IMMUNOLOGY & SEROLOGY (MIDTERMS QUESTIONS)

ANTIGENS:
^____________________- Are substances that are recognized by a particular immunoglobulin
or T-cell receptor and they can serve as the target of an immune response.
^____________________- are any substance that is capable of inducing an immune response
^____________________- is the specific site to which a particular immunoglobulin or T-cell
receptor binds
^many immunogens, including microbial pathogens are _____________________ containing
several different types of ________________, not all of which are _______________
^Not all antigens are _________________ , not every chemical substance that can be bound by
an ___________________ is capable of inducing an immune response.
^_____________________- may be _______________ , having multiple epitope, or
____________, having only one epitope. Generally, ________________ produce a stronger
immune response than _____________ antigens because wide arrays of antibody molecules
are made against the multiple antigens

^the response to an immunogen is often enhanced if it is administered as a mixture with

substances called _______________
^__________________ function in one or more of the ff ways: (3)
^the most widely used ______________ for humans is _________________________ a
suspension of _____________________ on to which the immunogen is absorbed. The
effectiveness size of the immunogen and so promotes its ___________________ and
presentation by __________________
^For a substance or molecule to be immunogenic certain conditions must be fulfilled. These are
(3)
^large ____________________ are the most potent immunogens. ____________________ and
______________________ can also be immunogenic under circumstances.
_________________ and _______________ have not been shown to be immunogenic, thus
they can be an example of molecules that are antigenic but not immunogenic
^extremely small molecules such as ________________ or _________________ are usually not
immunogenic implying a certain minimum size is necessary for _____________________
^a few substances with molecular weights below _______ have proven to be immunogenic. But
as a rule molecules with molecular weights below _______ Da are only weakly immunogenic or
not immunogenic at all. The most potent immunogens are proteins with molecular weight,
greater than ________Da
^A molecule must posses a certain degree of chemical complexity to be immunogenic. For
instance, ____________________ that contain ___________ are better immunogens than are
comparable __________________ without ________________, and immunogenicity of such
________________ is __________________________ to their _____________ contents
^ The immune system normally discriminates between self and non self so that only molecules
that are foreign to the host are __________________. Hence, _____________ isolated from the
serum of a rabbit and injected back in to the same or another rabbit will not yield an immune
response. Every rabbit is tolerant to this __________________. Yet the same protein, if injected
in to other vertebrate species, is likely to evoke substantial antibody responses
^wether a substance will evoke an immune response also depends on the dose and mode of
administration. A quantity of substance that has no effect when injected intravenously may
evoke antibody response when injected subcutaneous particularly if it is accompanied by an
adjuvant.