UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING GURU GOBIND SINGH INDRAPRASTHA UNIVERSITY DWARKA SECTOR 16-C, NEW DELHL ap Gy RESEARCH PAPER 2016-17 BIOPHILIC DESIGN IN ARCHITECTURE Ankur Gautam 03490701613 Fourth Year , Section A, 2016- 17 RESEARCH PAPER GUIDE: Ar. HemlataUNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF ARCHITECT AND PLANNIN GURU GOBIND SINGH INDRAPRASTHA UNIVERSITY DWARKA SECTOR 16-C, NEW DELHI APPROVAL CERTIFICATE Research Paper Title: BIOPHILIC DESIGN IN ARCHITECTURE ‘The following study is hereby approved as a credible work on the approved subject, carried out and presented in a manner sufficiently to warrant its acceptance as a prerequisite to the degree for which it has been submitted. It is to be informed that by this approval the undersigned does not necessarily endorse or approve any statement made , opinion expressed or conclusion drawn therein , but approves the study for the purpose of which it is submitted himself as to the requirement laid down by the dissertation committee. Date Submitted By: ANKUR GAUTAM AR. HEMLATA 4TH Year, Section A ( RESEARCH PAPER GUIDE) Roll Number: 03490701613 Batch : 2016+ 17 EXTERNAL EXAMINER AR. SUMANT SHARMA, (RESEARCH PAPER CO-ORDINATOR)UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING GURU GOBIND SINGH INDRAPRASTHA UNIVERSITY DWARKA SECTOR 16-C, NEW DELHL ACKNOWLEDGEMENT. ‘This research paper has been an exceptional experience of learning regarding a subject that has engrossed me for quite a long time. It has been a result of labour, help and support from a large number of people. The success and final outcome of the research required a lot of guidance and assistance from many people and I am extremely fortunate to have got this all along the completion of my research paper. I take this opportunity to express my profound gratitude and deep regards to my guide Ar. Hemilata for her exemplary guidance, monitoring and constant encouragement throughout the course of this research paper. The blessing, help and guidance given by her time to time shall carry me a long way in the journey of life on which Tam about to embark. Tam highly obliged to our coordinator Ar, Sumant Sharma for giving me an opportunity and allowance to research on the topic of my choice and providing all support and guidance. T would also like to express gratitude to my family and friends who discussed and que throughout the study, encouraged me and helped me move further with itEE ion Design and Architecture CONTENTS Chapter One: Introduction 1.1 Need for Study 1 1.2 Aim 1 1.3 Objectives 2 1.4 Methodology 1.5 Hypothesis Pens) 1.6 Scope 1.7 Limitations Chapter Two: Literature Review 2.1 Introduction 4 2.2 Theories pertaining to Biophilia 2.2.1 Theories on Psycho- evolutionary & Restorative preferences 2.2.1.1 ART 2.2.1.2 SRT 2.2.1.3 PFA 2.2.2 Theories on Nature based and Environmental Preferences 2.2.2.2 Prospect Refuge Theory 2.2.2.3 Fractal Theory 2.2.2.4 Aesthetic Appeal of Natural Contents 5 6 7 8 8 2.2.2.1 Savannah Hypothesis 8 9 9 9 9 2.2.3 Inference and Conclusion 2.3 Components as Patterns of Biophilia u 2.3.1. 14 Patterns of Biophilic Design 1 2.3.1.1 Nature in Space Patterns 1 2 Nature Analogues Patterns 20 2 2 2.3.1.3 Nature of Space Patterns 2.3.2 Dimensions, Elements & Attributes of Biophilic Design a7 2.3.2.1 Organic/ Naturalistic Approach 28 2.3.2.2 Place Based/ Vernacular Approach 29 2.3.2.3 Observation & Inference 30 23.24 RED 31 2.3.2.5 Inference and Conclusion 31Design and Architecture Chapter Three: Devising a New Pattern 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Need 3.3 Recapitulating & Presenting a Unified Pattern 3.3.1. Unifying present Patterns Chapter Four: Live Case Study 4.1 Need 4.2 Analysis Table 4.3 Limitations 4.4 Site 1: DTU 4.4.1 Site Introduction 4.4.2 Observations & Analysis 4.4.2.1 Site Design 4.4.2.2 Degree of Exposure & Frequency of Access 44.2.3 Analysis Table 4.5 Site 2: MRIU 4.5.1 Site Introduction 4.5.2 Observations & Analysis 4.5.2.1 Site Design 4.5.2.2 Degree of Exposure & Frequency of Access 4.5.2.3 Analysis Table 4.6 Site 2: Inference & Conclusion Chapter Five: Devising a New Framework 5.1 Generation of Framework 5.1.1 Need for Framework 5.1.2 Procedure for Generation 5.1.2.1 Theories 5.1.2.1.1 Introduction 5.1.2.1.2. Connection Strategies 5.1.2.1.3 Values in Biophilie Design 1.2.3. Proposed Unifying Patterns 5.1.24 Strategies for Biophilic Design 5.1.24.1 Introduction 5.1.2.4.2 Observation & Conclusion 51 51 51 52 52 52 52 55 S7 57 37Design and Architecture 5.1.2.5 Perspective for Planning & Design Process 5.1.2.5.1. Introduction 5.1.2.5.2. Identifying Desired Responses Design strategies & Interventions Diversity of Design Strategies Quality & Quantity of Intervention Duration of exposure & access Inference 5.1.2.6 Variable in Design Pattern Applicability §.1.2.6.1 Introduction 5.1.2.6.2 Climate, Ecology & Vernacular 5.1.2.6.3 Character & Density 5.12.64 Scale & Feasibility 5.1.2.6.5 Culture & Demographies 5.1.2.6.6 Inference 5.1.2.7 Benefits of Inhabitants 5.1.2.7.1 Introduction 5.1.2.7.2 Inference 5.1.2.8 Design Integration 5.1.2.8.1 Introduction 5.12.82 Inference 6.1 Conclusion 6.2 Further scope of research a nR B 15EE ion Design and Architecture LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: NY Times Building moss and Birch Garden, New York cena Figure 2 : A fountain & gardens in Calat Alhambra in Granada, Spain, 14 Figure 3: Dockside Green Community on Vancouver Island IS Figure 4 : Khoo Tech Puatt Hospital 16 Figure 5 : Robert & Alene Kogod Courtyard, Smithsonian American. 00 ceseceead7 ‘Art Museum Figure 6 : Yale centre for British Art, New Haven reer EB Figure 7 : Green roof of CCOKFOX Architects, NY one dD Figure 8 : Staircase, Hotel Tussle in Bruselles 20 Figure 9 : Elevator lobby of Bank of America Tower, NY ceed Figure 10: Allen Lambert Galleri and Atrium at Brookfield 22 Figure 11: Salk Institute, Louis Kahn. 2: Figure 12: Alcoves of Handerson Bridge, Singapore m4 Figure 13: Park in Brooklyn, NY cc cecesecsereesnesneenvecennneteneereeeecntnernreen dh Figure 14: Levitated mass at Los Angeles Country Museum of Art 25 Figure 15: Jubille Campus, University of Nottingham ee 28 Figure 16: Kent Bloomer 28 Figure 17: Harkness Tower, Yale University _ reer D8 Figure 18: Genzyme Building, Cambridge Figure 19: Bastille Viaduct 29 Figure 20: Falling Waters, America eee 2D Figure 21: Reichstag Dome 30 Figure 22: San Fransisco. _ ee ts ws 2a 30 Figure 23: Sydney Opera house 30 Figure 24: Bahai Temple ccc ccccecceceseeneeescnseseneeeesesceneeeitssesesseeeeene dO Figure 25: Gardens By the Bay, Singapore 36 Figure 26: Site Model of DTU. essetseteee ae 43EE ion Design and Architecture Figure 27: Site plan of DTU Figure 28: Orientation of built form _ vce Figure 29: Self shaded courtyards of DTU. Figure 30: Seasonal varying landscape of DTU, Figure 31: Angular shading devices DTU Figure 32: Dense vegetation DTU Figure 33: Wind direction plan DTU, igure 34: Section of site DTU Figure 35: Central entrance of MRIU, Figure 36: Site Plan of MRIU, Figure 37: Orientation of built form MRIU. Figure 38: Facade shading DTU, Figure 39: Shaded courtyards DTU sen Figure 40: Dense and Seasonal varying landscape MRIU. Figure 41; Wind direction plan MRIU. Figure 42: Site Section MRIU Figure 43: Direct contact Figure 44: Indirect contact Figure 45: Symbolic contact _Design and Architecture LIST OF TABLES TABLE 1 : Biophilic Design Patterns and their Health Impacts (Browning et al., 2014, 2 ‘TABLE 2: VISUAL CONTACT. 13 ‘TABLE 4: NON RHYTHMIC SENSORY STIMULL 14 TABLE 3: NON VISUAL CONTACT oo csnsnersetetnnnritrtntnnrnneel TABLE 5: THERMAL & AIRFLOW VARIABILITY 16 TABLE 6: PRESENCE OF WATER 7 TABLE 7: DYNAMIC & DIFFUSED LIGHT, ttre 18 TABLE 8: CONNECTION WITH NATURAL SYSTEMS, 19 TABLE 9: BIOMORPHIC FORMS & PATTERNS 20 TABLE 10: MATERIAL CONNECTIONS WITH NATURE, cceesseeeneen 2h TABLE 11: COMPLEXITY & ORDER 22 TABLE 12: PROSPECT. TABLE 13: REFUGE, 24 TABLE 14: MYSTERY, TABLE 15: RISK / PERIL 7 TABLE 16; DIMENSIONS, ELEMENTS & ATRIBUTES OF BIOPHILIA, TABLE 17 :2014 Terrapin Bright Green/ 14 Patterns of Biophilic Design, 34 TABLE 18: DIMENSIONS, ELEMENTS & ATRIBUTES OF BIOPHILIA, 35 TABLE 19: BIOMIMICRY oe eeecceeceenieneeentiemennennnsnnnnenee dO TABLE 20: CURIOUSITY 37 TABLE 21: CHANGE & METAMORPHOSIS eter teee dB TABLE 22 : SECURITY & PROTECTION 38 TABLE23: ATTACHMENT 200 correc onmenencmemencemeentrumerncaenateen SS TABLE 24: ATTRACTION & BEAUTY 39 TABLE 25: EXPLORATION & DISCOVERY 39 TABLE 26: FEAR & AWE 40 TABLE 27: REVERENCE & SPIRITUALITY, 40Design and ArchitectureTI Biophilic Design and Architecture Chapter One | Introduction “The relationship between humankind and nature can be one of respect and love rather than domination...The outcome...can be rich, satisfying, and lastingly successful, but only if both partners are modified by their association so as to become better adapted to each other...With our knowledge and sense of responsibility...we can create new environments that are ecologically sound, aesthetically satisfying, economically rewarding....This process of reciprocal adaptation occurs...through minor changes in the people and their environment, but a more conscious process of design can also take place.” 1.1 Need for study Planet Earth sustains because of the Yin & Yang that is the mankind and nature. Both of them acts as counterparts, maintaining an equilibrium. We are indeed a miniscule fraction of the planet, recently thrived on. Surrounded by billions of years of researcher-Mother Nature, humans themselves can never be detached from nature as they are said to be made of its 5 Elements: the Earth, the Water, the Air, the Fire and the Wood. After our demise it is the Mother Nature who engulfs us and makes us a part of their never ending ecological processes. Our ancestors have evolved being present in such surroundings, that they have deep reverence and affinity towards ‘Nature, as at that time they were surrounded by nature’s stimulus provided various benefits to the mankind and evolved a mechanised behaviour to positively respond to nature. This conceptualization, termed as Biophilia, is in great demand at present due to the current urbanization, greatly affecting our surroundings and taking us away from nature’s benefits in one way or the other. This change, according to the society, can be bought through application of Biophilia in various aspects of construction of spaces, like Architecture, Interior Designing, etc. Architecture is one such field which has an infinite power to dictate the character and stimuli generation of a space. If bought into Architecture, Biophilic Design can act as bridging the gap between human nature connections and establishing an equilibrium. For this, a framework needs to be generated that would lead to adoption of Biophilic literature, practically, to various aspects of the designing and planning processes. ‘The term Biophila, coined from two words “Bio: nature’ & “Philia: love or affinity’ articulates relationship between nature, science and built environment so that we may experience it's benefits. Biophilic Design is a reflection of human- nature relationship architecturally mend into the built and landscape spaces, The Biophilic concept revolves around a belief that humans hold a biological need for connecting with nature on physical, mental and social levels and their connections affects our personal well being, productivity and societal relationships. 1[PageTI Biophilic Design and Architecture 1.2 Aim Generation of a framework that would bridge the gap between Biophilia and Architecture 1.3 Objectives To introduce Biophilia as a concept. To investigate and infer from the present literature related to Biophilia To devise a new framework that would bridge the gap between Architecture and Biophilia itself. To test the fe ive architectural site, thro ibility, design considerations and success of biophilic patterns, present on case studies. 1.4 Methodology The process of research of the paper i as follows: To study and explore various theories pertaining to biophilic design. Study Biophilia through its theories and providing a unified base to their application, To study and explore various patterns, elements and attributes and strategies related to Biophilia. To generate a unified pattern, taking inferences and contributions from the literature present around. Introduction of various subheads of framework, their function and importance in the framework. Generation of a new framework which can be applied by designers to their processes to generate Biophilic spaces, To present an inference table, that considers practical, traceable and quantified subheads from the framework, useful for case studies. To use the table in studying a biophilic space or a space having biophilic elements, to test the generality and success of the Biophilic patterns. To conclude with the limitations and further scope of research in this domain. LS Hypothesis Biophilic Design patterns can be applied in Architectural spaces, restoring human- nature connections. 2[PageTI Biophilic Design and Architecture Research Question ‘The main question addressed is: How to bridge the gap between Architecture and Biophilic design for application in design process? In order to answer the main research question, the following sub —questions are required to be addresse, What defines Biophilic design? What are the present theories related to Biophilia? What are the present patterns and dimensions related to this field? Which other factors can be incorporated in the framework for bridging the gap? What are the success rates of the proposed patterns on different zones of applicability? 1.6 Scope Biophilic Design has a wide scope of applicability in various domains of Architectural spaces like residential, commercial, offices, healthcare and institutional building uses, also having varied health benefits related to varying problems of each domain, The scope of the current research is limited to the applicability on an institutional setup, where the Biophilic design elements will be tested on a live site to access the generality of the present biophilic elements. 1.7 Limitations The limitations of the research are as follows: «Existing scientific knowledge still, doesn’t tie particular strategies to specific health benefits, since that relationship is still unclear © Boundaries between strategies are also blurred, and will many times rely on the judgement to access the value of strategy. * A detailed survey, to know the occupants response and level of wellbeing affected due to various variables, can’t be carried out due to the time constraints 3|PageLITERATURE REVIEW > BIOPHILIC DESIGN IN ARCHITECTURETI Biophilic Design and Architecture Chapter Two | Literature Review “Tean thi ik of no more important way to apply the naturalistic approach to human behaviour than in the design of the places in which we live and work. The evidence is overwhelming that, given a choice, people want to bring the beauty and harmony of nature within site, When possible, they like to blend these qualities into details of their daily existence, because in so doing, they add their own sense of worth and security” (E.O. Wilson) 2.1 Introduction There have been various attempts by the researchers to describe the Biophilie Design hypothesis, of various aspects of the human- nature connections and it’s relation with architecture. Various theories and patterns have been proposed to explain the hypothesis. This section assists to examine and infer most relevant Biophilic Design Theories and Components as patterns through a common platform, accessible to the designers: Theories: © Attention Restoration Theory (ART) © Stress Reduction Theory (SRT) Perceptual Fluency Account (PFA) © Favourable and unfavourable settings to mental health Savannah Hypothesis © Naturalness and Stress Reduction © Aesthetic Appeal of Nature © Fractal Theory © Prospect and Refuge Theory Patterns: \! #14 Patterns of Biophilic Design * Dimensions, Elements, Attributes of Biophilic Design \ «Restorative Environment Design (RED) 4|PageTI Biophilic Design and Architecture 2.2 Theories pertaining to Biophilia We, as humans have evolved our behaviour mechanism and problem solving tactics mimicking nature, taking lessons from them and in return through our actions and generated stimuli, have shaped our natural environments. It is the presence of natural environment around us which is instrumental in generation of our evolutionary mechanism and ways of getting through the challenges surrounding us. These theories are based on the Biophilic Hypothesis that humans have affiliation and attraction towards nature and natural elements further leading to wellbeing of person as a whole, The theories, relating to this literature, have been broadly divided to two classifications instrumental in affecting the Human- Nature Relationship: «Theories on Psycho- Evolutionary and Restorative Preferences * Nature- Based and Environmental Preferences Nature based ‘and Environmental preferences Both the preferences are inter-related, providing a common platform for analysis. 2.2.1 Theories on Psycho- Evolutionary and Restorative Preferences ‘Theories on Psycho-Evolutionary and Restorative preferences have certain links with the Nature- Based and Environmental Preferences. To justify this, the present theories refer to the challenges faced by humans, during evolution and the evolutionary environment which shaped their adaptation mechanism, Humans, at present, have to undergo constant levels of stress and reduced mental and physical wellbeing as an aspect of evolutionary challenges. This is mainly due to their evolving lifestyles and the environment surrounding them. The conceptualization of the Human-Nature Connection proves instrumental in enhancing physiological, psychological wellbeing and stress reduction in present context, This stimulus can be related back to our ancestors, who also possessed similar stimuli towards Human Nature Connection, in & particular environmental surrounding, facing different evolutionary challenges, as of now. ‘These evidences concretizes the role of Human- Nature Relationship and provides a framework for generation of a positive and restorative response towards the evolutionary challenges. 5|PageTI Biophilic Design and Architecture Based on these statements, Theories which can be classified under this domain are: Attention Restoration Theory (ART) © Stress Reduction Theory (SRT) © Perceptual Fluency Account (PFA) 2.2.1.1 Attention Restoration Theory (ART) Attention restoration theory is an example of a Restorative Theory synthesized From the Biophilic Hypothesis presented by Dr. Stephen Kaplan, a psychologist, In 1977. According to the hypothesis, human's response to nature- generated stimuli, through involuntary actions, supported by involuntary attention. This reduces the stress and energy wastage due to cognitive thinking in case of a 0% challenging environment, which deviates a person’s attention. J Thus, this theory, developed by Stephen and Rachael Kaplan (Kaplan and Kaplan, 1989: Kalpan, 1995), explains the restorative quality of nature which restores one’s attention from prolonged tasks that are mentally fatiguing. From present literature, it is evident that nature, particularly natural elements provides a restorative effect on a person, evident trom the ancestral records of nature having a restorative effect. Attention Restoration Theory proposes four elements that promote Cognitive Restoration: © Fascination © Being away © Extent ‘© Compatibility Fascination Fascination refers to the component of ART which is an involuntary action generated due to nature's beauty, accessed in various dimensions, leaving no room for stress on brain, for cognitive attention (o soft and hard fascination n, Hard Fascination: emphasizes on a particular natural element or natural setting, leaving no room for distraction Soft Fascination : emphasizes on a variety of natural elements, arranged in a particular pattern, as to engage the person, through a defined path, generating the stimuli for exploration and generation of excitement. Being Away The component emphasizes on the attribute of being physically and q e >» psychologically away from a Biophilic element and the restoration quality it generates. It can be through being physically away trom the element and reconciling or remembering it, with eyes closed, reducing mental fatigue and energy wastage on cognition or brain functioning. 6|PageTI Biophilic Design and Architecture “This diverts the mind from stresses of work and takes it on natural elements, which doesn’t stresses brain, providing relaxation and restoring brain and neuro-muscular system, restoring a person's attention” (Tatiana Abaurre Alencar,2010: biophilic design framework: Structuring the relationship between exposure to nature and health benefits,p.64) Extent It emphasizes on the extent of natural surroundings those are efficient to engage fa person through a continuous series of attention generating elements, further generating fascination. If the extent is at a micro evel, say potted plants, the attention restoration would be minimal, in comparison to field of flowers or forest, providing ample extent. Compatibility Compatibility component emphasizes that the natural environment and elements provided and the human inclination towards it must be compatible and complementary. That is, the human inclination shall be fulfilled without much struggle or effort. Thus, the experiences those takes place within this component ought to have a high degree of compatibility, 2.2.1.2 Stress Reduction Theory (SRT) The stress recovery theory devised by Roger Ulrich in 1983, in his article “Aesthetic and affective response to natural environments”, concems recovery from psychological siresses. According to this theory, stress is described as a process of generation of human stimuli in response of events, environmental features or situations that are considered as a threat to persons well being. This further generates negative emotions. Based on work of Zojone(1980), Roger Ulrich argues initial response of a person towards an unfamiliar or unknown environment is one of a dislike or disinterest, until specific environmental features are addressed like: Presence of vegetation: complexity: symmetries: textures: views + vistas and absence of elements, leading to generation of threat. These features are said to reduce negative emotions and disliking and arouses attachment or attraction, providing a restorative experience, Roots of these features lies in the evolutionary adaptation and the environmental conditions present during that time. Thus, nature based features may reduce stress, but not artificial or non- natural features like glass, aluminum, ete. 7 [PageTI Biophilic Design and Architecture 2.2.1.3 Perceptual Fluency Account (PFA) PFA acts as an intersection of ART and SRT Theories. The synthesis of this theory dictates that human brain can more frequently and fluently comprehend and generate stimuli to a natural setting in a structured manner, than an urban setting, dominating on the built environments. Thus, fluent encounters, reduces stress on cognition of brain, restoring attention and ultimately, reducing stress. The diagram showing intersection of Attention Restoration Theory and Stress SRT Recluction Theory forming an intersection at PFA. PFA 2.2.2 Theories on Nature- Based and Environmental Preferences Theories on nature- based and environmental preferences are based on the concept that humans have affiliation towards nature, evident from the evolutionary adaptation of the evolutionary adaptation of the ancestors in a natural setting and surroundings. According to the present literature, present theories pertaining to this dor can be divided into four preferences: * Savannah Hypothesis * Prospect and Refuge Theory © Fractal Theory Aesthetic Appeal of Natural Contents 2.2.2.1 Savannah Hypothesis Savannah Hypothesis, introduced by Ecologist Gordon Orions in 1980, emphasizes on the “Environment Selective Theory”. This theory specifies that humans prefers Landscape features to have elements trom the African Savannah, As Orions argued that due to long history of survival of humans in the Savannah Environment and evolutionary adaptation taking place in these environments, generated psychological linkages with the Savannah like landscapes. Thus, a person would intrinsically prefer a Savannah like landscape than present cityscape, that would lead to well being of a person. The features of Savannah- like landscapes include high diversity of flowers; animal lives; scattered cluster of trees; topographic changes; scattered water bodies and multiple long- distances view corridors for surveillance for predators and a bright obstruction free sky. [PageTI Biophilic Design and Architecture 2.2.2.2 Prospect- Refuge Theory For geographer Jay Appleton(1975) , the ability of a person to view a space, without being seen by any other person, is described as the main motivation of this theory, to view a space is “Prospect” and not being seen by others is “Refnge”. The existence of this theory can be linked to our ancestors for whom shelter has been a vital element, be it any form, providing a refuge from outside world and at the same time surveilling areas around from enclosed space, that is Prospect. Prospect and Refiuge can’t exist singularly at any place as both are at equilibrium, where prospect can be divided to two parts Direct : emphasizing on views and vistas, directly visible from a point Indirect: ot deflected vistas, in which vistas change after every point of movement of the viewer And Refuge being small and dark, where a person feels secured. 2.2.2.3 Fractal Theory Fractal theory is led by the ideology that the fractal geometries, present in nature, if mimicked in various components of the built environment, can promote stress- reduction and well being, visually. ‘This concept, generated by Mandelbrot in 1977, suggests that fractal components enhances well being rather than non- fractal components and can be incorporated into various elements of Built- spaces like the staircase design symbolizing fractals and so on. 2.2.2.4 Aesthetic Appeal of Natural Contents Fractal theory is led by the ideology that the fractal geometries, present in nature, if mimicked in various components of the built environment, can promote stress- reduction and well being, visually. This concept, generated by Mandelbrot in 1977, suggests that fractal components enhances well being rather than non- fractal components and can be incorporated into various elements of Built- spaces 2.2.3 Inference and Conclusion The present proposed theories describes aptly and justifies the Biophilic Hypothesis, where the two preferences co-eaists in harmony and are pivotal in being a major component of the Biophilic framework Due to limited time frame and less scope fro modifications, the present theories are adopted in the process of Framework design for adaptation of Biophilia in architectural design, without much modifications and are present in a singular structural system: g|PageTI Biophilic Design and Architecture BOE TO UNE) Peer ih Ld EAI) Ter} 10 [PageTI Biophilic Design and Architecture 2.3 Components as Patterns of Biophilia Christopher Alexander explains patterns as — “, describes a problem which occurs over and over again in our environment, and then describes the case of the solution to that problem, in such a way that you can use this solution a million times over, without ever doing in the same way twice.” (Browning WD, Ryon.C.0,.Claney.J.0.2014}.14 Patterns. of Biophilic Design.New York: Terrapin Bright Green.LLC: p.21) The current Biophilic Design literature lists four guidelines describing various aspects of human- nature connections: © 14 Patterns of Biophilic Design * Dimensions, Attributes and Elements of biophilic Design * Restorative Environment Design (RED) (Gronning, WB, Ryan, C0, Clans, 10. (2014). Patterns af 2.3.1 14 Patterns of Biophilic Design Biaphiie Design New York: Terrapin Bright Green, LLC) Conceptualized by Terrapin Bright Green LLC, a multi-disciplinary consultation company, the Biophilia Hypothesis by Wilson, set up a turning stone in generation of three major concepts of Biophilic Design ‘© Nature of Space Patterns © Nature Analogues ‘© Nature in Space Patterns These main pillar concepts are further subdivided into fourteen sub patterns of Biophilic design, where they have been explained in depth, in terms of experience they create, roots of patterns, design attributes, examples and relation with other patterns, providing opportunities for integrated Biophilic Design Strategies. The table present on the following page is an effort by Terrapin Bright Green, to relate the proposed patterns of Biophilic Design, with the health benefits to the inhabitants, by the patterns: Visual connection with Nature; Nonvisual connection; Non- Rhythmic sensory stimuli: Thermal & Airflow Variability: Presence of Water: Dynamic & diffuse light; Connections with natural systems; Biomorphic forms & patterns; Material connection with nature; Complexity & order; Prospect; Refuge; Mystery; Risk/ Peril [PageTI Biophilic Design and Architecture PATTERNS COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGICAL | PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONING HEALTH HEALTH ] Positively impacted ] Improved meta Lowered blood pressure Wan Nanas" sreagerun atinteress | site Boreal =| Tear Non Visual Positively impacted on Caciaeed eiecovaients | Helical svete bide Connection segntveperonmance —. = Non-Rhythmlc | obsened& quai ] Pasty moc Sensory Stimull aie oe nee ree | pressure & symapihetic altenion & experain fore goer Thermal & Airflow Improved perception of Positively impacted comfort, tomas Bestel peed ‘eon aie (eek noe a peck pewure Improved concentration 8 | Opsorved preferences & Reduced stross, increased memory restoration. ositive emotional | feeling of tr lower Presence of Water Enanced peroopton & | Passe’ | hesitate Steal prenete psychological response Postvely impacted crcadan Dynamic & Diffuse funetoning Light Ieroased visual comtrt ary Enhance postive hath Natural System Shited perzpton of srionmant Biomorphic Forms & (Observed viow preference Pattems PR Natt” improved cate ptomance | Ineroved contt |‘esced casi blood CObcered view peerence Postel mpated Complexity & Order Pr ‘pereeptzal& phyelological Soot responeee Prospect Rodbced boredom intaton, | Inprooved confor & ‘aie pooh analy, Reduced toss Herugs: Improoved concentration, alleen 8 perce 3! fatty ay Induced strong pleasure response Risk/Peril T Induced strong pleasure response Tablet : Biophilic Design Pattems and their Health Impacts (Browning et al., 2014 12|PageTI Biophilic Design and Architecture The following patterns have been explained on the basis of their: © Experiences they create: briefly considers how the pattern might impa feels; © Working with the pattern: highlights design attributes, examples, and consideration © Design considerations ‘Spatial elements used to create design of spaces © Degree of importance : (***) depicts the quality & quantity of pattern & potential for further research the way a space 2.3.1.1 Nature in Space Pattern This pillar talks about the direct inclination or presence of natural elements in a space like plants, with built environment. Humans have an inclination towards nature and this also enhances well being of a human. divided to seven patterns as follows: ir, water, earth and its connections is can be sub- “ . Figure 1: The HY Times Building moss ond teh [pt] Visual Connect with Nature: A view of elements of nature, "Eien new vot by nen lane Cents cout living systems and natural processes. atsas an oasis of cam visual Image Hubert steed | DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE: **4} Experience Naturally Occuring | Health Benefits | Simulated’ Constructed A spave with a good visual + Natural flow of water | * COGNITIVE a god vss — «+ Mechanical flow of water connection with nature feels Vogetation, including | Improved mental + Koi pond, aquarium whole; it grabs one’s» fruit bearing plants Grosgomene + Green wall attention & can BE” g Animals, insects «Artwork depicting nature suing + Fossils + psvenowocical |” scenes calming. It can convey ay en Bookie tears See ee ce rain, soil, 5 + Video depicting nature scenes sense of time, weather & attuge & overall «+ Highly designed landscapes other living things haopiness| + PHYSIOLOGICAL Lowsred blood pressura & heart rate TABLE 2: VISUAL CONTACT DEISGN CONSIDERATION’ Prioritize real nature over simulated nature; and simulated nature over no nature. Prioritize biodiversity over acreage, area or quantity. * Prioritize or enable exercise opportunities that are in proximity to green space. ‘Design to support a visual connection that can be experienced for at least 5-20 minutes per day. Design spatial layouts and furnishings to uphold desired view lines and avoid impeding the visual access when in a seated position, 13|PageEEE tioph Design and Architecture ‘© Visual connections to even small instances of nature aan be restorative, and particularly relevant for temporary interventions, or spaces where real estate (floor/ground area, wall space) is limited. © The benefits of viewing real nature may be attenuated by a digital medium, which may be of greatest value to spaces that, due to the nature of its function (e.g., hospital radiation units) cannot easily incorporate real nature oF views to the outdoors [02]_Non-Visual Connect with Nature: olfactory, auditory, gustatory or haptic stimuli that provides a positive reference to nature and natural processes. DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE: ** Experience Naturally Occuring | Health Benefits | Simulated/ Constructed Fragment herbs & + COGNITIVE * Digital simulations of nature ‘A space with a good non- ” flowers ee sak visual connection feels fh « Songbirds fognive pevrmance | * Mechanically released aniiveP iy & well balanced; the | Mowing water natural plant oils ambient conditions are + PSYCHOLOGICAL + Weather( rain, wind & + Highly textured Ee asia hail) : Par ae renee fabrics/textiles that mimic Variable but at the sume 4 rural ventilation Inmertsl neat & natural ens (operable windows, Tranguity thateral textures ee whereby preezeways) Audible and/or physically sounds, aromas & textures | | Textured materials pessible water ame reminiscent of being ee © (stone, wood, far) Reduced systofe bod |» feature + Crackling fire! prsoue farss + Music with fractal qualities fireplace peasy » Horticulturc/gardening, including edible + plants + Domesticated animals/pets + Honeybse apiary TABLE 3: WON visuaL CONTACT DEISGN CONSIDERATIONS- ‘+ Prioritize nature sounds over urban sounds. ‘* Design for non-visual connections that can be easily accessed from one or multiple locations, and in such a way that allows daily engagement for 5 to 20 minutes at a time Integrate non-visual connections with other aspects of the design program. © A single intervention that can be experienced in multiple ways can enhance the impacts, © Design for visual and non-visual connections to be experienced simultaneously to maximize potential positive health responses. Figure 2: A fountain and gardens the Cala lhambra m Granada, Span Provide 4 nonvsual experience of ‘ature, Image © Das Ferntrom/Fike 14 [PageDesign and Architecture EEE tioph [03]_Non- Rhythmic Sensory Stimuli: short term connections with mature, that can be analysed systematically, but can't be predicted precisely. DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE: ** Experience Naturally Occuring | Health Benefits | Simulated/ Constructed ‘© Billowy fubric or screen A space with a good Non- © Cloud movement | * COGNITIVE, materials that move or rhythmic stimuli feels as if + Breezes ‘Observed & queried listen with one is momentarily privy to ¢ Plantlife rustling | behevloural measures of | © light or breezes something specila, + Water babbling attention & emioraton” |. Reftcctions of water on a something fresh, interesting, Insect and animal surface YCHOLOGICAL stimulating & energizing, I movement een | # Shadows or dappled light is a brief, bat welcome «Birds chirping that change with movement distraction «Fragrant flowers, | * PHYSIOLOGICAL AS trees and herbs Pectively impacted on | * time har ra, syste eos | © Nature sounds broadcasted pressure &symantnete | at unpredictable intervals eee Mechanically released plant oils TABLE 4: NOW AHF THMIC SENSORY STIMULE DEISGN CONSIDERATIONS- + Asa general guideline, non-rhythmic sensory experiences should occur approximately every 20 minutes for about 20 seconds and, for visual stimuli, from a distance of more than 20 feet away. © Many stimuli in nature are seasonal, so a stratey that is effective year- round, such as with multiple interventions that overlap with seasons, will help ensure that non-thythmic sensory experiences can occur at any given time of the year. + In some cases, the intervention may be similar to that of [PI] Vis [P2] Non-Visual Connection with Nature; what’s important here is the ephemeral and stochastic quality of the intervention. + An intervention that leverages simulation of (rather than naturally occurring) natural stimuli will likely necessitate early collaboration with the mechanical engineer or facilities team. + A non-thythmic stimuli strategy can be interwoven with almost any gure: the Doct Green Communty landscape or horticulture plan, For instance, selecting plant species for on Vancouver island immerses people window boxes that will atract bees, butterflies and other pollinators may Hwa amrtthme smal howe be a more practical application for some projects than maintaining a Moomouse, Toronto star. honeybee apiary or butterfly sanctuary. + Humans perceive movement in the peripheral view much quicker than straight ahead. The brain also processes the movement of living things in 4 different place than it does of mechanical objects (Beauchamp et al., 2003), whereby natural movement is generally pereeived as positive, and ‘mechanical movement as neutral or even negative. 15|PageTI Biophilic Design and Architecture + Asa result, the repeating rhythmic motion of a pendulum will only hold one’s attention briefly, the constant repetitive ticking of a clock may come to be ignored over time, and an ever-present scent may lose its mystique with long-term exposure; whereas, the stochastic movement of a butterfly will capture one’s attention each time for recurring physiological benefits. (p4]__Thermal_and Air Flow Variability: subtle changes in air temperature, relative humidity, airflow across the skin and surface by sgmoporson thu gules macua environoets, z v DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE: ** ‘Experience Naturally Occuring | Health Benefits ‘Simulated/ Constructed * Solar heat gain + COGNITIVE, + HVAC delivery strategy sae with na — * Shadow and shade | Pesitvey impacted ‘© Systems controls Sarat fects refesbing, | * Radiant surface — + Winn deena sa wieaew sctive, alive, invigorating & | metenals + PSYCHOLOGICAL en comfortable. The space * Space/place ene manatee a a provides both a sense of orientation temporal & spat Hexibility & contol * Vegetation with Pleasure seasonal + PHYSIOLOGICAL, densification Positively impacted ‘coment, well-being & producity TABLES: THERMAL & AIRFLOW VARIABILITY DEISGN CONSIDERATIONS- * Incorporation of airflow and thermal conditions into materials, daylighting, mechanical ventilation and/or fenestration will help distribute variability over space and time. * ‘Thermal comfort is a vital bridging component between biophilic design and sustainable design, especially in the face of climate change and rising energy costs. When Thermal and Airflow Variability is implemented in a ‘way that broadens people’s perception of thermal comfort, it may also help reduce energy demands for air conditioning and heating. + Designing in features that allow users to easily adapt and modify their perceived thermal conditions of their environment will increase the range of acceptable temperatures by two degrees Celsius above and below the conventional parameters for thermal comfort (Nicol and Humphreys, 2002). Figured : The Khoo Teck Puat Hospital {505 fresh ait and sunlight to increase thermal comfort” though lowes. lighting designer and MEP engineers) as early as the schematic design image ® Jurong Simic process will be particularly important for achieving design intent * Coordination of design strategies among a project team (e.g., architec, 16|PageTI Biophilic Design and Architecture [p5]_Presence of Water: stimulation and calmness, accessed by fluidity, lighting, proximity and accessibility, creating a sense of place through seeing, hearing and touching water. DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE: ** ‘Experience Naturally Occuring | Health Benefits | Simulated’ Constructed + cocxrnve A ae a good aaa * River, stream, ocean, | Improved concentration & | * Water wall conditions fecls compelling ind, wetland ‘memory cestoration. * Constructed water fall captivating. Fluidity, Yiual access to | EMAPREAPACCHIONL | 6 Routan psychological response sound, lighting, proximity & accessibility each contribute to whether a space is stimulating, calming, ot rainfall and flows * Seasonal arroyos both, + PHYSIOLOGICAL Reduced stress. Inereased feaing tranquil, lower hear rate Sblood pressure DEISGN CONSIDERATIONS- * Prioritize a multi-sensory water experience to achieve the most beneficial outcome, + Prioritize naturally fluctuating water movement over predictable movement or stagnancy. * High volume, high turbulence water features could create discomfort, impact humidity levels or decrease acoustic quality, so proximity may influence appropriateness. + Water features can be water and energy intensive and as such should be used sparingly, particularly in climates with little access to water. Shading the water, using high albedo surfaces, and minimizing the exposed water surface area will minimize water loss through evaporation, and possibly contribute to the biophilic experience. * Constructed stream ‘Reflections of water (real or simulated) on another surface Imagery with water in the ‘composition TABLES: Presence of woter Figures : The Robett and Arlene Kozod Courtyard in theSmthsonian American Am Wuseum. has seamless ater Sheats running across the. floor, feflecing weather and Ughting conditions. Image © Tim Evanson/ Fld. W|PageTI Biophilic Design and Architecture [p6]_Dynamic and Diffused Light: expands varying intensities of light we and shadow, with diurnal changes, mimicking observations from nature = — ¢ 1 ~*~ DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE: ** Experience Naturally Occuring | Health Benefits | Simulated’ Constructed © Daylight from * COGNITIVE *Multiple low glare clectric A space with a good | multiple angles light sources Dynamic & diffuse light 4 Direct sunlight , . + Illuminance condition conveys | » Diumal and seasonal | * FS¥CHOLOGICAL Light distribution expressions of time & | tight - Ambient diffuse lighting on movement to evoke feelings of drama & intrigue. buffered with a sense of © Firelight + PHYSIOLOGICA © Moonlight and star ‘walls and ceiling aries ‘Day light preserving window tase nese a Pietecmarcnes |) See elgg | | tisk ca pe sal igang ae nents ieee a reece eee oor ide dag oe DEISGN consioenATIONS- * Dynamic lighting condit outdoor spaces. + Drastically dynamic lighting conditions, such as with sustained movement, changing colours, direct sunlight penetration and high contrasts, may not be appropriate for spaces where directed attention setivities are performed. * Circadian lighting will be especially important in spaces the people occupy for extended periods of time. ins can help transition between indoor and Figure 6: The Yale Center far (nee natural fipenences. mage © K. Kendal Fick. [07] Connection with natural Systems: Experience of relaxation, nostalgia, enlightenment and frequently anticipating, connections with natural systems, characterizes seasonal and temporal changes of healthy ecosystems. DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE: ** 18 |PageEEE tioph Design and Architecture Experience Naturally Occuring | Health Benefits | Simulated/ Constructed © Climate and weather | * COGNITIVE ¢ Simulated daylighting, ees eh Beet || pater = systems that transition with, Conneetion with Natural systems evokes a |, yee spsvcHonocica, | _ ditnal cycles relationship to a greater | ae * Wildlife habitats ip 8 © Animal behaviors ree whole, making one aware of (c.g., birdhouse, honeybee Pollination, growth, | + puysioLocic: seasonality the cycles of poy apiary; hedges, flowering life. The experience is often Geempsition Pestvely impacted vegetation) relaxing, nostalgic, profound, {yueton conten sain + Exposure of water or enlightening & frequently : fol oe ig © Nightsky visual comfort infrastructure anticipated, SU Scoccetdl patierus * Step wells for seasonal ireeze thaw: light rainwater storage and intensity and colour social convergence plant cycles; animal Deceit oie ‘migration; ambient (eather, stone, copper, scents) bronze, wood) TABLE: CONWECTION VATA NATURAL SYSTEMS DEISGN CONSIDERATIONS- + In some cases, providing visual access to existing natural systems will be change form or expand function with exposure to solar heat gain, wind, rain/moisture, or shading), structures (e.g., steps wells), and land formations (e.g., bio swales, arroyos, dunes) will be necessary to achieve + Design interactive opportunities, especially for children, patients, and the elderly (e.g., integrative educational curriculum; horticulture programs, community gardens; seasonal cooking/diet) i i ll Figure 7: the greanroof of COOKFOX architects’ New York office dramatically changes in appearence through the year, visually connecting occupants with the seasons and lcal ecosystem activity, Images courtesy of Bil Browning. 19|PageTI Biophilic Design and Architecture 5g 2.3.1.2 Nature Analogues Pattern This pillar talks about the analogues of nature where elements of natural environments can be applied or mimicked to the built form. The benefits of nature represented in artwork are measurable but less effective than benefits derived trom actual trees or plants in the outdoors. These can be sub-divided into three patterns: [p8]_Biomorphic Forms and Patterns: interest, comior, captivation, ete #,™e etguie nd araceons contemplation, biomorphic forms and patterns symbolize contoured, — decorative elements of the Hote Tassel in patlerned and textural arrangements possible in nature Secon Midas Image O eve omend DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE: * Experience Decor Health Benefits Form/ Function * Fabrics, carpet poem + Arrangement of the structural ‘A space with a good” wallpaper designs is veaiare anaes a system (e.g, columns shaps Biomorphic forms & based on Fibonacci like trees) patterns feels interesting & oios or Golden sj BSYCHOLOGICAL | Baiting form comfortable posibly Mean ‘Coser view reference | coustic pancling (wall or caplivaing, contempolative 4 Window details: im | « ppysioLocica cling) cor even absorptive and moldings, glass | | © Railings, banisters, fencing. colour, texture, - gates ‘mullion design, + Furniture form swindow reveal detail © Window details: fit, ight + Installations and shelves, fins free-standing Pathway and hallway form sculptures Furniture details * Woodwork, masonry © Wall decal, paint style or texture TABLE 9: BIOMORFHIC FORMS & PATTERNS DEISGN CONSIDERATIONS + Apply on 2 or 3 planes or dimensions (e.g., floor plane and wall; furniture windows and soffits) for greater diversity and frequency of exposure, + Avoid the overuse of forms and patterns that may lead to. visual toxicity. + Mote comprehensive interventions will be more cost effective when they are introduced early in the design process. 20|PageEEE tioph Design and Architecture (29]_ Material Connections with Nature: warmth, authencity, stimulations of touch, ‘material connections with nature, reflects local ecology and geology to create a distinctive sense of place. DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE: nil Experience Decor Health Benefits | Form/ Function * Accent details (natural | . cogsimive ‘Wall construction (wood, ee Boa ae Ln ‘wood grains; leather; stone, Sree stone) terial conection wit improved creative * fossil textures: _ bamboo, |» Structural systems mince aaipene porfarmanes. Structural system dried grasses, cork) ‘ Interior surfaces (veneer, countertops) ‘© Woodwork, stonework © Natural colour palette, particularly greens authentic & sometimes stimulating to touch, Improved comfort Pressure + PSYCHOLOGIC! + PHYSIOLOGICAL ‘(heavy timber beams) ‘*Fagade material ‘© Furniture form ‘* Footpaths, bridges Fleduced diastolic blood TABLE 10: MATERIAL CONNECTIONS WITH NATURE DEISGN CONSIDERATIONS- © Quantities of a (natural) material and colour should be specified based on intended function of the space. In the same vein, a degree of variability of ‘materials and applications is recommended over high ratios of any one ‘material or colour. © Real materials are preferred over synthetic variations because human receptors can (ell the difference between real and synthetic, so minimally processed materials from real nature are preferred whenever possible. Incorporating instances of the colour green may help enhance creative jentific studies on the impact of the colour green have mostly been conducted in controlled lab environments, so dependence ‘on colour to engender ereativty should be considered experimental. environments; however, [p10] Complexity and Order: information- riclmess, balance between boring and overwhelming, complexity and order sticks to spatial hictarchies iar to those encountered Experience Decor Health Benefits Figure 9 : Leather dad elevator lobby of ‘the Bank of America Tower in Re York by COOKFOX Architects visually warms the space. Image © Biyana Dimtrove / Photography by Blyana Dimitrov Form/ Function ‘Wallpaper and carpet design ‘© Material texture and contour © Window demils: trim and moldings, glass colour, texture, mullion design, window reveal detail ‘© Plant selection variety and improved creative A space with a good 2 : performance. Complexity & order feels engaging & information- rich, as an intriguing balance hetween boring & overwhelming. Improved comfort + PSYCHOLOGICAL, + PHYSIOLOGICAL © Exposed siructure = Facade materials ‘© Building skyline ‘© Floor plan, landscape plan, urban grid ‘= Pedestrian traffic & resource flows placement Complex plant oil |_-Reduced diastole blood fragrances pressure © Auditory stimuli TABLE 11: COMPLEXITY & ORDER 21[PageTI Biophilic Design and Architecture DEISGN CONSIDERATIONS- + Prioritize artwork and material selection, architectural expressions, and landscape and master planning schemes that reveal fractal geometries and hierarchies, + Fractal structures with iterations of three will be more impactful than a design limited to two iterations. * Computer technology using the algorithms of mathematical and geometric functions can produce fractal designs for architectural, design and planning applications with ease. * Over-use of and/or extended exposure to high-fractal dimensions could instill discomfort or even fear, countering the intended response: to nourish and reduce stress. Avoidance or under-utilization of fractals fore 20 1 Ts penn in, fecue of te hom Lanne in design could result in complete predictability and disinterest, Galleria and atrium at Brookfield +A new building or landscape design should take ito acount ts MMC ML Suge Cla impact on the fractal quality of the existing urban skyline stearen Tot. nate © Reto rau. i 2.3.1.3 Nature of Space Pattern This pillar elaborates the physiological and psychological human responses to the environment generated stimulus, which leads to well being of humans. This can be divided to four sub- heads: di Figme 21: The cent Inset by Lous Ka frames the stew of the Paci, trench [PL1] Prospect: openness and freedom, impacting sense of security and prospect image o all Browning . control, prospect pattern is a view, over a distance, for surveillance and planning. plaza of the Salk 12 Ill, Calor DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE: *** TABLE 12: PROSPECT Experience Spatial Attributes | Health Benefits | Common Features + coor “home vans Serer eres eee ee ahead oie Prose condion foc (Focal lengths >20 fet fiatoniaiue + Balconies, catwalks, staircase cyan a feving, yet |° Panton heights <42 cee imparts a sense of safety | inches (hedges; opaque * PSXCHOLOGICAL —_|= Open floorplans & control, particularly | workplace partitions) -weowedeaniet!& + Elevated planes when alone or in an Views including shade trees, ‘unfamiliar environments bodies of water or evidence of ‘human habitation 22|Page