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» psychologically away from a Biophilic element and the restoration quality it generates. It can be through being physically away trom the element and reconciling or remembering it, with eyes closed, reducing mental fatigue and energy wastage on cognition or brain functioning 6lPageTI Biophilic Design and Architecture “This diverts the mind from stresses of work and takes it on natural elements, which doesn’t stresses brain, providing relaxation and restoring brain and neuromuscular system, restoring a person's attention” (Tatiana Abaurre Alencar,2010: biophilic design framework: Structuring the relationship between exposure to nature and health benefits,p.64) Extent 's on the extent of natural surroundings those are efficient to engage fa person through a continuous series of attention generating elements, further ‘generating fascination. If the extent is at a micro level, say potted plants, the attention restoration would be minimal, in comparison to field of flowers or forest, providing ample extent. Compatibility Compatibility component emphasizes that the natural environment and elements provided and the human inclination towards it must be compatible and complementary. Thal is, the human inclination shall be fulfilled without much struggle or effort. Thus, the experiences those takes place within this component ought to have a high degree of compatibility, 2.2.1.2 Stress Reduction Theory (SRT) The stress recovery theory devised by Roger Ulrich in 1983, in his article “Aesthetic and affective response to natural environments”, concems recovery from psychological stresses. According to this theory, stress is described as a process of generation of human stimuli in response of events, environmental features or situations that are considered as a threat to persons Well being. This further generates negative emotions. Based on work of Zojone(1980), Roger Ulrich argues initial response of a person towards an unfamiliar or unknown environment is one of a dislike or disinterest, umtil specific environmental features are addressed like: Presence of vegetation: complexity: symmetries: textures: views : vistas and absence of elements, leading to generation of threat. These features are said to reduce negative emotions and disliking and arouses attachment or attraction, providing a restorative experience, Roots of these features lies in the evolutionary adaptation and the environmental conditions present during that time. Thus, nature based features may reduce stress, but not artificial or non- natural features like glass, aluminum, etc. 7|PageTI Biophilic Design and Architecture 2.2.1.3 Perceptual Fluency Account (PFA) PFA acts as an intersection of ART and SRT Theories. The synthesis of this theory dictates that human brain can more frequently and fluently comprehend and generate stimuli to a natural setting in a structured manner, than an urban setting, dominating on the built environments. Thus, fluent encounters, reduces stress on cognition of brain, restoring attention and ultimately, reducing stress. The diagram showing intersection of Attention Restoration Theory and Stress SRT Recluction Theory forming an intersection at PFA. PFA 2.2.2 Theories on Nature- Based and Environmental Preferences ‘Theories on nature- based and environmental preferences are based on the concept that humans have affiliation towards nature, evident from the evolutionary adaptation of the evolutionary adaptation of the ancestors in a natural setting and surroundings. According to the present literature, present theories pertaining to this dor can be divided into four preferences: * Savannah Hypothesis * Prospect and Refuge Theory © Fractal Theory Aesthetic Appeal of Natural Contents 2.2.2.1 Savannah Hypothesis Savannah Hypothesis, introduced by Ecologist Gordon Orions in 1980, emphasizes on the “Environment Selective Theory”. This theory specifies that humans prefers Landscape features to have elements trom the African Savannah As Orions urgued that due to long history of survival of humans in the Savannah Environment and evolutionary adaptation taking place in these environments, generated psychological linkages with the Savannah like landscapes. Thus, a person would intrinsically prefer a Savannah like landscape than present cityscape, that would lead to well being of a person. The features of Savannah- like landscapes include high diversity of flowers; animal lives; scattered cluster of trees; topographic changes; scattered water bodies and multiple long- distances view corridors for surveillance for predators and a bright obstruction free sky. B|PageTI Biophilic Design and Architecture 2.2.2.2 Prospect- Refuge Theory For geographer Jay Appleton(1975) , the ability of a person to view a space, without being seen by any other person, is described as the main motivation of this theory, to view a space is “Prospect” and not being seen by others is “Refnge”. The existence of this theory can be linked to our ancestors for whom shelter has been a vital element, be it any form, providing a refuge from outside world and at the same time surveilling areas around from enclosed space, that is Prospect. Prospect and Refiuge can’t exist singularly at any place as both are at equilibrium, where prospect can be divided to two parts Direct : emphasizing on views and vistas, directly visible from a point Indirect: ot deflected vistas, in which vistas change after every point of movement of the viewer. And Refuge being small and dark, where a person feels secured. 2.2.2.3 Fractal Theory Fractal theory is led by the ideology that the fractal geometries, present in nature, if mimicked in various components of the built environment, can promote stress- e reduction and well being, visually. ‘This concept, generated hy Mandelbrot in 2 1977, suggests that fractal components enhances well being rather than non- se fractal components and can be incorporated into various elements of Built- spaces like the staircase design symbolizing fractals and so on. 2.2.2.4 Aesthetic Appeal of Natural Contents Fractal theory is led by the ideology that the fractal geometries, present in nature, if mimicked in various components of the built environment, can promote stress- reduction and well being, visually. This concept, generated by Mandelbrot in 1977, suggests that fractal components enhances well being rather than non- fractal components and can be incorporated into various elements of Built- spaces 2.2.3 Inference and Conclusion The present proposed theories describes aptly and justifies the Biophilic Hypothesis, where the two preferences co-exists in harmony and are pivotal in being a major component of the Biophilic framework Due to limited time frame and less scope fro modifications, the present theories are adopted in the process of Framework design for adaptation of Biophilia in architectural design, without much modifications and are present in a singular structural system: 9|PaceTI Biophilic Design and Architecture BOE UNE} PTR en in Ld 10|PageTI Biophilic Design and Architecture 2.3 Components as Patterns of Biophilia Christopher Alexander explains patterns as — “, describes a problem which occurs over and over again in our environment, and then describes the case of the solution to that problem, in such a way that you can use this solution a million times over, without ever doing in the same way twice.” (Browning WD, Ryon.C.0, Claney.J.O.2014}.14 Patterns: of Biophilic Design.New York: Terrapin Bright Greon.L4C: p.21) The current Biophilic Design literature lists four guidelines describing. various aspects of human- nature connections: © 14 Patterns of Biophilic Design * Dimensions, Attributes and Elements of biophilic Design Restorative Environment Design (RED) (Gronning, WB, Ryn, C0, Clancy, 10. (2014). H Patterns af 2.3.1 14 Patterns of Biophilic Design Biophite Design New Yorks Terrapin Bright Green, LLC) Conceptualized by Terrapin Bright Green LLC, a multi-disciplinary consultation company, the Biophilia Hypothesis by Wilson, set up a turning ston generation of three major concepts of Biophilic Design + Nature of Space Patterns + Nature Analogues + Nature in Space Patterns ‘These main pillar concepts are further subdivided into fourteen sub patterns of Biophilic design, where they have been explained in depth, in terms of experience they create, roots of patterns, design attributes, examples and relation with other patterns, providing opportunities for integrated Biophilic Design Strategies. ‘The table present on the following page is an effort by Terrapin Bright Green, to relate the proposed patterns of Biophilic Design, with the health benefits to the inhabitants, by the patterns: Visual connection with Nature: Nonvisual connection; Non- Rhythmic sensory stimuli; Thermal & Airflow Variability; Presence of Water: Dynamic & diffuse light; Connections with natural systems; Biomorphic forms & patterns; Material connection with nature; Complexity & order; Prospect; Refuge; Mystery; Risk/ Peril M|PageTI Biophilic Design and Architecture PATTERNS COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGICAL | PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONING HEALTH | HEALTH Posiivelyimpacted Visual Connection Imgroved mental Lowered blood pressure with Nature cage stontvenee | Ste Borel | kre Non Visual cine wie Patciaved improvements Reduced systolic blood Connection ‘cognitive periormance a toe Pstvely impacted on Boney ni | Seemaia aes a _ Feat oe id Sensory prosuire ksymanihe atention & exploration peer ‘Thermal & Airflow sii Improved perception of Postvaly impacted cantor. Variability Rosthely imparted “enpor &Spata ‘wall being & productity pewsure ee ena Goce el Heinaiem | Rati st ee. tamed Presence of Water Evmoipemntana | Peni em ea een xe peychoiogeal response | Positvely impacted ean ‘ie kon |Pettretctes Light Ineraasod veual emt Connection with Enhanced positive heath ‘esponses Natural System ‘Shifted perception of “enironmant Biomorphic Forms & Pattems Observed viow preference Material Connection with Nature Complexity & Order Improved erative porormanes Improved comfort (Observed view preference Feuced alatolic blood pressure Positively impacted pperceplual & physiclogical ‘sires responses Induced sirong pleasure response Prospect Reduced boredom inition, | Imroaved conor & taligue perceived salely Resco teas Henge. Improoved concentration, allertion & pereepion of sty Mystery Induced strong pleasure response, RiskiPeril Tablet : Biophilic Design Pattems and their Health Impacts (Browning et al., 2014 12|PageTI Biophilic Design and Architecture The following patterns have been explained on the basis of their: This pillar talks about the direct inclination or presence of natural elements in a space like plants, with built- environment. Humans have an inclination towards nature and this also enhances well being of a human, This can be sub- divided to seven patterns as follows: “ . igre: The Y Times Building moss ond bteh pt} Visual Connect with Nature: A view of elements of nature, ‘in new vot by nen lane Cents cout living systems and natural processes. aetsas an oasis of calm sal © Experiences they create: briefly considers how the pattern might impa feels; Working with the pattern: highlights design attributes, examples, and consideration + Design considerations ‘Spatial elements used to create design of spaces © Degree of importance : (***) depicts the quality & quantity of pattern & potential for further research the way a space 2.3.1.1 Nature in Space Pattern ir, water, earth and its connections mage Hubert steed, DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE: **4) Experience Naturally Occuring | Health Benefits | Simulated’ Constructed ‘A space with a good visual» Natural flow of water | * COGNITI a god vss — *# Mechanical low of water conection with nature feels « Vegetation, including | Improved mental « Koi pond, aquarium: whole; it grabs one’s» fruit bearing plants cores + Green wall attention & can bes Animals, insects «Artwork depicting natare eae +» Fossils, | + PSYCHOLOGICAL, scenes calming, It can convey @ | . Terain, soil, carth Positively impacted Video depicting nature scenes sense of time, weather & attitude & overall 2 5 eee mee + Highly designed landscapes DEISGN CONSIDERATIONS | + puysioLocieaL Lowared blood preseura & head rate TABLE 2: VISUAL CONTACT Prioritize real nature over simulated nature; and simulated nature over no nature. Prioritize biodiversity over acreage, area or quantity. Prioritize or enable exercise opportunities that are in proximity to green space. Design to support a visual connection that can be experienced for at least 5.20 minutes per day. Design spatial layouts and furnishings to uphold desired view lines and avoid impeding the visual access when in a seated position, 13|PageTI Biophilic Design and Architecture * Visual connections to even small instances of nature can be restorative, and particularly relevant for temporary interventions, or spaces where real estate (floor/ground area, wall space) is limited. © The benefits of viewing real nature may be attenuated by a digital medium, which may be of greatest value to spaces that, due to the nature of its function (e.g., hospital radiation units) cannot easily incorporate real nature oF views to the outdoors [02]_Non-Visual Connect with Nature: olfactory, auditory, gustatory or haptic stimuli that provides a positive reference to nature and natural processes. DEGREE OF IMPO! Experience Naturally Occuring | Health Benefits | Simulated/ Constructed + Fragment herbs & + COGNITIVE, + Digital simulations of nature ‘A space with a good non- flowers sounds Positively impacted on visual connection teels fresh 6 Songbirds cognitive performance & it Salant: te | © Rowing wae ambient conditions are + Weather( rain, wind & percieved as complex & ” painy variable bur at the same + PSYCHOLOGICAL Percieved improvements at the same. Natu veiation | inert hei pie Gate (operable windows, Tranqualty comfortable, whereby | {cPerble wi sounds, aromas & textures, tetnod materials + PHYSIOLOGICAL are reminiscent of Beit” ine, wood fur) | Rede att ood oem ns ‘© Crackling fire? pressure & stress: ‘ermanes freplce ‘+ Prioritize nature sounds over urban sounds. ‘© Design for non-visual connections that can be easily accessed from one or multiple locations, and in such a way that allows daily engagement for 5 to 20 minutes at a time * Integrate non-visual connections with other aspects of the design program. © A single intervention that can be experienced in multiple ways can enhance the impacts, © Design for visual and non-visual connections to be experienced simultaneously to maximize potential positive health responses. + Mechanically released natural plant oils + Highly textured fabriesextiles that mimic natural material textures + Audible andlor physically wccessible water feature ‘ Music with fractal qualities + Horticulture/gardening. including edible * plants + Domesticated animalsipers ‘* Honeybee apiary TABLE 3: NON VISUAL CONTACT Figure 2: A fountain and gardens i the Calat alhambra im Granada, Spain provide a nonvsual eperience of ‘ature nage © Dan Fernctrom/ Fike 14 [PageDesign and Architecture EE toon [03] _Non- Rhythmic Sensory Stimuli: short term connections with mature, that can be analysed systematically, but can't he predicted precisely. DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE: ** Experience Naturally Occuring | Health Benefits | Simulated/ Constructed ‘© Billowy fubric or sereen A space with a good Non- * Cloud movement | * COGNITIVE materials that move or rhythmic stimuli feels as if + Breezes Observed & quanttiod listen with one is momentarily privy to + Plantlife rustling | behevoural measures of | «light or breezes something specila, + Water babbling attention & emioraton” |. Reficetions of water on a something fresh, interesting, «Insect and animal sf | + psvcnonocrcar surface stimulating & energizing, I movement en | # Shadows or dappled light is a brief, bot welcome «Birds chirping that change with movement distraction ‘Fragrant flowers, | * PHYSIOLOGICAL or trees and herbs Pome test on || = lime har rao, syste ood | © Nature sounds broadcasted pressure & symaptnete | ay unpredictable intervals romvous system sei¥y | Mechanically released plant oils : TABLE 4: WON RHYTHMIC SENSORY STULL DEISGN CONSIDERATIONS- + Asa general guideline, non-rhythmic sensory experiences should occur approximately every 20 minutes for about 20 seconds and, for visual stimuli, from a distance of more than 20 feet away. * Many stimuli in nature are s onall, so a strategy that is effective year~ round, such as with multiple interventions that overlap with seasons, will help ensure that non-rhythmic sensory experiences can occur at any given time of the year. + In some cases, the intervention may be similar to that of [PI] Vis [P2] Non-Visual Connection with Nature; what’s important here is the ephemeral and stochastic quality of the intervention. + An intervention that leverages simulation of (rather than naturally occurring) natural stimuli will likely necessitate early collaboration with the mechanical engineer or facilities team. + A non-thythmic stimuli strategy can be interwoven with almost any gure: tne poets Gree Communty landscape or horticulture plan, For instance, selecting plant species for on vancouver island immerses people window boxes that will atract bees, butterflies and other pollinators may HWA amrtthme smal howe be a more practical application for some projects than maintaining a Moomovse, Toronto star. honeybee apiary or butterfly sanctuary. ‘+ Humans perceive movement in the peripheral view much quicker than straight ahead. The brain also processes the movement of living things in 4 different place than it does of mechanical objects (Beauchamp et al., 2003), whereby natural movement is generally perceived as positive, and ‘mechanical movement as neutral or even negative. 15 |PageTI Biophilic Design and Architecture + Asa result, the repeating rhythmic motion of a pendulum will only hold one’s attention briefly, the constant repetitive ticking of a clock may come to be ignored over time, and an ever-present scent may lose its mystique with long-term exposure; whereas, the stochastic movement of butterfly will capture one’s attention each time for recurring physiological benefits. (p4]__Thermal_and Air Flow Variability: subtle changes in air temperature, relative humidity, airflow across the skin and surface A+ sezopersua tha. onienera-omvironeens, z v DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE: ** ‘Experience Naturally Occuring | Health Benefits | Simulated/ Constructed = Solar beat + HVAC delivery strategy A space with a good) = Petively impacted a : * Shadow and shade eitely im ‘Systems controls Thermal air flow & Concerstaon = Radiant tixfase anne + Window glazing and window variability feels refreshing, active, alive, invigorating & _ Muiterials + PSYCHOLOGICAL, jae Tere comfortable. ‘The space * Space/place Ceme eeea e e provides both a sense of orientation temporal & spat Hexibility & control * Vegetation with Please seasonal + PHYSIOLOGICAL, densification patkay eed corte, wall bang & productivity TABLES: THERMAL & AIRFLOW VARIABILITY DEISGN CONSIDERATIONS- * Incorporation of airflow and thermal conditions into materials, daylighting, mechanical ventilation and/or fenestration will help distribute variability over space and time. * ‘Thermal comfort is a vital bridging component between biophilic design and sustainable design, especially in the face of climate change and rising energy costs. When Thermal and Airflow Variability is implemented in a ‘way that broadens people’s perception of thermal comfort, it may also help reduce enerzy demands for air conditioning and heating. + Designing in features that allow users to easily adapt and modify their perceived thermal conditions of their environment will increase the range of acceptable temperatures by two degrees Celsius above and below the conventional parameters for thermal comfort (Nicol and Humphreys, 2002). Figyred: The Khoo Teck at Hostal + Coordination of design strategies among a project team (e.g, architect, {Stas aw and sunlight naease lighting designer and MEP engineers) as early as the schematic design image sr Yorgsim/ria. provess will be particularly important for achieving design intent 16|PageTI Biophilic Design and Architecture [p5]_Presence of Water: stimulation and calmness, accessed by fluidity, lighting, proximity and accessibility, creating a sense of place through seeing, hearing and touching water. DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE: ** Experience Naturally Occuring | Health Benefits | Simulated/ Constructed + cooxrnve A space with good water «River, aream ocean, | Ingrovedconcaaton&) + Water wall conditions fecls compelling 1, wetland memory restoration. © Constructed water fall & captivating. Fluidity. Yat access to | EMAMVEAPEEHCN Z| Fountain sound lieing rosity & | if and foes Payehologeal response. | Constructed stream accessibility each contribute | 4 Seema) arroyee ssveriotocicat, | * Reflections of water (cal or fo whether a space is ‘Observed proterences 2 | simulated) on another surface stimulating, calming, or Dostve emotional Pirened iearseetan is both response composition + wunsloLouieaL Reduces sess Inroasod Toa ot ‘anqulty, lower hear rate Sbload pressure TABLES: Presence of woter DEISGN CONSIDERATIONS- * Prioritize a multi-sensory water experience to achieve the most beneficial outcome. + Prioritize naturally fluctuating water movement over predictable movement or stagnaney. * High volume, high turbulence water features could create discomfort, impact humidity levels or decrease acoustic quality, so proximity may influence appropriateness. © Water features can be water and energy intensive and as such should be used sparingly. particularly in climates with little access to water Shading the water, using high albedo surfaces, and minimizing the exposed water surface area will minimize water loss through evaporation, _FgureS:The Robert and Alene ogo and possibly contribute to the biophilic experience. Sontret he Retethieie Anwion aie nwing cent the few fetecing, weather and itn conditions. image © Tim Evanson/ Fld. W|PageTI Biophilic Design and Architecture [p6]_ Dynamic and Diffused Light: expands varying intensities of light Fe and shadow, with diurnal changes, mimicking observations from nature =( )= ¢ 1 ~* DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE: ** Experience Naturally Occuring | Health Benefits | Simulated’ Constructed * Daylight from + COGNITIVE, + Multiple low glare electric A. space with a good multiple angles = light sources Dynamic & diffuse light. Pyzect sunlight iiss condition COnVEYS s Diumal and seasonal | * PSYCHOLOGICAL | 6 jot distribution epee AE ae | ipte + Ambient diffuse lighting on movement to evoke feelings of drama & intrigue, buffered with a sonse of Firelight + PHYSIOLOGICAL ‘walls and ceiling Moonlight and star | 5 yt impacted * Day light preserving window tie eats ca! P ekecwarence) | Sees ag ||| orae cape cal igting ae i ager talang eu Cease ieme nce an te ag eo pine een DEISGN consiocnaTIONs- * Dynamic lighting condit outdoor spaces. + Drastically dynamic lighting conditions, such as with sustained movement, changing colours, direct sunlight penetration and high contrasts, may not be appropriate for spaces where directed attention r aotivities are performed. Figuce 6"The Yale Center forth Arie * Circadian lighting will be especially important in spaces the people aes natural ehting 10 rand create damatie occupy for extended periods of time, xperenees. mage K Kenl/cke ns can help transition between indoor and [07] Connection with natural Systems: Experience of relaxation, nostalgia, enlightenment and frequently anticipating, connections with natural systems, characterizes seasonal and temporal changes of healthy ecosystems. DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE: ** 18|PageEE toon Design and Architecture Experience Naturally Occuring | Health Benefits | Simulated/ Constructed + Climate and weather | * COGNITIVE Shinalated daylinhking, ‘A space with a good mulated daylighting pattems = systems that transition with Connection with Natural y eee. nie es oS + PSYCHOLOGICAL, siurnal cycles 8 + Geology PSYCHOLOGICAL | «wildlife habitats relationship to a greater. Animal behaviors ple alia whole, making one aware of (eg., birdhouse, honeybee feasaalty & the gies of | Relation gromh. | - mnrsovowieat. | apiay: hedges, lowering life. The experience is offen eccmnpaition Postel impacted vegetation) relaxing. nostalgic, profound Tuma yunerns | SReAahSHeM | « Exposure of water or enlightening & frequently > Nich sky viva eomton infrastructure anticipated. © Scasonal patterns » Step wells for seasonal (freeze thaw: light rainwater storage and intensity and eolour social converwence plant eyes; snimal + Natural patina of materials eee ambient (leather, stone, copper, scents) bronze, wood) "ABLE ®: CORWECTION WTA NATURAL SYSTEMS DEISGN CONSIDERATIONS- + In some cases, providing visual access to existing natural systems will be change form or expand function with exposure to solar heat gain, wind, rain/moisture, or shading), structures (e.g., steps wells), and land formations (e.g., bio swales, arroyos, dunes) will be necessary to achieve * Design interactive opportunities, especially for children, patients, and the elderly (e,g., integrative educational curriculum; horticulture programs, Figure 7: the greenroof of COOKFOX architects! New York office dramatically changes in appearence through the year, visually connecting occupants with the seasons and local ecosystem activity. Images courtesy of Bil Browning. 19 |PageTI Biophilic Design and Architecture Ay 2.3.1.2 Nature Analogues Pattern This pillar talks about the analogues of nature where elements of natural environments can be applied or mimicked to the built form. The benefits of nature represented in artwork are measurable but less effective than benefits derived trom actual trees or plants in the outdoors. These can be sub-divided into three patterns: [8] Biomorphic Forms and Patterns: interest, comfort, captivation, contemplation, biomorphic forms and pattems symbolize contoured, patterned and textural arrangements possible in nature Figute 8 : The organic and curvaceous stats, mosaics, ralings and olher decorative elements of the Hotel Tassel in Brussels by Vicor Horta are 2 clasic example of BlomorghicForms and Patterns. Image © Eloise toorhead. DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE: * Experience Decor Health Benefits | Form/ Function ; = 1+ Fas comet + cocyrrivE # Ansnigement ofths arocurdl A space with a good” allpaper designs system (e.g, calumas shaped Biomorphic forms & based on Fibonacci like trees) palterns feels interesting & series or Golden | PSYCHOLOGICAL |g Biting form comfortable possibly Mean Observe vow preference | scoustic pancling (wall or captivating, contempolstive | 4 Window details: trim | . prrystoLocicat, ceiling) or oven absorptive and moldings, glass + Railings, banister, fencing colour, texture, ‘mullion design, swindow reveal detail Installations and free-standing sculptures Furniture detils * Woodwork, masonry © Wall decal, paint style or texture DEISGN CONSIDERATIONS + Apply on 2 or 3 planes or dimensions (e.g., floor plane and wall: furniture windows and soffits) for greater diversity and frequency of exposure, + Avoid the overuse of forms and patterns that may lead to. visual toxicity. + Mote comprehensive interventions will be more cost effective when they are introduced early in the design process. * Furniture form, © Window details: fit, ight shelves, fins Pathway and hallway form TABLE 9: OMORFHIC FORMS & PATTERNS 20|PageDesign and Architecture EE toon (291. Material Connections with Nature: warmth, authencity, stimulations of toueh, ‘material connections with nature, reflects local ecology and geology to create a distinctive sense of place. DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE: nil Experience Decor Health Benefits Form/ Function Accent details (natural Wall construction (wood, A. space with a goed |” ood grains: eather stone, |“ SOG ie) Material coonection with | 4 fossil textures: bamboo, | (Mavens "® |e Structural systems nature, feels rich, warm & | stn, dried grasses, cork) (heady timber bears) authentic & sometimes | 6 Interior surfaces (Veneer, ‘+ Fagade mat stimulating to touch, atte) © Woodwork, stonework © Namural colour palette, particularly greens Reduced diastolic blood Pressure ‘Furniture form ‘* Footpaths, bridges I | TABLE 10: MATERIAL CONNECTIONS WITH NATURE DEISGN CONSIDERATIONS- © Quantities of a (natural) material and colour should be specified based on intended function of the space. In the same vein, a degree of variability of ‘materials and applications is recommended over high ratios of any one ‘material or colour. © Real materials are preferred over synthetic variations because human receptors can (ell the difference between real and synthetic, so minimally processed materials from real nature are preferred whenever possible. Incorporating instances of the colour green may help enhance creative environments; however, jentfic studies on the impact of the colour green figure 9; Leather dad devaterlobhy of have mostly been conducted in controlled lab environments, so dependence the Bank of America Tower in Ne York by ‘on colour to engender creativity should be considered experimental COOKFOX Architects visually warms the Roe ERAS eceaepes ‘ space. Image © ilyana Dimitrova / ‘Photography by biyana Dimitrov, [p10] Complexity and Order: information- riclmess, balance between boring and overwhelming, complexity and order sticks 1 spatial hicrarchies ilar to those encountered Experience Decor Health Benefits Form/ Function ‘= Wallpaper and carpet design ‘© Material texsure and contout A space with a good |. Window details: trim and © Exposed structure = Facade materials improved creative rformance. * Building skyline Complexity & order feels |" moldings, glass colour, | °° ig shy & information , ‘© Floor plan, landscape engaging & information | texture, mullion design, _| + PSYCHOLOGICAL, ee Fich, as an intriguing | window reveal detail Improved comiort pee nee balance between boring & |. Pinne selection variety and ‘= Pedestrian tific & overwhelming. Wiseman? + PHYSIOLOGICAL resource flows * Complex plant oil |_ Reduced laste blood fragrances pressure © Auditory stimuli TABLE 11: COMPLEXITY & ORDER 21 [PageTI Biophilic Design and Architecture DEISGN CONSIDERATIONS- * Prioritize artwork and material selection, architectural expressions, and lindscape and master planning schemes that reveal fractal geometries and hierarchies, + Fractal structures with iterations of three will be more impactful than a design limited to two iterations. * Computer technology using the algorithms of mathematical and geometric functions can produce fractal designs for architectural, design and planning applications with ease. * Over-use of and/or extended exposure to high-fractal dimensions could instill discomfort or even fear, countering the intended response: to nourish and reduce stress. Avoidance or under-utilization of fra Figure 10 + The engasing cling ruire of the Alles Lambert in design could result in complete predictability and disinterest Galena and atrium at Srocfilé + A new building or landscape design should take into account its Daimg tonto ’med colar impact on the fractal quality of the existing urban skyline suuctre in Toronto. Image © Rese Fle i 2.3.1.3 Nature of Space Pattern This pillar elaborates the physiological and psychological human responses to the environment generated stimulus, which leads to well being of humans, This can be divided to four sub- heads: fi figure 11: The central plaza of the Salk inte by tons rahe afer frames the stew of the Paafic, trench [pL] Prospect: openness and freedom, impacting sense of security and expect imaged alletounng control, prospect pattern is a view, over a distance, for surveillance and planning. DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE: ** TABLE 12: PROSPECT Experience Spatial Attributes Health Benefits | Common Features ee + Transparent materials Prose condicn feos |* Focal lengths 220 feet Biaton‘aigie * Balconies, catwalks, staircase oper ge eing, yet * Parone 14 feet), more drastic differential may be necessary to achieve the desired outcome: freestanding or vegetative alcoves and mezranine-like structures are often effective. + When designing for larger populations or multiple activity types, igre 12: rotsedseiting saves slang the providing more than one kind of refuge space can address varying, Mendon Be Smee pois sense o needs, which can often be met through differing spatial dimensions, ‘“"8*'™=*° ese Wane lighting conditions, and degree of concealment. + Light levels in refuge spaces should differ from adjacent spaces and user lighting controls will broaden functionality as a refuge space [v13]_Mystery: sense of anticipation, denial and reward, achieved : : Figure 13 : Obscured views in Prospect through partially blocked views, that excites the individual, to travel partim aroothyn, tew York, by Frederic deeper into the environment. Law Olmsted ond Cart aux create 6 sense of mystery stdenticement. Image © Fat vourdnFe. DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE: ** Experience Spatial Attributes | Health Benefits | Common Features , , 17 Views ae med + Lightand shadowe space with a good 29 ft) tohigh Improoved concentration, | * Sound or vibration Mystery condition tas a 490 fy depthof fica | green’ pecepton al” | * Soent palpable sense of atleast onc edge of | safety : Activity or movement Artwork or instalation © Form and flow anti tion, oF of being the focal subject is teased, offering the senses 8 Ghuned, preferably | * PSYCHOLOGIC! kind of denial & reward that Ea ll eee two edges = Translucent materials compels one 10 furier «Auditory stimulation investigate the space ae + PHYSIOLOGICAL imperceptible source *# Peek-s-boo windows that partially reveal # Curving cdges, + Winding paths TABLE 14: MYSTERY 24|PageTI Biophilic Design and Architecture DEISGN CONSIDERATIONS- + Curving edges that slowly reveal are more effective than sharp comers in drawing people through a space. * Dramatic shade and shadows can enhance the mystery experience, + Strategies that provide dark shadows or shallow depth of field could instil unappreciated surprise or fear. + The speed at which users are transiting through a space will influence both the size of the aperture and the size of the subject; faster typically ‘means bigger, * Organically evolved mystery conditions (eg., low maintenance gardens with winding paths) are expectedly going to change characteristics over time. These changes should be monitored as they may enhance the mystery condition, or otherwise degrade it as it evolves into a surprise condition (e.g., overgrowth of plantings leads {© obscuring of depth of field). Figured [p14] Risk/ Peril: Experiencing threat, danger, identifiable threat, with The Lestated Mass at Los Angeles 7 County ttuseum of art. wichach a feasible safeguard, Weives, attst, GENERATING AML EXPRESSION OF MUSK, Image B ate DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE: *** Dotlarhy drt Experience Spatial Attributes "Health Benefits | Common Features + Heights . Double height atrium with A space with a Risk/ pot 7 Hsieh a Reeve une condition feels exhilarating, * Gravity lepronied corneal) PD ae caateaalnee : roves tention & perception of rohitectural 8“ sand with an implied threat Safety = asosien wilh one eels maybe a little mischievous | © Predator- prey role ee or perverse. One feels that it reversal + PSYCHOLOGICAL, . Experiences perceived to be - dfying/ testing gravity Transparent tailing or floor might be dangerous, but intriguing. worth exploris & irresistable + PHYSIOLOGICAL, ee * Getting wet re eee * Getting hurt © Life sized photography of ieee center ‘wild animals TABLE 15: RISK/ PERIL 25|PageTI Biophilic Design and Architecture DEISGN CONSIDERATIONS- + Risk/Peril design interventions are usually quite deliberate and as such will not be appropriate for all user groups of places, " f/x * Design strategies that rely on spatial conditions will be easier to implement when incorporated as early as concept design and schematic phases of the design process + The element of safety must protect the user from harm while still permitting the experience of risk 2.3.1.4 Observations and inference The three main components of Biophilic design contributes to three major themes present: Designing with natural elements and direct human- nature connection; mimicking natural elements, including shapes and forms; character of spaces and spatial patterns of nature, Reviewing literature, the three pillars emphasizes on the simple and clear framework for adoption to Biophilic design. 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