QUIZ TPS PPU ING7 Idea Development and Organization

Question no 1

Read the passage below.

Three new studies by scientists in the U.S. highlight the relationship between air pollution
and mental health in children. In general, all of them show bad effects of air pollution to
children’s mental health. These studies investigated the effects of air pollution on psychiatric
disorders, anxiety, and depression in children.
The first study found that short-term exposure to ambient air pollution was associated with
exacerbations of psychiatric disorders in children one to two days later, as marked by
increased utilization of the Cincinnati Children’s emergency department for psychiatric
issues. The study also found that children living in disadvantaged neighborhoods may be
more susceptible to the effects of air pollution compared to other children, especially for
disorders related to anxiety and suicidality. The fact that children living in high poverty
neighborhoods experienced greater health effects of air pollution could mean that pollutant
and neighborhood stressors can have synergistic effects on psychiatric symptom severity and
frequency.
The second study published in Environmental Research found an association between recent
high traffic related air pollution (TRAP) exposure and higher generalized anxiety. The study
is believed to be the first to use neuroimaging to link TRAP exposure, metabolic disturbances
in the brain, and generalized anxiety symptoms among otherwise healthy children. The study
found higher myoinositol concentrations in the brain – a marker of the brain’s
neuroinflammatory response to TRAP.
The third study published in Environmental Research found that exposure to TRAP during
early life and across childhood was significantly associated with self-reported depression and
anxiety symptoms in 12 year olds. Similar findings have been reported in adults, but research
showing clear connections between TRAP exposure and mental health in children has been
limited.
Collectively, these studies contribute to the growing body of evidence that exposure to air
pollution during early life and childhood may contribute to depression, anxiety, and other
mental health problems in adolescence. More research is needed to replicate these findings
and uncover underlying mechanisms for these associations.

Adapted from:Adapted from: www.scitechdaily.com

In presenting the ideas, the author starts by ....

 A. discussing how the studies were conducted
B. explaining three studies in details
C. comparing the results of the first and the second study
D. mentioning the studies and their objectives
E. arguing that air pollution might benefit children

 Question no 2

Read the passage below.

A landslide can be defined as a fairly large-scale movement of rocks and soil debris down a
slope or sideways across the land. Landslides can be classified in several ways depending on
how they move and also what materials move. Rock falls occur when rocks fall down a slope.
Lateral spreads are sideways movements of the debris of various sizes that can take place on
slopes that are not as steep when compared with rockslides. Thus, landslides include the
movement of any particle size from large boulders to fine soils. The landslides may also be
described as translational or rotational depending on how the material moves.
A landslide can be caused by factors that make the slope unstable. For instance, heavy
rainfall, eruptions of volcanoes and earthquakes can all cause a slope to become unstable.
Stream banks and ocean cliffs are very susceptible to the effects of water impacting on the
soil. The water erodes away the soil until there is no longer enough support and thus the land
falls into the water, either the river or the ocean. This is more likely in the event of heavy
rains or heavy seas. However, landslides do not always involve a lot of water being present.
Human activity can also trigger landslides. For example, mines and cutting of roadways
through hills can lead to debris collapsing.
Unlike a landslide, a mudslide is also known as a debris-flow or mudflow and it usually
involves the movement of small particles of soil that have partly or completely liquefied,
down a slope or over a surface. Mudslides often contain a lot of clay-type soil particles, but
there are also types that occur with glaciers and volcanic lava flows. In other words,
mudslides only concern the movement of fine particles the size of clay. Besides simple
mudflows, we have glacial mudslides that are called jökulhlaups and some volcanic flows
that are known as lahars. Mudslides are all also considered types of landslides.
Heavy rainfall due to tropical storms or weather fronts is one of the main causes of
mudflows. The ground becomes saturated with water and finally, the continued rainfall
further loosens small particles, often resulting in mudflows in areas of the world where there
are slopes with lots of clay. Unexpected thawing of glaciers and volcanic activity can cause
mudslides. Thus, different from landslides, the causes of mudslides always include a lot of
water mixed with the soil that is moving.

Adapted from:Adapted from: www.differencebetween.net

In presenting the ideas, the author starts by ....

A. exposing the effects of natural disaster

B. describing the characteristics of landslide
C. explaining the occurrence of mudslide
D. comparing the difference between landslide and mudslide
E. discussing the main causes of landslide

 Question no 3

Read the passage below.

A landslide can be defined as a fairly large-scale movement of rocks and soil debris down a
slope or sideways across the land. Landslides can be classified in several ways depending on
how they move and also what materials move. Rock falls occur when rocks fall down a slope.
Lateral spreads are sideways movements of the debris of various sizes that can take place on
slopes that are not as steep when compared with rockslides. Thus, landslides include the
movement of any particle size from large boulders to fine soils. The landslides may also be
described as translational or rotational depending on how the material moves.
A landslide can be caused by factors that make the slope unstable. For instance, heavy
rainfall, eruptions of volcanoes and earthquakes can all cause a slope to become unstable.
Stream banks and ocean cliffs are very susceptible to the effects of water impacting on the
soil. The water erodes away the soil until there is no longer enough support and thus the land
falls into the water, either the river or the ocean. This is more likely in the event of heavy
rains or heavy seas. However, landslides do not always involve a lot of water being present.
Human activity can also trigger landslides. For example, mines and cutting of roadways
through hills can lead to debris collapsing.
Unlike a landslide, a mudslide is also known as a debris-flow or mudflow and it usually
involves the movement of small particles of soil that have partly or completely liquefied,
down a slope or over a surface. Mudslides often contain a lot of clay-type soil particles, but
there are also types that occur with glaciers and volcanic lava flows. In other words,
mudslides only concern the movement of fine particles the size of clay. Besides simple
mudflows, we have glacial mudslides that are called jökulhlaups and some volcanic flows
that are known as lahars. Mudslides are all also considered types of landslides.
Heavy rainfall due to tropical storms or weather fronts is one of the main causes of
mudflows. The ground becomes saturated with water and finally, the continued rainfall
further loosens small particles, often resulting in mudflows in areas of the world where there
are slopes with lots of clay. Unexpected thawing of glaciers and volcanic activity can cause
mudslides. Thus, different from landslides, the causes of mudslides always include a lot of
water mixed with the soil that is moving.

Adapted from:Adapted from: www.differencebetween.net

How does the author conclude his/her ideas in the passage?

A. By comparing mudslides caused by human activity and by nature

B. By discussing the similar characteristics of landslide and mudslide
C. By explaining particles involved in mudslide
D. By describing particles involved in mudslide
E. By explaining how different the cause of mudslides from the cause of landslide is

 Question no 4

Read the passage below.

A lack of sleep seems pervasive. We are sleeping less than ever before, some studies have
shown. Our lives are becoming more and more busy with each passing era, and even children
are suffering from sleep deprivation due to all the activities they are engaging in. In light of
these issues, it is important to know the effects of a lack of sleep. The most common effects
of sleep deprivation are drowsiness during the day, experiencing microsleeps, and difficulty
in concentrating.
 Drowsiness is a noticeable effect of a lack of sleep. In fact, it is quite dangerous, as
according to WebMD, “Drowsiness can slow reaction time as much as driving drunk. The
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration estimates that fatigue is a cause in 100,000
auto crashes and 1,550 crash-related deaths a year in the U.S. The problem is greatest among
people under 25 years old” (Peri, Camille). Therefore, we have to be careful not to become
sleepy during the day in order to not harm others.
In addition to regular drowsiness, we can experience microsleeps due to sleep deprivation.
Once again, these occurrences are hazardous. During these episodes, people will fall asleep
for a few seconds or minutes without realizing it. Microsleep is out of our control and can be
extremely dangerous if we’re driving. It can also make you more prone to injury due to trips
and falls. In order to avoid microsleep, you must get at least six hours of sleep a night.
In the same vein, concentration becomes more difficult with a lack of sleep. According to
Healthline, sleep deprivation leaves your brain exhausted, so it can’t perform its duties as
well. People may also find it more difficult to concentrate or learn new things. The signals
your body sends may also come at a delay, decreasing your coordination skills and increasing
your risks for accidents. A lack of concentration can also affect us seriously at work, where
this function is often the name of the game.

Adapted from:Adapted from: www.academichelp.net

The author describes about the causes of lack of sleep in modern era followed by ....

A. comparing drowsiness and lack of sleep

B. contradicting sleep deprivation and drowsiness
C. mentioning the causes of sleep deprivation
D. discussing the benefits of lack of sleep
E. giving examples of the effects of sleep deprivation

 Question no 5

Read the passage below.

A new world ranking of countries and their literacy rates puts the United States at 7th. Who’s
Number one? Finland. The study, conducted by John W. Miller, president of Central
Connecticut State University in New Britain, Connecticut, analyses trends in literate
behaviour and literacy in more than 60 countries. It found that Nordic countries are among
the most literate in the world, but countries in the Western Hemisphere didn’t do well.
The factors examined in the study present a complex and nuanced portrait of a nation’s
cultural vitality. What the rankings strongly suggest and world literacy demonstrates is that
these kinds of literate behaviours are critical to the success of individuals and nations in the
knowledge-based economics that define our global future. The rankings look at variables
related to tested literacy achievement — scores on the PIRLS or Progress in International
Reading Literacy Study, and on the PISA, Program for International Student Assessment —
as well as to literate behaviour characteristics. Those include 15 variables grouped in five
categories: Libraries, Newspapers, Education System-Inputs, Education System-Outputs and
Computer Availability, as well as population, which is used for establishing per capita ratios.
Given that the scores on international students’ tests are questionable measures of how one
country really does over another for a variety of reasons, it is fair to wonder how they skew
the results of these rankings. The results would be “very different” if PIRLS and PISA were
the only factors. The Pacific Rim countries, Singapore, South Korea, Japan and China, would
top the list if test performance were the only measure. Finland would be the only non-Pacific
Rim country to rank high. When factors such as library size and accessibility are added in, the
Pacific Rim nations drop dramatically. If, of course, he had only looked at student test scores,
it wouldn’t have been much of a literacy ranking.
Adapted from:Adapted from: www.independent.co.uk

How does the author explain the topic in the passage?

A. By examining the result of the study and why it was conducted

B. By describing the result and the method of the study on world literacy rates
C. By explaining the way Finland gets to the top of the list
D. By reviewing how each country is picked in the study
E. By discussing why the U.S. is not at the top of the list

 Question no 6

Read the passage below.

A new world ranking of countries and their literacy rates puts the United States at 7th. Who’s
Number one? Finland. The study, conducted by John W. Miller, president of Central
Connecticut State University in New Britain, Connecticut, analyses trends in literate
behaviour and literacy in more than 60 countries. It found that Nordic countries are among
the most literate in the world, but countries in the Western Hemisphere didn’t do well.
The factors examined in the study present a complex and nuanced portrait of a nation’s
cultural vitality. What the rankings strongly suggest and world literacy demonstrates is that
these kinds of literate behaviours are critical to the success of individuals and nations in the
knowledge-based economics that define our global future. The rankings look at variables
related to tested literacy achievement — scores on the PIRLS or Progress in International
Reading Literacy Study, and on the PISA, Program for International Student Assessment —
as well as to literate behaviour characteristics. Those include 15 variables grouped in five
categories: Libraries, Newspapers, Education System-Inputs, Education System-Outputs and
Computer Availability, as well as population, which is used for establishing per capita ratios.
Given that the scores on international students’ tests are questionable measures of how one
country really does over another for a variety of reasons, it is fair to wonder how they skew
the results of these rankings. The results would be “very different” if PIRLS and PISA were
the only factors. The Pacific Rim countries, Singapore, South Korea, Japan and China, would
top the list if test performance were the only measure. Finland would be the only non-Pacific
Rim country to rank high. When factors such as library size and accessibility are added in, the
Pacific Rim nations drop dramatically. If, of course, he had only looked at student test scores,
it wouldn’t have been much of a literacy ranking.
Adapted from:Adapted from: www.independent.co.uk

By mentioning Singapore in the last paragraph, the author is trying to ....

A. show the potential alternative result of the study

B. give definition of PIRLS
C. draw a suggestion on where to develop literacy
D. compare its country score with that of South Korea, Japan, and China
E. give an example of a country that has a big size of libraries