EXPERIMENT NO. - 1 AIM:- To find the thermal conductivity of an asbestos sheet by the guarded hot plate method EXPERIMENT CAPABILITIES:- 1) To determine the effect of temperature on the thermal conductivity of asbestos sheet. 2) ‘To determine the thermal conductivity of an asbestos sheet APPARATUS REQUIRED: Experiment Kit (provided by manufacturer), measuring flask, Stop watch, SPECIFICATIONS:- Specimen Material Asbestos sheet Main heater Diameter 90mm (A=0.00636m") Guard heater Outer Diameter: 150mm (A=0.0176n°) Guard heater Inner Diameter : 100mm Specimen Inner Diameter, d 90 mm or 0.09 m Specimen Outer Diameter 150mm or 0.15m Specimen thickness LHS 2.6 mm Specimen thickness R.H.S. 3.2mm ‘Area of Specimen : Sem Heat Input (Q) V sain hoater X 1 rnin bene (W) THEORY:- There are three mode of heat transfer one of them is heat conduction. In conduction, heat is carried by means of collisions between rapidly moving molecules closer to the hot end of a body of matter and the slower molecules closer to the cold end. Some of the kinetic energy of the fast molecules passes to the slow molecules, and as a result of successive collisions, heat flows through the body from the hot end to the cold end. Solids, liquids, and gases all conduct heat. Conduction is poorest in gases because their molecules are relatively far apart and so interact less frequently than in liquids and solids. Metals are the best conductors of heat because some of their electrons are able to move about relatively freely and ean interact frequently by collisions. ‘The law applicable to conduction is known as Fourier’s law of heat conduction, Which states that time rate of heat flux (heat transfer per unit cross- section area) in any direction (n) is proportional to temperature gradient present in that direction (n). Where n is variable it ean be x, ¥.%4,O,and >.Gn © — 5 x 2 Gn 0 On x, Across—section "On ar On A. Where K, = The thermal conductivity of that material in direction (n). jy, = The time rate of heat flux in direction (n). jime rate of heat transfer in direction (n). z = temperature gradient in direction (n). Thermal conductivity is a material property and it symbolizes the ease by which » material would conduet heat in any direction. The aim of our present experiment is to determine the thermal conductivity of a given material which in our ease is asbestos shcet. One of the significance of Fourier’s law of heat conduction is that it is applicable to one dimensional heat transfer. One of the method by which heat transfer is made one dimensional is by ensuring that temperature difference exist only in that particular direction only. A guarded heat plate method works on the same principle. Here side flow of heat is prevented by adjusting power input to the guard heater. Formula used ‘ pg [Ceatiduss , To Todas pastastos Shawty Xi uay * he Xing! Where (X2— X1) is equal to thickness of specimen and (Te — specimen, Here Q is the total heat transfer rate. ‘u) is a temperature change across EXPERIMENT SET UP EXPLANATION:~ ‘A circular main heater plate (MH) is surrounded by an annular guard heater plate (GH) with a narrow air gap in between. Each heater is made up of electrical resistance wire sandwiched between two brass plates. The function of brass plate is to insure uniform temperature across the section and also to provide back up to heater.Thermocouples are fixed to the plates to measure their surface temperatures. Two circular slabs of the material (Asbestos Sheet) to be tested are placed on either side of and in good thermal contact with the heater plates. On the outer sides of the two slabs (with good thermal contact) two circular Cooling Water Jacket are provided whose surface temperatures can also be monitored with thermocouples (Figure! and 2). hh 7 Heating Element Cooling Water eonsmere Jacket GH Heating Element To Ts Figure | Figure 2‘The purpose of the guard heater is to prevent heat loss from the edge of the main heater by maintaining the temperature outside the main heater at the same temperature as the main heater. This ensures that all heat lost from the main heater flows through the test slabs (One Dimensional Heat Transfer). PROCEDURI 1. 8. 9. Ensure uniform and steady water supply to the cooling water jacket (No air bubble in the water path). Switch on the Electrical supply Choose either main heater mode or guard heater mode with the help of selection switch. Let the main heater mode is selected. Give a particular power input to the main heater (voltage range 25-35 V) by using main heater variae, Also note down power input by measuring voltage and current. Give the same power input to the guard heater by using guard heater variac wait for some time for the steady state to be reached. Then by using the temperature sclection switch ‘measure the temperature at the surface of main heater and guard heater. If the surface temperature is not same then adjust the power input to the guard heater (voltage range 15-25 V) such that surface temperatures of the main heater and guard heater are same ie. T}=Ty and T)=Ts. After a steady state is reached (temperature does not change with respect to time), then by using the temperature selection switch measure all the temperatures (I) to Ts). The exit temperature of the cooling water jacket (Both side) should be same. It can be done by proper adjusting the volume flow rate to the cooling water jacket. Repeat the experiment by supplying different power to the main heater and guard heater Formula Used Power supply to the main heater = Q = V pain neuter X T min heater Where Ce Tduns , Te — Tans —Kasbestes AL i = astern sto ALCS Ridin * Ola KD WE ays ” ear a A= (-A’ is the area of the specimen and ‘d’ is the inner diameter of specimen)OBERVATION TABLE:- Voltmeter | Ammeter | Vollmeter | Ammeter Waier Temperature CC) SiNo. | Reading | Reading | Reading | Reading Wowie | Munn | Woeant | cane TY] Taans Gilet) | (outlet) CALCULATIO! Mean temperature at the surface of the specimen on the heater side, Ty, uns ~ °C Ta, nus ~ °c Mean temperature atthe surface ofthe specimen on cold plate side, Te uss =Te= °c Te aus =Ts=__°€ Area of heat transfer, In above equation, d is the inner diameter of the specimen Heat transferred, ‘ (ae =Ta)uis , (Te ~Tudaus, Sunests sheet ATR yy ne * he Kons @ Ax = (XX) is the thickness of the specimen Thermal conductivity K ssstestos shot ™ Wm'k!PRECAUTIONS:~ 1}, We should insure that there is no air bubble in water path 2} Before power supply is given ensure water is supply to the cooling jacket. RESULT: ‘Thermal conductivity of the given specimen by conduction = Wor'k" VIVA - VOCE QUESTIONS:- Q1. Whats the unit of thermal resistance? Q2. Define thermal diffusivity and explain it significance. Q3. Name the material which has got the highest thermal conductivity and also specify its value. Q4 Name the factors on which the thermal conductivity of a material depends.