripe
“The fruit is encased in a husk. When the fruit is ripe, this husk splits into two
halves along a ridge running the length of the fruit.”
 the (3) seed is used to produce the spice nutmeg
 the covering known as the aril is used to produce (4) mace
“Inside is a purple-brown shiny seed, 2-3 cm long by about 2 cm across,
surrounded by a lacy red or crimson covering called an ‘aril’. These are the
sources of the two spices nutmeg and mace, the former being produced from
the dried seed and the latter from the aril.”
Practice
Passage 1
Bamboo is a type of grass. It comes in a wide variety of forms, ranging in height

from 30 centimeters to more than 40 meters. It is also the world’s fastest-growing
woody plant; some species can grow more than a meter in a day. Bamboo’s
ecological role extends beyond providing food and habitat for animals. Bamboo

tends to grow in stands made up of groups of individual plants that grow from root
systems known as rhizomes. Its extensive rhizome systems, which tie in the top
layers of the soil, are crucial in preventing soil erosion.
However, bamboo’s most immediate significance lies in its economic. Modern

processing techniques mean that it can be used in a variety of ways, for example, as
flooring and laminates. One of the fastest growing bamboo products is paper -25
percent of paper produced in India is made from bamboo fiber, and in Brazil,
100,000 hectares of bamboo are grown for its production. Of course, bamboo’s main
function has always been in domestic applications, and as a locally traded commodity
it’s worth about $4.5billion annually. Because of its versatility, flexibility and
strength (its tensile strength compares to that of some steel), it has traditionally been
used in construction. Today, more than one billion people worldwide live in bamboo
houses.
Questions 1 – 4
Answer the questions below using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the
passage for each answer.
1. Two benefits that bamboo brings to animals are ……………………. and
…………………….
2. The unique root system of bamboo prevents …………………….
3. ……………………., which is a bamboo product, is experiencing market
expansion.
4. Bamboo has a traditional function in …………………….

Passage 2
Coconut palms produce as many as seventy fruits per year, weighing more than a
kilogram each. The wall of the fruit has three layers: a waterproof outer layer, a
fibrous middle layer and a hard, inner layer. The thick fibrous middle layer produces
coconut fibre, ‘coir’, which has numerous uses and is particularly important in
manufacturing ropes. The woody innermost layer, the shell, with its three prominent
‘eyes’, surrounds the seed. An important product obtained from the shell is charcoal,
which is widely used in various industries as well as in the home as a cooking fuel.
When broken in half, the shells are also used as bowls in many parts of Asia.
Inside the shell are the nutrients (endosperm) needed by the developing seed.
Initially, the endosperm is a sweetish liquid, coconut water, which is enjoyed as a
drink, but also provides the hormones which encourage other plants to grow more
rapidly and produce higher yields. As the fruit matures, the coconut water gradually
solidifies to form the brilliant white, fat-rich, edible flesh or meat. Dried coconut
flesh, ‘copra’, is made into coconut oil and coconut milk, which are widely used in
cooking in different parts of the world, as well as in cosmetics. A derivative of
coconut fat, glycerine, acquired strategic importance in a quite different sphere, as
Alfred Nobel introduced the world to his nitroglycerine-based invention: dynamite.

Questions 1 – 6
Complete the table below.
THE COCONUT FRUITS
Description Uses
Outer layer
Middle layer (coir fibres) used for making (1) ………………………
a source of (2) …………………….

Inner layer (shell)
(when halved) used as (3) …………………….
a drink
Coconut water
a source of (4) ……………………. for other plants
oil and milk for cooking and in (5) ………..……….

Coconut flesh
glycerine (an ingredient in (6) …………….……….

03 Education
Unit 3. Education
 Vocabulary
1. knowledgeable (adj) /ˈnɑːlɪdʒəbl/
2. expertise (n) /ˌekspɜːrˈtiːz/
3. creativity (n) /ˌkriːeɪˈtɪvəti/
4. commit (v) /kəˈmɪt/
5. mentor (n) /ˈmentɔːr/
6. novice (n) /ˈnɑːvɪs/
7. expose (v) /ɪkˈspəʊz/
8. complex (adj) /kəmˈpleks/
9. diligent (adj) /ˈdɪlɪdʒənt/
10. educational (adj) /ˌedʒuˈkeɪʃənl/
Exercise 1. Choose the correct synonym of the word.

1. expertise
A. incompetence B. proficiency
C. lesson D. institution
2. knowledgeable
A. ignorant B. arrogant
C. smart D. informed

3. mentor
A. adviser B. pupil
C. pedagogue D. peer
4. diligent
A. lazy B. intelligent
C. persistent D. absent-minded
5. creativity
A. imagination B. realistic
C. insanity D. belief
Exercise 2. choose the correct antonym of the word.

1. complex
A. complicated B. sophisticated
C. simple D. easy
2. creativity
A. dullness B. originality
C. ingenuity D. imagination
3. novice
A. master B. newbie
C. player D. opponent
4. diligent
A. industrious B. lazy
C. hardworking D. careful
5. educational
B. important C. useful
D. scholarly E. unhelpful

 Grammar
Biết cách sử dụng Linking Word (Từ nối) sẽ giúp bạn đạt band điểm cao trong tiêu trí
Coherence and Cohesion trong IELTS Writing và hiểu Linking Word sẽ giúp bạn đọc
hiểu đoạn văn, sâu chuỗi thông tin giữa các câu trong IELTS Reading một cách hiệu
quả hơn rất nhiều.
Linking Word
Linking Word được sử dụng để nối các ý trong một câu hoặc các câu với nhau.
Linking Word có thể được sử dụng để:
 Give examples: đưa ví dụ (For example, For instance, Namely…)
 Add information: thêm thông tin
 Sequence information: xâu chuỗi thông tin
 Summarize: tóm tắt (In short, In brief, In summary, To summarise, In a
nutshell, To conclude, In conclusion)
 Give a reason or result: đưa lý do hoặc kết quả (Therefore, So,
Consequently, This means that, As a result…)
 Give contrast ideas: đưa ra sự tương phản (But, However, Nevertheless,
Nonetheless)

Exercise 3. Write one more sentence for each picture using the given transition.
1. He drove carelessly. …….……………………
…………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………..
(Consequently - accident)
2. You can use your computer to download

music.……..……………………………………..
…………………………………………….…….
(In addition – chat with friends) …………………………………………….…….
3. Linh loves active sports like boxing………….

.………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………..
(In contrast – playing video …………………………………………………..

games)
4. Duc would love to buy a car. ………………...
…………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………..
(However – motorcycle) ………………………………………………......
5. Tom has many bad habits. …………………...
…………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………..
(Specifically – cigarettes/ …………………………………………………..
partying)

Exercise 4. Match the following linking words with their correct definitions.
Linking word Definition
1. specifically A. eventually, after a fairly long period of time
2. generally B. at the same time
3. concurrently C. clearly, exactly, or in detail
4. in time D. used to say that what follows in a sentence is
important
5. more importantly F. in a way that includes most people, things, or
conditions, or most of the time
1. ………….. 2. ………….. 3. ………….. 4. ………….. 5. …………..
Practice
From a novice to an expert

Expertise is commitment coupled with creativity. Specifically, it is the commitment
of time, energy, and resources to a relatively narrow field of study and the creative
energy necessary to generate new knowledge in that field. It takes a considerable
amount of time and regular exposure to a large number of cases to become an expert.
A
An individual enters a field a study as a novice. The novice needs to learn the guiding
principles and rules of a given task in order to perform that task. Concurrently, the
novice needs to be exposed to specific cases, or instances, that test the boundaries of
such heuristics. Generally, a novice will find a mentor to guide her through the
process. A fairly simple example would be someone learning to play chess. The
novice chess player seeks a mentor to teach her the object of the game, the number

of spaces, the names of the pieces, the function of each piece, how each piece is
moved, and the necessary conditions for winning or losing the game.
B
In time, and with much practice, the novice begins to recognize patterns of behavior
within cases and, thus, becomes a journeyman. With more practice and exposure to
increasingly complex cases, the journeyman finds patterns not only with cases but
also between cases. More importantly, the journeyman learns that these patterns often
repeat themselves over time. The journeyman still maintains regular contact with a
mentor to solve specific problems and learn more complex strategies. Returning to
the example of the chess player, the individual begins to learn patterns of opening
moves, offensive and defensive game-playing strategies, and patterns of victory and
defeat.
C
When a journeyman starts to make and test hypotheses about future behavior based
on past experiences, she begins the next transition. Once she creatively generates
knowledge, rather than simply matching superficial patterns, she becomes an expert.
At this point, she is confident in her knowledge and no longer needs a mentor as a
guide – she becomes responsible for her own knowledge. In the chess example, once
a journeyman begins competing against experts, makes predictions based on patterns,
and tests those predictions against actual behavior, she is generating new knowledge
and a deeper understanding of the game. She is creating her own cases rather than
relying on the cases of others.
Questions 1-5
Complete the flow chart.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.

From a novice to an expert
needs 1 ……………… and ……………… to perform a given

Novice task;
↓ exposed to specific cases;
guided by a 2 ………………. through learning
starts to identify 3 ……………… within and between cases;

Journeyman
often exposed to 4 ……………… cases;
↓
contacts a mentor when facing difficult problems
create predictions and new 5 ……………….;

Expert
performs task independently without the help of a mentor
Questions 6-10
TRUE if the statement is true
FALSE if the statement is false
NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage
6. A new chess player usually finds someone who can teach him/her the rules of the
game.
7. A journeyman is a novice who has recognized patterns of behavior within cases.
8. The journeyman no longer needs help from his mentor to solve complex cases.
9. An expert is aware of his own mistakes.
10. An expert can create new knowledge on their own.

04 Children
Unit 4. Children
 Vocabulary
1. toddler (n) /ˈtɑːdlər/
2. pre-schooler (n) /ˈpriːˌskuː.lə/
3. self-control (n) /ˌself kənˈtrəʊl/
4. problem-solver (n) /ˈprɑːbləmˈsɑːlvər/
5. facilitate (v) /fəˈsɪlɪteɪt/
6. playful (adj) /ˈpleɪfl/
7. educational (adj) /ˌedʒuˈkeɪʃənl/
8. academic performance /ˌækəˈdemɪk

(phrase) pərˈfɔːrməns /
9. social and emotional /ˈsəʊʃl ənd ɪˈməʊʃənl
development (phrase) dɪˈveləpmənt/
10. well-being (n) /ˈwel biːɪŋ/
Exercise 1. Choose the synonyms of the underlined words

1. toddler
A. infant B. teenager
C. student D. adolescent
2. playful
A. depressed B. cheerful
C. serious D. happy

3. facilitate
A. develop B. promote
C. improve D. impede
4. educational
A. useless B. unhelpful
C. informative D. interesting
5. well-being
A. health B. misery
C. failure D. injury
Exercise 2. Use the words in the box to complete the sentences.
academic performance playful problem-solver

emotional development self-control
1. Scholarships will be awarded competitively based on ……………………………

2. Jack is a …………………………… boy who loves playing outside and exploring
the world.
3. He gets straight A's in school and is the team's ……………………………
4. When your child gains …………………………… over his impulses, that leads to
greater confidence and more productive behavior.
5. Parents play the biggest role in …………………………… because they offer the
most consistent relationships for their child.

 Grammar
Reduced Relative Clause

Nếu đại từ quan hệ là chủ ngữ của mệnh đề quan hệ, mệnh đề quan hệ có thể
được rút gọn bằng cách bỏ đại từ quan hệ và thêm đuôi -ing hoặc sử dụng phân
từ hai (P2) của động từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ.
 Nếu động từ của MĐQH ở thể chủ động, sử dụng –ing:
The students who apply themselves often have good grades.
The students applying themselves often have good grades.
 Nếu động từ của MĐQH ở thể bị động, lược bỏ đại từ quan hệ & động từ
tobe và sử dụng phân từ 2:
The coffee which is imported from Vietnam is flavorful.
The coffee imported from Vietnam is flavorful.
Example 1. “In a study carried out by Baker with toddlers and young
preschoolers,…”
Example 2. “She found that children with greater self-control solved problems
more quickly when exploring an unfamiliar set-up requiring scientific
reasoning.”

Exercise 3. Write the correct form of the verb.
1. Yesterday I read a book which was written by Hemingway.
Yesterday I read a book (write) by Hemingway.
.........................................................................................................................
2. The college students who live next door throw numerous parties.
The college students (live) next door throw numerous parties.
.........................................................................................................................
3. Most people who were invited to the birthday party didn’t show up.
Most people (invite) to the birthday party didn’t show up.
.........................................................................................................................
4. Anyone who cheats on the tests will be punished.
Anyone (cheat) on the tests will be punished.
.........................................................................................................................
Exercise 4. Rewrite sentences using relative clause or reduced relative clause.

1. Most of those trying to get tickets to BTS concert were unsuccessful.
.........................................................................................................................
2. The student chosen as winner will get a prize.
.........................................................................................................................
3. The saplings being planted today will one day grow into huge trees.
.........................................................................................................................
4. People arriving late were not allowed to take the test
.........................................................................................................................

Exam Focus
True / False / Not given & Yes / No / Not given

T/F/NG hay Y/N/NG là một dạng bài rất khó và chúng ta có thể đánh rơi khá
nhiều điểm nếu không nắm chắc được định nghĩa của từng đáp án này.
Nếu thông tin ở trong bài là:
“In a study carried out by Baker with toddlers and young preschoolers, she
found that children with greater self-control solved problems more quickly.”
True/Yes  Có thông tin trong bài chứng minh statement là đúng
Statement: Baker conducted a study with young children.
False/No  Có thông tin trong bài chứng minh statement là sai và chúng ta có
thể dùng thông tin này để sửa statement thành đúng
Statement: Baker conducted a study with the elderlies.
Not given  Statement có thể sai hoặc đúng, thông tin cung cấp trong bài
không đủ để kết luận điều này
Statement: Baker conducted a study with young children after she ate breakfast.
Practice
Motivational factors and the hospitality industry

In a study carried out by Baker with toddlers and young preschoolers, she found
that children with greater self-control solved problems more quickly when
exploring an unfamiliar set-up requiring scientific reasoning. ‘This sort of evidence
makes us think that giving children the chance to play will make them more
successful problem-solvers in the long run.’

If playful experiences do facilitate this aspect of development, say the researchers,
it could be extremely significant for educational practices, because the ability to
self-regulate has been shown to be a key predictor of academic performance.
Gibson adds: ‘Playful behavior is also an important indicator of healthy social and
emotional development. In my previous research, I investigated how observing
children at play can give us important clues about their well-being and can even be
useful in the diagnosis of neurodevelopmental disorders like autism.
Whitebread’s recent research has involved developing a play-based approach to
supporting children’s writing. ‘Many primary school children find writing difficult,
but we showed in a previous study that a playful stimulus was far more effective
than an instructional one.’ Children wrote longer and better-structured stories when
they first played with dolls representing characters in the story. In the latest study,
children first created their story with Lego *, with similar results. ‘Many teachers
commented that they had always previously had children saying they didn’t know
what to write about. With the Lego building, however, not a single child said this
through the whole year of the project.’
Questions 1-7
Use the words in the passage to complete the paragraph below.
Baker discovered that kids who have better (1) ……………………… are better
problem-solvers when put into an unfamiliar setting. Additionally, students who can
self-regulate (2) ……………………… higher at school. Gibson said that playful
behavior (3) …………………… healthy social and emotional (4) ……………………
In his research, he found that (5) ……………………… children play can shed light into
their (6) …………………… and can even be helpful in spotting mental (7)
……………………, such as autism.

Questions 8-12
8. Children with good self-control are known to be likely to do well at school later
on.
9. The way a child plays may provide information about possible medical problems.
10. Playing with dolls was found to benefit girls’ writing more than boys’ writing.
11. Children had problems thinking up ideas when they first created the story with
Lego.
12. People nowadays regard children’s play as less significant than they did in the
past.

05 Technology
Unit 5. Technology
 Vocabulary
1. investigation (n) /ɪnˌvestɪˈɡeɪʃn/
2. conversion (n) /kənˈvɜːrʒn/
3. revolution (n) /ˌrevəˈluːʃn/
4. invention (n) /ɪnˈvenʃn/
5. wheel (n) /wiːl/
6. progress (n) /ˈprɑːɡres/
7. hardware (n) /ˈhɑːrdwer/
Exercise 1. Match the following words with their definitions.

Word Definition
1. investigation A. the act or process of changing something from one form,
use or system to another
2. conversion B. a great change in conditions, ways of working, beliefs, etc.
that affects large numbers of people
3. revolution C. a thing or an idea that has been invented
4. invention D. the machines and electronic parts in a computer or other
electronic system
5. wheel F. an official examination of the facts about a situation, crime,
etc.

6. progress G. the process of improving or developing, or of getting
nearer to achieving or completing something
7. hardware H. one of the round objects under a car, bicycle, bus, etc. that
turns when it moves
1. ……….. 2. ……….. 3. ……….. 4. ……….. 5. ……….. 6. ……….. 7. ………..
Exercise 2. Fill in the blank with the suitable word.

1. Since I needed the length of the measurement in inches instead of centimeters, a
……………………….. from centimeters to inches was needed.
2. The French ……………………….. brought about great changes in the society and
government of France.
3. The police have completed their ……………………….. into the accident.
4. Jane appreciates the ……………………….. of the air conditioner on hot summer
days.
5. ……………………….. pieces for the broken laptop had to be ordered from the
manufacturer.
6. A ……………………….. on the toy car was broken, leaving it unable to move.
7. You can follow the ……………………….. of the project on our website.
 Grammar
Trong bài thi IELTS, việc sở hữu vốn từ vựng phong phú, biết nhiều từ khó và lạ sẽ
đem lại lợi thế lớn cho thí sinh. Tuy nhiên, vốn từ vựng tốt thể hiện qua việc bạn có thể
sử dụng linh hoạt và hiệu quả nhất các dạng từ (Danh từ, Động từ, Tính từ, Trạng từ…)
của một từ trong tiếng Anh. Vì vậy, khi học từ vựng, bạn không nên chỉ học một từ đơn.
Thay vào đó, bạn nên học theo họ từ cũng như những từ vựng khác đi kèm với chúng.
Việc học từ vựng theo hệ thống như vậy sẽ giúp bạn ghi nhớ tốt hơn và làm bài thi
IELTS Reading hiệu quả hơn.

Exercise 3. Use the correct word to complete the sentence.
1. The ………………………. in this place is absolutely terrible. I want my money
back. (serving/ service)
2. Could you help me make a ………………………..? I don't know which phone to
buy. (decide/ decision)
3. Even very good clothes are quite ………………………. in this shop (affordable/
afford).
4. There are no further ………………………. for applying for this job.
(requirements/ requires)
5. My mother had no idea that this vase was so ………………………. (value/
valuable).
6. Companies should always tell the ………………………. in their advertisements.
(true/ truth)
7. Credit cards are really ………………………., but you have to be careful with them
(use/ useful)
8. I read a ………………………. of all the new mountain bikes. This one is the best.
(compare/ comparison)
9. Before you get money from the bank you have to make a ……………………….
about whether you can pay it back or not. (judgement/ judge)
10. He has been an ………………………. banker for ages. (investing/ investment)
Practice
What is technology?
Etymologically the term technology comes from the combination of these two Greek
morphemes tékhnē, (meaning “art”) and -logía (meaning “study”). It refers to the
collection of techniques, skills, methods, and processes used in the production of

goods or services or the accomplishment of objectives, such as scientific
investigation.
The human species' use of technology began with the conversion of natural resources
into simple tools. The prehistoric discovery of how to control fire and the later
Agricultural Revolution increased the available sources of food. Likewise, the
invention of the wheel helped humans to travel in and control their environment.
Later developments in historic times, including the printing press, the telephone, and
the Internet, have lessened physical barriers to communication and allowed humans
to interact freely on a global scale. The steady progress of military technology has
brought weapons of ever-increasing destructive power.
The Greeks view about technology

Technology has been a subject of discussion in philosophy since the Greeks. The
Greek philosopher Democritus, for example, believed that technology is an imitation
of nature. House-building and weaving were first invented by imitating swallows and
spiders building their nests and nets, respectively.
Aristotle held the same view that technology is the consequence of imitation of
nature, but he added in his book Physics Book II that: "generally art in some cases
completes what nature cannot bring to a finish."
Aristotle also distinguishes between natural things and artifacts. According to
Aristotle, the former have their principles of generation and motion inside, whereas
the latter, insofar as they are artifacts, are generated only by outward causes. For
example, animals, which are natural things, can grow, move, and reproduce. A
wooden bed, which is an artifact made by a human, cannot move, grow, or reproduce
itself.
Contemporary view about technology

Today, technology is a subject of debate because it is considered to be a double-
edged sword. While it has helped humanity in extending its potential with

outstanding inventions, it is nonetheless threatening humankind through some other
destructive ones. In addition to polluting the earth in unprecedented ways, wars have
become more and more devastating due to technological inventions. Ethical
dimensions of recent technological developments, such as DNA engineering, have
become a focal point of questioning and discussion. Philosophical debates have
arisen over the use of technology, with disagreements over whether technology
improves the human condition or worsens it.
To make matters worse, a consensus definition of technology has become more
difficult to find due to recent evolution in science and its applications. It is especially
confusing to decide whether technology refers to the machines (or more precisely the
hardware), the rules that govern or make them work, the system that operates them
or the different applications of science that are related to them. What is sure is that
technology has shaped societies and adapted itself to people's changing needs.
Tools made by animals

Until recently, it was believed that the development of technology was restricted only
to human beings, but 21st-century scientific studies indicate that other primates and
certain dolphin communities have developed simple tools and passed their
knowledge to other generations.
Questions 1-6
In boxes1-6 on your answer sheet, write
1. It is easy to provide a satisfactory definition of technology.

2. The invention of wheel is the most important development of humans.

3. Aristotle considered technology as merely an imitation of nature.
4. Undoubtedly, technological development made human life better.
5. Technological development is not limited to humans.
6. Only dolphins and primates can produce tools.
Questions 7-12
Complete the paragraph below.
Write ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 7–12 on your answer sheet.
In modern times, technology is considered to have both benefits and drawbacks.

Although it has allowed humans to expand their potential, there are also some (7)
………………………………. Besides the serious pollution, battles have been much
more (8) ………………………………. because of advancements in technology. More
recent achievements in technology, such as the engineering of (9)
…………………………… has become a topic of debate. It is controversial whether the
(10) …………………………… of humanity has become better or worse because of
technology. Moreover, it is hard to find a (11) …………………………… of technology
that is agreed by all people; nevertheless, it is certain that technology has greatly
impacted societies and accommodated the (12) …………………………… of people
that are always changing.

06 Science
Unit 6. Science
 Vocabulary
1. obesity (n) /əʊˈbiːsəti/
2. excess (n) /ɪkˈses/
3. accumulate (v) /əˈkjuːmjəleɪt/
4. adverse (adj) /ˈædvɜːrs/
5. life expectancy (n) /ˈlaɪf ɪkspektənsi/
6. primarily (adv) /praɪˈmerəli/
7. gene (n) /dʒiːn/
8. disorder (n) /dɪsˈɔːrdər/
9. expenditure (n) /ɪkˈspendɪtʃər/
Exercise 1. Write the words above next to their meanings.

1. ………………………….. a. a unit inside a cell that controls a particular
quality in a living thing that has been passed
on from its parents
2. ………………………….. b. an illness that causes a part of the body to
stop functioning correctly
3. ………………………….. c. the act of spending or using money; an
amount of money spent
4. ………………………….. d. mainly

5. ………………………….. e. negative and unpleasant; not likely to produce
a good result
6. ………………………….. f. accumulate something to gradually get more
and more of something over a period of time
7. ………………………….. g. more than is necessary, reasonable or
acceptable
8. ………………………….. h. the quality or fact of being very fat, in a way
that is not healthy
9. ………………………….. i. the number of years that a person is likely to
live; the length of time that something is
likely to exist or continue for
Exercise 2. Fill in the blank with suitable words.

1. ………………………….. can increase the risk of heart disease.
2. The budget provided for a total …………………………. of £27 billion.
3. Lack of money will have an …………………………. effect on our research
programme.
4. ………………………….. for both men and women has improved greatly in the
past 20 years.
5. Consumption of fatty acids may help prevent the ………………………….
6. Children gradually …………………………. knowledge as they grow up.
7. In the 1790s Britain was still …………………………. an agricultural country
8. The …………………………. is passed on to their children.
9. Although the donations were in …………………………... of one million dollars,
few reached the homeless who the money was intended to help.

 Grammar
Passive voice
Cấu trúc câu chủ động:
S+V+O
Cấu trúc câu bị động:
S + be + V3
 Cấu trúc câu bị động ở dạng thì nào thì chia tobe theo thì.
 Nếu câu có động từ và hai tân ngữ thì muốn nhấn mạnh tân ngữ thì thường
sẽ dùng tân ngữ đó chuyển thành chủ ngữ câu bị động. Trong trường hợp
chung, tân ngữ được chọn là tân ngữ gián tiếp.
Example. I gave him a book = I gave a book to him = He was given a book (by
me).
Exercise 3. Change these sentences into passive voice.

1. The waiter brings me this dish.
.........................................................................................................................
2. Our friends send these postcards to us.
.........................................................................................................................
3. Their grandmother told them this story when they visited her last week.
.........................................................................................................................
4. Tim ordered this train ticket for his mother.
.........................................................................................................................
5. She showed her ticket to the airline agent.
.........................................................................................................................
6. Jim baked this cake yesterday.
.........................................................................................................................
7. They are going to buy a new apartment next year.
.........................................................................................................................
8. The shop assistant handed these boxes to the customer.
.........................................................................................................................
9. The board awarded the first prize to the reporter.
.........................................................................................................................
10. Have you sent the Christmas cards to your family?
.........................................................................................................................
Exercise 4. Change these questions into passive voice.

1. When will you do the work?
.........................................................................................................................
2. How are you going to deal with this problem?
.........................................................................................................................
3. How do you spend this amount of money?
.........................................................................................................................
4. I wonder whether the board of directors will choose Susan or Jane for the
position.
.........................................................................................................................
5. How did the police find the lost man?
.........................................................................................................................

Exam Focus
Short answer questions

Hướng dẫn làm dạng bài Short Answer Questions
 Câu trả lời sẽ xuất hiện theo đúng trật tự bài đọc;
 Đọc câu hỏi trước, sau đó bắt đầu đọc đoạn văn. Hiểu rõ ý của câu hỏi;
 Lưu ý chỉ dẫn ‘NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER.’
 Lưu ý rằng, câu trả lời không nhất thiết phải đúng ngữ pháp. Miễn là đúng ý
câu hỏi là được;
 Không trả lời bằng ý kiến cá nhân, lấy thông tin từ bài đọc;
 Từ Keywords trong câu hỏi thường là Nouns (danh từ) hoặc Noun phrases
(cụm danh từ);
 Khi tìm được keywords, luôn tư duy sang từ đồng nghĩa - synonyms và
paraphrases.
Chiến thuật làm bài

 Đọc kĩ hướng dẫn và note lại giới hạn từ vựng cần trả lời;
 Đọc hiểu câu hỏi;
 Gạch chân keywords trong câu hỏi;
 Tư duy sang từ đồng nghĩa -synonyms và paraphrases cho những keywords đó;
 Tìm đáp án (phần của đoạn văn chứa thông tin trả lời);
 Đọc lại câu hỏi;
 Đọc đoạn văn chưa câu trả lời 1 lần nữa để chắc chắn đáp án đúng;
 Tiếp tục đọc và trả lời câu hỏi tiếp theo;

Practice
Obesity
Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent
that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or
increased health problems. Body mass index (BMI), a measurement which compares
weight and height, defines people as overweight (pre-obese) when their BMI is
between 25 kg/m2 and 30 kg/m2, and obese when it is greater than 30 kg/m2.
Obesity increases the likelihood of various diseases, particularly heart disease, type
2 diabetes, breathing difficulties during sleep, certain types of cancer, and
osteoarthritis. Obesity is most commonly caused by a combination of excessive
dietary calories, lack of physical activity, and genetic susceptibility, although a few
cases are caused primarily by genes, endocrine disorders, medications or psychiatric
illness. Evidence to support the view that some obese people eat little yet gain weight
due to a slow metabolism is limited; on average obese people have a greater energy
expenditure than their thin counterparts due to the energy required to maintain an
increased body mass.
The primary treatment for obesity is dieting and physical exercise. To supplement
this, or in case of failure, anti-obesity drugs may be taken to reduce appetite or inhibit
fat absorption. In severe cases, surgery is performed or an intragastric balloon is
placed to reduce stomach volume and/or bowel length, leading to earlier satiation
and reduced ability to absorb nutrients from food.
Obesity is a leading preventable cause of death worldwide, with increasing

prevalence in adults and children, and authorities view it as one of the most serious
public health problems of the 21st century. Obesity is stigmatized in much of the
modern world (particularly in the Western world), though it was widely perceived as
a symbol of wealth and fertility at other times in history, and still is in some parts of
the world.

Questions 1-5
Answer questions with NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS.
1. According to the first graph, what is lowered as a result of obesity?

.........................................................................................................................
2. What does BMI measure?
.........................................................................................................................
3. Besides physical activities, what is another solution to treat obesity?
.........................................................................................................................
4. In serious cases, what is put to decrease the volume of the stomach?
.........................................................................................................................
5. In the past, what did obesity symbolize?
.........................................................................................................................
Questions 6-10
6. People with a BMI of 28 kg/m2 are considered obese.

7. Genes are the most popular factor that lead to obesity.
8. It is clearly proven that people who do not eat much can still be obese because of
their slow metabolism.
9. Thin people do not use much energy.
10. There are no more places that highly value obesity.

07 Language
Unit 7. Language
 Vocabulary
1. relevant (adj) /ˈreləvənt/
2. mother tongue (n) /ˌmʌðər ˈtʌŋ/
3. consideration (n) /kənˌsɪdəˈreɪʃn/
4. native (adj) /ˈneɪtɪv/
5. influence (v) /ˈɪnfluəns/
6. pronunciation (n) /prəˌnʌnsiˈeɪʃn/
7. circumstance (n) /ˈsɜːrkəmstæns/
8. diplomat (n) /ˈdɪpləmæt/
9. embassy (n) /ˈembəsi/
10. alphabet (n) /ˈælfəbet/
Exercise 1. Write the words above next to their meanings

1. ………………………….. a. a set of letters or symbols in a fixed order used
for writing a language
2. ………………………….. b. the language that you first learn to speak when
you are a child
3. ………………………….. c. the act of thinking carefully about something
4. ………………………….. d. the way in which a language or a particular
word or sound is pronounced

5. ………………………….. e. to have an effect on the way that somebody
behaves or thinks, especially by giving them
an example to follow
6. ………………………….. f. connected with the place where you were born
and lived for the first years of your life
7. ………………………….. g. the conditions and facts that are connected
with and affect a situation, an event or an
action
8. ………………………….. h. closely connected with the subject you are
discussing or the situation you are in
9. ………………………….. i. a person whose job is to represent his or her
country in a foreign country
10. ………………………….. j. a group of officials led by an ambassador who
represent their government in a foreign
country
Exercise 2. Fill in the blank with suitable words.

1. There are 26 letters in the English ………………………….
2. She's well qualified but has no …………………………. work experience.
3. The …………………………. will continue discussions with the Chinese
government.
4. The author translated the fairy tale into our ………………………….
5. You'll need to be a real …………………………. to persuade them to come to
some agreement.
6. John never showed any …………………………. for his mother's feeling.
7. I can't imagine a …………………………. in which I would be willing to steal.
8. The feel for his …………………………. countryside comes through strongly in
his photographs.
9. You should look out for your …………………………. when you speak English.
10. Newspapers …………………………. the current of thought.
 Grammar
Part of speech
Mỗi từ trong câu đều đóng một vai trò gì đó (part of speech) và IELTS là phần
thi thử thách và đòi hỏi thí sinh cần sử dụng đúng đắn từ vựng với vai trò phù
hợp trong câu.
Example.
1. “Tôi nghĩ bài toán này rất khó”  “khó” ở đây dùng để miêu tả danh từ
“bài toán”, vậy có thể suy ra dạng từ cần dùng là tính từ (adjective) 
“difficult”.
2. “Sự khó khăn này đã được lường trước”  “khó” ở đây được dùng dưới
dạng danh từ  “difficulty”
Exercise 3. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate form of the words given in the
brackets.
1. Mr. Parks' lessons are really …………………………. I hate his lessons. (bore)
2. My sisters are very …………………………. (ambition)
3. I am so ………………………. that we are going to New York tomorrow. (excite)
4. Women wear these skirts …………………………. (tradition)
5. His job is to paint houses and put paper on the walls. He is a/an
…………………………. (decorate)
6. I want to see the National Theater's …………………………. of Arthur Miller's
'The Last Yankee'. (present)
7. Are you ………………………. in the latest developments in technology? (interest)
8. She is a very …………………………. woman. (determination)
9. There is friendly …………………………. between the two teams. (rival)
10. Is it your final ………………………….? (decide)
11. I don't like this team at all. They play …………………………. (awful)
12. I am …………………………. with her. (disgust)

13. Do you always behave …………………………. when your naughty nieces come
to visit? (tolerance)
14. My nephew is a professional …………………………. (wrestle)
15. I don’t like eating …………………………. cabbages. (pickle)
Practice
The hardest language

People often ask which is the most difficult language to learn, and it is not easy to
answer because there are many factors to take into consideration. Firstly, in a first
language the differences are unimportant as people learn their mother tongue
naturally, so the question of how hard a language is to learn is only relevant when
learning a second language.
A native speaker of Spanish, for example, will find Portuguese much easier to learn
than a native speaker of Chinese, for example, because Portuguese is very similar to
Spanish, while Chinese is very different, so first language can affect learning a
second language. The greater the differences between the second language and our
first, the harder it will be for most people to learn. Many people answer that Chinese
is the hardest language to learn, possibly influenced by the thought of learning the
Chinese writing system, and the pronunciation of Chinese does appear to be very
difficult for many foreign learners. However, for Japanese speakers, who already use
Chinese characters in their own language, learning writing will be less difficult than
for speakers of languages using the Roman alphabet.
Some people seem to learn languages readily, while others find it very difficult.
Teachers and the circumstances in which the language is learned also play an
important role, as well as each learner's motivation for learning. If people learn a

language because they need to use it professionally, they often learn it faster than
people studying a language that has no direct use in their day to day life.
Apparently, British diplomats and other embassy staff have found that the second
hardest language is Japanese, which will probably come as no surprise to many, but
the language that they have found to be the most problematic is Hungarian, which
has 35 cases (forms of a nouns according to whether it is subject, object, genitive,
etc). This does not mean that Hungarian is the hardest language to learn for everyone,
but it causes British diplomatic personnel, who are generally used to learning
languages, the most difficulty. However, Tabassaran, a Caucasian language has 48
cases, so it might cause more difficulty if British diplomats had to learn it.
Different cultures and individuals from those cultures will find different languages
more difficult. In the case of Hungarian for British learners, it is not a question of the
writing system, which uses a similar alphabet, but the grammatical complexity,
though native speakers of related languages may find it easier, while struggling with
languages that the British find relatively easy.
No language is easy to learn well, though languages which are related to our first
language are easier. Learning a completely different writing system is a huge
challenge, but that does not necessarily make a language more difficult than another.
In the end, it is impossible to say that there is one language that is the most difficult
language in the world.
Questions 1-8

1. The question of how hard a language is to learn is relevant to both first and second
language acquisition.
2. Portuguese is definitely easier than Chinese.
3. A Japanese speaker may well find the Chinese writing system easier than a speaker
of a European language.
4. The Hungarian alphabet causes problems for British speakers.
5. Hungarian is the hardest language in the world.
6. Hungarian has as many cases as Tabassaran.
7. Many British diplomats learn Tabassaran.
8. The writer thinks that learning new writing systems is easy.
Questions 9-12
Answer questions with NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS.
9. Besides circumstances and motivation, which factor is also important in learning
a second language?
…………………………………………
10. What is considered by British diplomats to be the most difficult language?
…………………………………………
11. How many cases are there in Tabassaran language?
…………………………………………
12. Besides the writing system, what is also challenging for foreigners learning
Chinese language?
…………………………………………

08 Environment
Unit 8. Environment
 Vocabulary
1. endangered (adj) /ɪnˈdeɪndʒərd/
2. sustain (v) /səˈsteɪn/
3. ecosystem (n) /ˈiːkəʊsɪstəm/
4. mineral (n) /ˈmɪnərəl/
5. degradation (n) /ˌdeɡrəˈdeɪʃn/
6. climate change (n) /ˈklaɪmət tʃeɪndʒ/
7. fertile (adj) /ˈfɜːrtl/
8. crop (v) /krɑːp/
9. flood (n) /flʌd/
10. cultivate (v) /ˈkʌltɪveɪt/

climate change crop ecosystem degradation fertile
1. ………………………………………. 2. …………………………………….
3. ………………………………………. 4. …………………………………….
5. ……………………………………….

Exercise 2. Match the word with the correct definition.
Word Definition
1. sustain A. all the living things in an area and the way they
affect each other and the environment
2. ecosystem B. to prepare land and grow crops on it, or to grow a
particular crop
3. crop C. to cause or allow something to continue for a
period of time
4. fertile D. a plant such as a grain, fruit, or vegetable grown in
large amounts
5. cultivate F. able to produce a large number of good quality
crops
1. …………. 2. …………. 3. …………. 4. …………. 5. ………….
 Grammar
Trong tiếng anh, khi muốn đưa thêm thông tin vào câu văn để diễn đạt một cách chi tiết,
chính xác và sinh động hơn, chúng ta thường phải sử dụng các phrase (cụm từ) làm các
đơn vị ngữ pháp trong câu.
Phrase là cụm từ (nhiều hơn một từ đứng cạnh nhau) dùng để thể hiện một khái niệm
và được sử dụng như 1 đơn vị ngữ pháp (chủ ngữ, tân ngữ) trong câu.

Noun phrase
Noun phrase là cụm danh từ, thường bao gồm 1 danh từ và tất cả các từ bổ nghĩa
cho nó (hai trường hợp cơ bản là danh từ + danh từ hoặc tính từ + danh từ)
Noun + Noun
Example:
 climate change (biến đổi khí hậu)

 human life (cuộc sống con người)
Adjective + Noun
Example:
 farmable soil (đất trồng trọt)

 antibiotic-resistant bacteria (vi khuẩn kháng kháng sinh)
Exercise 3. Underline the noun phrase in the following sentences.

1. I want to buy the new videogame console.
2. Lisa gave the little boy a candy.
3. The end of the season is hard for some competitive athletes.
4. Very few giant pandas remain in the wild.
5. Grandma cooked a meal for ten people.
Exercise 4. Write the correct modifier.

campus young open hungry handsome
1. The ……………………. man married today.

2. The college ……………………. is very diverse.
3. The ……………………. puppy chased its tail.
4. A sailor’s best friend is a wide, ……………………. Sea.
5. Linh gave her ……………………., crying baby a bottle.

Exam Focus
Multiple Choices
Multiple Choices là một trong những dạng bài khó nhất của IELTS Reading vì
thường sẽ có 1 đáp án sai nhìn na ná đáp án đúng, làm cho chúng ta khó phân biệt.
Để làm tốt được dạng bài này, chúng ta nên làm theo các bước sau:
Bước 1. Sử dụng thông tin và keyword trong câu hỏi để tìm đáp án
Bước 2. Đọc hiểu mẩu thông tin liên quan đến câu hỏi
Bước 3. Phân tích các lựa chọn đáp án. Thông thường trong dạng bài Multiple
Choices, sẽ có 2 đáp án sai dễ nhận dạng và chúng ta có thể loại trừ ngay
Bước 4. Phân tích sự khác nhau giữa hai đáp án còn lại
Áp dụng chiến thuật làm bài trên vào câu hỏi sau:
What is the writer’s main point in the first paragraph?

A. Soil is very important to humans
B. People use soil for many different purposes
C. Soil degradation is a serious problem that can affect human’s lives globally
D. Farming has been around for a long time
Bước 1. Sử dụng thông tin và keyword trong câu hỏi để tìm đáp án
Trong bài này, keyword là “in the first paragraph”
Bước 2. Đọc hiểu mẩu thông tin liên quan đến câu hỏi
“More than a third of the world’s soil is endangered, according to a recent UN report.
If we don’t slow the decline, all farmable soil could be gone in 60 years. Since soil

grows 95% of our food, and sustains human life in other more surprising ways, that is a
huge problem.”
Dịch: “Hơn 1/3 đất ở trên thế giới đang gặp nguy hiểm, theo một báo cáo gần đây của
Liên Hợp Quốc. Nếu chúng ta không làm chậm lại sự suy giảm này, tất cả đất canh tác
được sẽ biến mất trong 60 năm tới. Bởi vì đất trồng hơn 95% thức ăn của chúng ta, và
duy trì cuộc sống của con người theo nhiều cách đáng ngạc nhiên hơn, đây là một vấn
đề lớn.”
Bước 3. Phân tích các lựa chọn đáp án. Thông thường trong dạng bài Multiple
Choices, sẽ có 2 đáp án sai dễ nhận dạng và chúng ta có thể loại trừ ngay.
Trong câu hỏi này, đó là đáp án:
B. People use soil for many different purposes (Con người dùng đất vào nhiều mục
đích khác nhau)
D. Farming has been around for a long time (Nông nghiệp đã xuất hiện từ rất lâu rồi)
Bước 4. Phân tích sự khác nhau giữa hai đáp án còn lại
A. Soil is very important to humans (Đất rất quan trọng đối với cuộc sống con người)
B. Soil degradation is a serious problem that can affect human’s lives globally (Sói mòn
đất là một vấn đề nghiêm trọng có thể ảnh hưởng đến cuộc sống con người trên toàn
cầu)
Tuy trong bài có những thông tin như “vì đất trồng hơn 95% thức ăn của chúng ta, và
duy trì cuộc sống của con người theo nhiều cách đáng ngạc nhiên hơn” để nói đến tầm
quan trọng của đất (đáp án A), mẩu thông tin này được cung cấp cùng với những thông
tin khác như “Hơn 1/3 đất ở trên thế giới đang gặp nguy hiểm”, “Nếu chúng ta không
làm chậm lại sự suy giảm này, tất cả đất canh tác được sẽ biến mất trong 60 năm tới”.
Tác giả nhắc đến những vai trò của đất để nhấn mạnh nếu như mất đất, cuộc sống con
người sẽ bị ảnh hưởng một cách nghiêm trọng.
Vậy đáp án C là câu trả lời đúng.

Practice
More than a third of the world’s soil is endangered, according to a recent UN report.
If we don’t slow the decline, all farmable soil could be gone in 60 years. Since soil
grows 95% of our food, and sustains human life in other more surprising ways, that
is a huge problem.
Peter Groffman, from the Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies in New York, points
out that soil scientists have been warning about the degradation of the world’s soil
for decades. At the same time, our understanding of its importance to humans has
grown. A single gram of healthy soil might contain 100 million bacteria, as well as
other microorganisms such as viruses and fungi, living amid decomposing plants and
various minerals.
That means soils do not just grow our food, but are the source of nearly all our
existing antibiotics, and could be our best hope in the fight against antibiotic-resistant
bacteria. Soil is also an ally against climate change: as microorganisms within soil
digest dead animals and plants, they lock in their carbon content, holding three times
the amount of carbon as does the entire atmosphere. Soils also store water, preventing
flood damage: in the UK, damage to buildings, roads and bridges from floods caused
by soil degradation costs £233 million every year.
If the soil loses its ability to perform these functions, the human race could be in big
trouble. The danger is not that the soil will disappear completely, but that the
microorganisms that give it its special properties will be lost. And once this has
happened, it may take the soil thousands of years to recover.
Agriculture is by far the biggest problem. In the wild, when plants grow they remove
nutrients from the soil, but then when the plants die and decay these nutrients are
returned directly to the soil. Humans tend not to return unused parts of harvested
crops directly to the soil to enrich it, meaning that the soil gradually becomes less
fertile. In the past we developed strategies to get around the problem, such as

regularly varying the types of crops grown, or leaving fields uncultivated for a
season.
Questions 1-4
1. Why did the writer mention Peter Groffman in the second passage?
A. To show the importance of soil to human’s lives
B. To demonstrate that scientist have long been able to foresee the problem of soil
degradation
C. To illustrate the seriousness of soil degradation
D. To provide evidence for his argument
2. Why did the author mention “antibiotic-resistant bacteria” in the second passage?
A. To point out another useful purpose of soil in the medical field
B. To show that soil is not really important
C. To indicate that soil can be beneficial for doctors too
D. To show that soil can be used to cure sickness
3. According to the writer, how can soil help combat climate change?
A. By increasing food supply for poor people
B. By holding greenhouse gases emission from plants and animals
C. By prevent flood
D. By raising people’s awareness about environmental protection
4. In the fourth paragraph, why did soil become less fertile?

A. Humans do not return unused part of crops to soil
B. Long months of drought as a result of climate change
C. Forest fires remove the nutrients from the soil
D. Plants and animals absorb the nutrients from the soil

Questions 5-8
Complete the summary below.
Write ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 5-8 on your answer sheet.
Why soil degradation could be a disaster for humans

Healthy soil contains a large variety of bacteria and other microorganisms, as well as
plant remains and (5) ……………………….. It provides us with food and also with
antibiotics, and its function in storing (6) …………………………. has a significant
effect on the climate. In addition, it prevents damage to property and infrastructure
because it holds (7) ……………………………
If these microorganisms are lost, soil may lose its special properties. The main factor
contributing to soil degradation is the (8) ………………………….. carried out by
humans.

09 Business
Unit 9. Business
 Vocabulary
1. human resources (phrase) /ˌhjuːmən rɪˈsɔːsɪz/
2. capability (n) /ˌkeɪpəˈbɪləti/
3. competitor (n) /ˌkeɪpəˈbɪləti/
4. competitive advantage
/kəmˈpetətɪv ədˈvæntɪdʒ/
(phrase)
5. managerial (adj) /ˌmænəˈdʒɪriəl/
6. employee turnover rate /ɪmˈplɔɪiː ˈtɜːrnəʊvər

(phrase) reɪt/
7. benefits (n) /ˈbenɪfɪts/
8. compensation (n) /ˌkɒmpenˈseɪʃn/
9. recognition (n) /ˌrekəɡˈnɪʃn/
10. performance (n) /pərˈfɔːrməns/
Exercise 1. Match the following words with their synonyms.

1. recognition
A. disapproval B. acknowledgment
C. rejection D. encourage
2. compensation
A. salary B. money
C. loan D. well-being

3. competitor
A. rival B. winner
C. loser D. ally
4. benefit
A. handicap B. misfortune
C. unlucky D. perk
5. performance
A. health B. neglect
C. conduct D. income
Exercise 2. Match the words with the correct definitions.

1. employee turnover rate a. how well a person, machine, etc. does a
piece of work or an activity
2. performance b. people, when considered as an asset that is
or can be employed and that is useful to a
company, organization, etc.
3. competitive advantage c. an advantage such as medical insurance,
life insurance, and sick pay, that employees
receive from their employer in addition to
money.
4. human resource d. the number or percentage of workers who
leave an organization and are replaced by
new employees.
5. benefit e. attribute that enables a company to
outperform its competitors.
1- 2- 3- 4- 5-

 Grammar
Noun clause
Noun clause: là một mệnh đề phụ thuộc (dependent clause), đóng vai trò như
một danh từ ở trong câu
 Có thể đóng vai trò chủ ngữ:
What Alicia said made her friends cry.
 Có thể đóng vai trò tân ngữ
They now understand that you should not cheat on a test
 Có thể bổ nghĩa cho chủ ngữ
Harry's crowning achievement at school was when he became class
president
Tại sao nên sử dụng Noun clause?
Noun clause có thể giúp bạn đưa thêm thông tin vào chủ ngữ, tân ngữ trong các
câu văn của mình, làm cho chúng trở nên chi tiết hơn, đầy đủ hơn và sâu sắc
hơn. Đây cũng là một cấu trúc ngữ pháp học thuật được đánh giá cao trong các
bài văn nghị luận xã hội của Writing Task 2.
Exercise 3. Identify the noun clauses in the following sentences and states their
functions in each sentence.
1. I love what you wore to prom last night.
2. The fact that he cheated on her broke her heart.
3. What you said about her behind her back was not cool.
4. He always says that he wants to go abroad.
5. The most memorable moment I had in high school was when I confessed to my
crush.

Exercise 4. Choose the appropriate conjunction for the following noun clauses.
1. Michael's excuse for his tardiness was …………………………… he had forgotten
to set his alarm.
2. I'm afraid …………………………… we don't carry that boba tea flavor any
longer.
3. …………………………… is responsible for this mess needs to clean it up.
4. …………………………… kids should attend extra classes after school is a
controversial topic.
5. …………………………… a person treats service workers speaks volume about
one’s character.
Exam Focus
Matching People
Matching People là một trong 3 dạng bài Matching phổ biến trong IELTS Reading.
Đây là một dạng bài khá khó nhằn và có thể mất rất nhiều thời gian của chúng ta
nếu không sử dụng quỹ thời gian một cách hợp lý. Để tìm được đáp án trong thời
gian ngắn nhất, chúng ta nên làm các bước sau:
1. Scan xác định vị trí các tên người trong bài đọc
2. Đọc hiểu và xác định ý kiến của người đó
3. Đối chiếu với các câu hỏi
4. Chọn đáp án nếu có câu hỏi khớp với ý kiến của người đó
Áp dụng chiến thuật với câu hỏi sau:
Match each statement with the correct researcher, A-F.
Write the correct letter, A-B, in boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.

27. Hotel managers need to know what would encourage good staff to remain.
28. The actions of managers may make staff feel they shouldn’t move to a different
employer.
29. Little is done in the hospitality industry to help workers improve their skills.
30. Staff are less likely to change jobs if cooperation is encouraged.
31. Dissatisfaction with pay is not the only reason why hospitality workers change
jobs.
List of Researchers
A. Pfeffer
B. Lucas
Step 1. Scan xác định vị trí tên người đầu tiên trong bài (Pfeffer)
Step 2. Đọc hiểu và xác định ý kiến của người đầu tiên
“Pfeffer (1994) emphasizes that in order to succeed in a global business

environment, organizations must make an investment in Human Resource
Management (HRM) to allow them to acquire employees who possess better skills
and capabilities than their competitors”
Dịch: Pfeffer (1994) nhấn mạnh rằng để thành công trong môi trường làm việc quốc
tế, các tổ chực cần đầu tư vào quản lý nhân sự để cho phép họ chiêu nạp được các nhân
viên sở hữu kĩ năng tốt và khả năng tốt so với các công ty cạnh tranh.”
Step 3. Đối chiếu với các câu hỏi
“Quản lý của các khách sạn cần biết điều gì khuyến khích nhân viên ở lại”
employer.
“Hành động của những người quản lý có thể làm cho nhân viên cảm thấy họ không
nên chuyển đến một công ty khác.”

“Rất ít việc được làm trong ngành Khách sạn – Nhà hàng để giúp nhân viên cải
thiện các kĩ năng của họ.”
“Nhân viên sẽ ít đổi công việc hơn nếu sự hợp tác được khuyến khích.”
31. Dissatisfaction with pay is not the only reason why hospitality workers change jobs.
“Không thoả mãn với mức lương là lý do dy nhất tại sao nhiều nhân viên trong
ngành Du lịch – Khách sạn đổi việc.”
Step 4. Chọn đáp án nếu có câu hỏi khớp với ý kiến của người đầu tiên (Ý kiến của
Pfeffer không khớp với bất cứ câu hỏi nào)
Chuyển sang tên người thứ 2

Step 1. Scan xác định vị trí tên người thứ 2 (Lucas)
Step 2. Đọc hiểu và xác định ý kiến của người đó
“Despite this recognition of the importance of employee development, the

hospitality industry has historically been dominated by underdeveloped HR
practices (Lucas, 2002).”
Dịch: Dù nhận biết được về tầm quan trọng của việc phát triển nhân viên, ngành Du
lịch – Khách sạn từ trước tới nay vẫn bị thống trị bởi các phương pháp nhân sự kém
phát triển (Lucas, 2002).
Step 3. Đối chiếu với các câu hỏi
Step 4. Chọn đáp án nếu có câu hỏi khớp với ý kiến của người thứ 2
“Rất ít việc được làm trong ngành Khách sạn – Nhà hàng để giúp nhân viên cải
thiện các kĩ năng của họ.”

Giải thích: “Rất ít việc” (little is done”) sát nghĩa với “các phương pháp nhân sự kém
phát triển” (underdeveloped)  Đáp án cho câu hỏi 29 là B. Lucas
Practice
Motivational factors and the hospitality industry

Pfeffer (1994) emphasizes that in order to succeed in a global business
environment, organizations must make an investment in Human Resource
Management (HRM) to allow them to acquire employees who possess better skills
and capabilities than their competitors. This investment will be to their competitive
advantage. Despite this recognition of the importance of employee development,
the hospitality industry has historically been dominated by underdeveloped HR
practices (Lucas, 2002).
Lucas also points out that ‘the substance of HRM practices does not appear to be
designed to foster constructive relations with employees or to represent a
managerial approach that enables developing and drawing out the full potential of
people, even though employees may be broadly satisfied with many aspects of their
work’ (Lucas, 2002). In addition, or maybe as a result, high employee turnover has
been a recurring problem throughout the hospitality industry. Among the many
cited reasons are low compensation, inadequate benefits, poor working conditions
and compromised employee morale and attitudes (Maroudas et al., 2008).
Ng and Sorensen (2008) demonstrated that when managers provide recognition to

employees, motivate employees to work together, and remove obstacles preventing
effective performance, employees feel more obligated to stay with the company.
This was succinctly summarized by Michel et al. (2013): ‘Providing support to
employees gives them the confidence to perform their jobs better and the
motivation to stay with the organization.’ Hospitality organizations can, therefore,

enhance employee motivation and retention through the development and
improvement of their working conditions. These conditions are inherently linked to
the working environment.
It is therefore essential for hotel management to develop HRM practices that enable
them to inspire and retain competent employees. This requires an understanding of
what motivates employees at different levels of management and different stages of
their careers (Enz and Siguaw, 2000). This implies that it is beneficial for hotel
managers to understand what practices are most favorable to increase employee
satisfaction and retention.
Deery (2008) has recommended several actions that can be adopted at the
organizational level to retain good staff as well as assist in balancing work and
family life. Those particularly appropriate to the hospitality industry include
allowing adequate breaks during the working day, staff functions that involve
families, and providing health and wellbeing opportunities.
Questions 1-5
Look at the following statements (Questions 1-5) and the list of researchers below.
Match each statement with the correct researcher, A-F.
Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
employer.
5. Dissatisfaction with pay is not the only reason why hospitality workers change
jobs.

List of Researchers
A. Pfeffer D. Ng and Sorensen
B. Lucas E. Enz and Siguaw
C. Maroudas et al. F. Deery
Questions 6-9
Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D.
6. In the 1st paragraph, Pfeffer believes that the key to success in global business
environment is
A. good working environment.
B. customer satisfaction.
C. superior employees.
D. high salary.
7. What has been an ongoing problem in the hospitality industry?
A. High employee turnover rate
B. Lack of customers
C. Unsatisfied workers
D. Low compensation
8. According to Ng and Sorensen, what should managers do to retain employees?
A. Increase their salaries
B. Encourage teamwork and provide acknowledgement
C. Befriend them
D. Supervise them strictly
9. Which of the following factors are NOT linked to better working conditions in the
hospitality industry?
A. More recognition
B. Increased cooperation
C. Removing obstacles which hinder effective performance
D. More vacation days

10 History
Unit 10. History
 Vocabulary
1. archaeologist (n) /ˌɑːrkiˈɑːlədʒɪst/
2. arrow (n) /ˈærəʊ/
3. artifact/ artefact (n) /ˈɑːrtɪfækt/
4. associated with (adj) /əˈsəʊʃieɪtɪd wɪθ/
5. assortment (n) /əˈsɔːrtmənt/
6. beam (n) /biːm/
7. burial (n) /ˈberiəl/
8. cart (n) /kɑːrt/
9. characteristic (n, adj) /ˌkærəktəˈrɪstɪk/
10. coastal (adj) /ˈkəʊstl/
11. curving (adj) /kɜːrvɪŋ/
12. determine (v) /dɪˈtɜːrmɪn/
13. disintegrate (v) /dɪsˈɪntɪɡreɪt/
14. domestic (adj) /dəˈmestɪk/
15. double-ended (adj) /ˈdʌbl endɪd/
16. elaborate (adj) /ɪˈlæbərət/

17. embody (v) /ɪmˈbɑːdi/
18. fittings (n) /ˈfɪtɪŋz/
19. grave (n) /ɡreɪv/
20. gunwale (n) /ˈɡʌnweɪl/
21. harness (n) /ˈhɑːrnɪs/
22. impression (n) /ɪmˈpreʃn/
23. indicate (v) /ˈɪndɪkeɪt/
24. climax (n) /ˈklaɪmæks/
25. lavish (adj) /ˈlævɪʃ/
26. mast (n) /mæst/
27. militarization (n) /ˌmɪlɪtərəˈzeɪʃn/
28. oar (v,n) /ɔːr/
29. ox (n) /ɑːks/
30. precursor (n) /priˈkɜːrsər/
31. primary (adj) /ˈpraɪmeri/
32. ratio (n) /ˈreɪʃiəʊ/
33. renown (adj) /rɪˈnaʊn/
34. rivet (n) /ˈrɪvɪt/
35. saddle (n) /ˈsædl/
36. shield (n) /ʃiːld/
37. skeleton (n) /ˈskelɪtn/

38. sledge (n) /sledʒ/
39. status (n) /ˈsteɪtəs/
40. stern (n) /stɜːrn/
41. sufficient (adj) /səˈfɪʃnt/
42. technical perfection (n) /ˈteknɪkl pərˈfekʃn/
43. tent (n) /tent/
44. trading (n) /ˈtreɪdɪŋ/
45. transitional (adj) /trænˈzɪʃənl/
46. unearth (v) /ʌnˈɜːrθ/
47. vessel (n) /ˈvesl/
48. warfare (n) /ˈwɔːrfer/
49. warrant (v) /ˈwɔːrənt/
50. yield (v) /jiːld/
Exercise 1. Match the following words with their synonyms.

Word Synonym
1. vessel A. swift
2. warrior B. ship
3. fast C. rot
4. disintegrate D. soldier
5. outline F. impression
1. ………….. 2. ………….. 3. ………….. 4. ………….. 5. …………..

ox and cart shield saddle rivet sledge
1. ………………………………………. 2. …………………………………….
3. ………………………………………. 4. …………………………………….
5. ……………………………………….

Exercise 3. Label the parts of a Viking ship with given words.
gunwale mast stern
1. …………..………….. 2. …………..………….. 3. …………..…………..
 Grammar
Reduced Relative Clause (cont.)

Reduced Relative Clause (Mệnh đề quan hệ rút gọn) là 1 mệnh đề quan hệ đã
được lược bỏ bớt đại từ quan hệ và đôi khi là cả các trợ động từ (auxiliary verbs)
như to be, have/has been…
Có rất nhiều phương pháp rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ, nhưng nổi bật trong bài đọc
này là rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ khi hết hợp với câu bị động (Passive voice).

Exercise 4. Relative clauses in the following sentences have been reduced. Rewrite the
sentences by adding which + be in appropriate place.
1. The Nydam boat, found in 1863 in Southern Jutland, dates from the fifth century.
Reduced relative clause: …………..…………..…………..…………..…………..…….
2. The Gokstad ship, found in 1880 in Sandefjorde, Norway, is 79ft long.
Reduced relative clause: …………..…………..…………..…………..…………..…….
3. The Ladby ship, believed to date from the 10th century, was unearthed in 1935 in
Funen, Denmark.
Reduced relative clause: …………..…………..…………..…………..…………...……
Exam Focus
Scanning
Scanning là kỹ năng dùng mắt để quét, tìm kiếm và xác định vị trí của một từ
khóa trong đoạn văn/bài đọc. Các từ khóa được chọn làm mục tiêu (Targets) của
kỹ năng Scanning thường là tên riêng, số liệu, cụm từ viết hoa/viết tắt, hoặc các
cụm danh từ chuyên ngành, dễ phát hiện.

Practice
Scan the following targets in the Reading Passage and answer the questions.
Targets:
Nydam Gokstad Oseberg Ladby 42ft
The Viking’s Voyage to Eternity
The Nydam boat, found in 1863 in Southern Jutland, dates from the fifth century and is
a precursor of the characteristic long boat associated with the height of the Viking
period. Previously, ships had been designed for both trading and warfare, but the Nydam
boat, measuring 76ft overall, shows characteristics that indicate that it was built
primarily as a warship. This trend toward militarization of the ships would continue
until its climax in the Gokstad ship.
The Gokstad ship, found in 1880 in Sandefjorde, Norway, is 79fl overall, double-ended,
like all Nordic ships, with a high curving stem and stern posts. The remains of the mast
fitting suggest that the original would have been about 42 ft high, making the ship rather
powerful and swift in the water. The Gokstad ship was also recovered with shields
attached to the gunwale, at the ready for the warriors on board. The technical perfection
of this ship came as a result of a long tradition of experience and experiment that first
yielded sailing ships suitable for the open seas about one hundred years before the
Gokstad ship was even built.
The Ladby ship, believed to date from the 10th century, was unearthed in 1935 in Funen,
Denmark. The wooden skeleton has disintegrated, leaving only an impression in the soil
and rivets. From this feature, archaeologists were able to determine that the vessel was
67.5 ft long and 9.5 ft wide, much smaller than the Gokstad ship, but closer in length-
to-beam ratio (1:7) for a fast oared warship. Inside, a nobleman’s body was found,
together with 11 horses and several dogs. One of the nobleman’s horses bore an

elaborate harness. Many other artifacts were unearthed, including a game board, arrows,
and a shield.
The ship burial discovered in 1904 at Oseberg turned out to be the grave of a noble
woman of sufficient status to warrant a very lavish burial. Apart from the boat, the grave
also contained an assortment of artifacts including three sledges, a cart, a saddle and the
remains of ten horses and two oxen, tents, beds and other domestic items that the lady
would need in her next life. The ship was most likely used as coastal transportation by
the noblewoman, rather than a working ship or “modem” warship, but still embodies
transitional features found in later ships.
Questions 1- 9
Classify the following descriptions as referring to

The Nydam ship N
The Gokstad ship G
The Ladby ship L
The Oseberg ship O
Write the appropriate letters (N, G, L, O) in boxes 1 - 9 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any answer more than once.
1. was probably not used for long ocean voyages.

2. had completely rotted away, leaving only an outline.
3. was probably used by a lady of high rank.
4. had warriors, shields were still attached to its sides.
5. contained the remains of dogs.
6. had a mast about 42ft high.
7. shows the beginning of the evolution of Viking ships from those meant for both
trading and warfare to those used exclusively as warships.
8. provides evidence that the Vikings enjoyed board games.
9. appeared before the Viking’s renowned long ship.
Answer Key
Answer Key
Unit 1. Animals
Language Development. Exercise 1
1 farmland
2 insects
3 river valley
4 beehive
1 D
2 F
3 A
4 C
5 G
6 B
1 Noun
2 Verb
3 Noun
4 Noun
5 Verb
6 Verb
7 Noun

1. Noun: British ornithologist
Relative clause: who has studied European bee-eaters for more than 45 years
Translate: Ông ấy là một nhà điểu học người Anh, người đã nghiên cứu những loài
ăn ong ở châu Âu trong hơn 45 năm.
2. Noun: Their journey
Relative clause: which is long and dangerous
Translate: Cuộc hành trình dài và nguy hiểm của họ xảy ra hàng năm.
3. Noun: A river valley
Relative clause: which is formed by the flow of a river
Translate: Thung lũng sông được hình thành bởi dòng chảy của sông là môi trường
sống tự nhiên của những loài ăn ong.
4. Noun: Bee-eaters’ breeding sites
Relative clause: which are usually located near river banks
Translate: Địa điểm sinh sản của những loài ăn ong thường nằm gần các bờ sông
đang dần biến mất.
Practice
Questions 1-8
1 insects 5 predators
2 poison 6 tunnels
3 river alleys 7 chicks
4 Africa 8 pesticides
Questions 9-12
9 FALSE
10 FALSE
11 TRUE
12 NOT GIVEN

Unit 2. Plants
1 d 4 f
2 e 5 b
3 c 6 a
1 độ bền kéo 4 thường xanh

2 sinh cảnh 5 nội nhũ
3 sản vật 6 chế phẩm
1 bamboo 4 foliage
2 coconut 5 seed
3 cosmetics 6 palm tree

1 Bamboo tends to grow in stands [which are] made up of groups of individual
plants that grow from root systems [which are] known as rhizomes.
2 An important product [which is] obtained from the shell is charcoal.
3 Inside the shell are the nutrients [which are] needed by the developing seed.
Practice. Passage 1
1 food, habitat
2 soil erosion
3 paper
4 construction

Practice. Passage 2
1 ropes
2 charcoal
3 bowls
4 hormones
5 cosmetics
6 dynamite

Unit 3. Education
1 B
2 D
3 A
4 C
5 A
1 C
2 A
3 A
4 B
5 D
Language Development. Exercise 3 (suggested answer)
1 Consequently, he got into an accident.

2 In addition, you can also use it to chat with friends.
3 In contrast, he also likes playing video games.
4 However, he can only afford a motorcycle.
5 Specifically, he loves smoking cigarettes and partying.
1 C
2 F
3 B
4 A
5 D

Practice
Questions 1-5
1 guiding principles and rules

2 mentor
3 patterns of behavior/patterns
4 complex
5 knowledge
Questions 6-10
1 TRUE
2 TRUE
3 FALSE
4 NOT GIVEN
5 TRUE

Unit 4. Children
1 A
2 B
3 B
4 C
5 A
1 academic performance
2 playful
3 problem-solver
4 self-control
5 emotional development
1 written
2 living
3 invited
4 cheating
1 Most of those who tried to get tickets to BTS concert were unsuccessful.
2 The student who are chosen as winner will get a prize.
3 The saplings which are planted today will one day grow into huge trees.
4 People who arrived late were not allowed to take the test.

Practice
Questions 1-7
1 self-discipline 5 watching
2 score 6 health
3 demonstrate 7 diseases
4 growth
Questions 8-12
1 TRUE
2 TRUE
3 NOT GIVEN
4 FALSE
5 TRUE

Unit 5. Technology
1 F 5 H
2 A 6 G
3 B 7 D
4 C
1 conversion 5 hardware
2 revolution 6 wheel
3 investigation 7 progress
4 invention
1 service 6 truth
2 decision 7 useful
3 affordable 8 comparison
4 requirements 9 judgement
5 valuable 10 investment
Practice
Questions 1-6
1 FALSE 4 FALSE
2 NOT GIVEN 5 TRUE
3 FALSE 6 NOT GIVEN

Questions 7-12
7 destructive 10 condition
8 devastating 11 definition
9 DNA 12 needs

Unit 6. Science
1 gene 6 accumulate
2 disorder 7 excess
3 expenditure 8 obesity
4 primarily 9 life expectancy
5 adverse
1 Obesity 6 accumulate
2 expenditure 7 primarily
3 adverse 8 gene
4 Life expectancy 9 excess
5 disorder
1 This dish is brought to me (by the waiter).

2 These postcards are sent to us (by our friend).
3 This story was told to them (by their grandmother) when they visited her last
week.
4 This train ticket was ordered for Tim’s mother.
5 The special cameras weren’t showed to me.
6 Her ticket was showed to the airline agent (by her).
7 This cake was baked by Jim yesterday.
8 A new apartment is going to be bought next year.
9 The first prize was awarded to the reporter by the board.
10 Have the Christmas cards been sent to your family by you?

1 When will the work be done?

2 How is this problem going to be dealt?
3 How is this amount of money spent?
4 I wonder whether Susan or Jane will be chosen by the board of directors for
the position.
5 How was the lost man found by the police?
Practice
Questions 1-5
1 Life expectancy
2 Weight, height
3 Dieting
4 Intragastric balloon
5 Wealth, fertility
Questions 6-10
6 FALSE
7 FALSE
8 FALSE
9 TRUE
10 NOT GIVEN

Unit 7. Language
1 alphabet 6 native
2 mother tongue 7 circumstance
3 consideration 8 relevant
4 pronunciation 9 diplomat
5 influence 10 embassy
1 alphabet 6 consideration
2 relevant 7 circumstance
3 embassy 8 native
4 mother tongue 9 pronunciation
5 diplomat 10 influence
1 boring 9 rivalry
2 ambitious 10 decision
3 excited 11 awfully
4 traditionally 12 disgusted
5 decorator 13 tolerantly
6 presentation 14 wrestler
7 interested 15 pickled
8 determined

Practice
Questions 1-8
1 FALSE 5 NOT GIVEN

2 NOT GIVEN 6 FALSE
3 TRUE 7 NOT GIVEN
4 TRUE 8 FALSE
Questions 9-12
9 Teachers
10 Hungarian
11 48
12 Pronunciation

Unit 8. Environment
1 ecosystem
2 fertile
3 climate change
4 crop
5 degradation
1 C
2 A
3 D
4 F
5 B
1 the new videogame console

2 little boy
3 some competitive athletes
4 Very few giant pandas
5 a meal for ten people
1 young
2 open
3 handsome
4 campus
5 hungry

Practice
Questions 1-4
1 B
2 A
3 B
4 A
Questions 5-8
1 minerals
2 carbon
3 water
4 agriculture

Unit 9. Business
1 B
2 B
3 A
4 D
5 C
1 d
2 a
3 e
4 b
5 c
1 what you wore to prom last night

2 The fact that he cheated on her
3 What you said about her behind her back
4 that he wants to go abroad
5 when I confessed to my crush.
1 that
2 that
3 Whoever
4 Whether (or not)
5 How

Practice
Questions 1-5
1 E
2 D
3 B
4 D
5 C
Questions 6-9
6 C
7 A
8 B
9 D

Unit 10. History
1 B
2 D
3 A
4 C
5 F
1 saddle
2 sledge
3 ox and cart
4 shield
5 rivet
1 gunwale
2 mast
3 stern
1 The Nydam boat, which was found in 1863 in Southern Jutland, dates from
the fifth century.
2 The Gokstad ship, which was found in 1880 in Sandefjorde, Norway, is 79ft
long.
3 The Ladby ship, which was believed to date from the 10th century, was
unearthed in 1935 in Funen, Denmark.

Practice
1 O 4 G 7 N
2 L 5 L 8 L
3 O 6 G 9 N

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May your Christmas be filled with special moment, warmth, peace and happiness, the joy of covered ones

Giáng sinh đến rồi!

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Chúc bạn sớm mỉm cười với số điểm IELTS mơ ước!

Phan Phúc Nguyên - 7.0

Với một học sinh lớp 9 như

kinh nghiệm học 7.0-8.5 nhé

Unit 2. Plants ......................................................................................... 11

Unit 3. Education ................................................................................... 21

Unit 4. Children ..................................................................................... 28

Unit 5. Technology ................................................................................. 35

Unit 6. Science ....................................................................................... 41

Unit 8. Environment .............................................................................. 54

Unit 10. History ..................................................................................... 72

Answer Key ........................................................................................... 80

Crack IELTS Reading – IELTS Fighter | 1

1. bee-eater (n) /biː ˈiːtər/

2. beehive (n) /ˈbiːhaɪv/

3. breed (v,n) /briːd/

4. canal (n) /kəˈnæl/

5. chick (n) /tʃɪk/

6. concrete (n) /ˈkɑːnkriːt/

7. diet (n) /ˈdaɪət/

8. flock (v,n) /flɑːk/

9. migration (n) /maɪˈɡreɪʃn/

10. nest (v,n) /nest/

11. get rid of (v) /ɡet rɪd əv/

12. predator (n) /ˈpredətər/

13. prey (v,n) /preɪ/

14. stratagem (n) /ˈstrætədʒəm/

15. winter (v, n, adj) /ˈwɪntər/

Crack IELTS Reading – IELTS Fighter | 2

Exercise 2. Match the following word/ phrase with its synonym.

1. ……….. 2. ……….. 3. ……….. 4. ……….. 5. ……….. 6. ………..

Crack IELTS Reading – IELTS Fighter | 3

Crack IELTS Reading – IELTS Fighter | 4

Crack IELTS Reading – IELTS Fighter | 5

Crack IELTS Reading – IELTS Fighter | 6

Crack IELTS Reading – IELTS Fighter | 7

The life of the European bee-eater

Crack IELTS Reading – IELTS Fighter | 8

Crack IELTS Reading – IELTS Fighter | 10

1. tensile strength (n) /ˈtensl streŋkθ /

2. habitat (n) /ˈhæbɪtæt/

3. commodity (n) /kəˈmɑːdəti/

4. evergreen (adj, n) /ˈevərɡriːn/

5. endosperm (n) /ˈendəʊspɜːrm/

6. derivative (n) /ˌderɪˈveɪʃn/

7. foliage (n) /ˈfəʊliɪdʒ/

8. palm tree (n) /pɑːm triː /

9. seed (n) /siːd/

10. cosmetic (n) /kɑːzˈmetɪk/

Exercise 1. Match the Vietnamese words with its definition in English.

Crack IELTS Reading – IELTS Fighter | 11

Crack IELTS Reading – IELTS Fighter | 12

Crack IELTS Reading – IELTS Fighter | 13

Crack IELTS Reading – IELTS Fighter | 14

Áp dụng chiến thuật làm bài vào câu hỏi sau:

Crack IELTS Reading – IELTS Fighter | 15

Complete the notes below.

 the leaves of the tree are (1) ……………………. in shape

Crack IELTS Reading – IELTS Fighter | 16

Bước 4. Đọc và tìm đáp án.

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