Recognized as an ‘American National Standard (ANSI) IEEE IEEE Std 241-1990 IEEE Recommended Practice for Electric Power Systems in Commercial Buildings BOOKGray Book TEBE Std 241-1990 IEEE Recommended Practice for Electric Power Systems In Commercial Bulldings (ANSI (ISBN 1-55937-088-2) IEEE Std 241-1090 s part ofthe IEEE Color Book Series that was specically developed {or engineers involved wih al facets of indus tal and commercial power systems. Because ofthe increasing size and com plenty of today's commercial buildings, there is a growing dependence on adequate and reliable electrical systoms. The IEEE Gray ‘Book provides extensive information on each of the various specialized subjects involved in planning the power system ofa new or mod: ‘ermized commercial structure. This compre- hensive source wil alt the electrical enginoor ‘or cesigner to the many problems encountered in designing electrical systoms for commercial bullsings. Extensive information is presented onload requremenis, power sourcas-and ds- tribution systems, supervisory, programmed, and securty systems, and special eccupancy buildings. SH13912Recognized as an IEEE ‘American National Standard (ANSI) Std 241-1990 (Revison of EEE. ‘ed 241-3089) IEEE Recommended Practice for Electric Power Systems in Commercial Buildings Sponsor Power Systems Engineering Committee of the IEEE Industry Applications Society Approved December 6, 1990 IEEE Standards Board Approved May 17, 1991 American National Standards Institute “Abstract: A guide and general reference on electrical design for commercial bulldings is provided. It covers load characteristics; voltage considerations; power sources and distribution systems, power distribution apparatus, con- trollers; services, vaults, and electrical equipment rooms; wiring systems; systems protection and’ coordination; lighting: electric space conditioning, ‘transportation; communication systems planning; facility automation; expan- sion, modernization, and rehabilitation; special requirements by occupany, and. electrical energy management. Although directed to the power oriented engineer with limited commercial building experience, it can be an aid to all engineers responsible for the electrical design of commercial buildings. This recommended practice is not intended to be a complete handbook; however, it ‘can direct the engineer to texts, perlodieals, and references for commercial buildings and act as a guide through the myriad of codes, standards, and practi- ces published by the IEEE, other professional associations, and governmental bodies. Keywords: Commercial buildings, electric power systems, load characteristics,Fst Printing The Institute of Betrical and Hlectronis Engineer ne ‘a6 Hast 7th Street, Now ork, NY 10017-2504, USA Copyright © 1981 by The Institute of Betrical ard Electonics nginers, Ine. ‘Al sgh eeervedPublshed 100 printed n the United Sete of America ISBN 1-55007.088-2 brary of Congress Catalog Number 01-073747 September 18,1901 sansaIBEE Standards documents are developed within the Technical Committees of the IEEE Societies and the Standards Coordinating Committees of the IEEE Standards Board. Members of the comtees serve voluntarily and without compensation. They are not necessarily members of the Institute. The standards developed within IEEE represent a consensus ofthe broad expertise on the subject within the Institute as well as those activities outside of IEEE which have expressed an interest in participating in the development of the standard. 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For this reason IEEE and the members ofits technical commit- ‘tees are not able to provide an instant response to interpretation requests except in those cases where the matter has previously received formal consideration, ‘Comments on standards and requests for interpretations should be addressed to: Secretary, IEEE Standards Board 445 Hoes Lane PO. Box 1331 Pracataway, NJ 08855-1331 USA IEEE Standards documents are adopted by the Institute of Electrical and Elee- tronies Engineers without regard to whether their adoption may involve patents ‘on articles, materials, or processes. Such adoption does not assume any liability to ‘any patent owner, nor does it assume any obligation whatever to parties adopting the standards documents, Institute of Bleceial and Blectronics Engineers. THEE recommended practice for electric power sjtes in commercal budings / sponsor, Power Statens Engineering Commitee ofthe TEEE Tadustry Applications Society; approved December 160 fy] IEEE Standars Board, approved May 17100 [by] American National Standards Insta, cm IEEE Sid 341-1000 (Revision of TEBE Sea 241.1965)" ‘Recognized as an American ational standard (ANSI) Includes bbuopaphiclrelerences and index. ‘Sa T-s097 ta 2 {Commercial buldags Power sappy. 2. Commercial budings--Electric equipment. IEEE dastry Applications Soc. Power Systems Engineering Commie TEEE Sandards Board i America National Standards Ineiete I Tite ie Inatte of Entel and Blectonick Engineers recommended practice for dete power stems in commercial balding, ‘reoseatigr 100) ease ae20 aaaForeword (This Foreword a not part of IEEE Std 241-1000, IEEE Recommended Practice or Petrie Power ‘seems in Commercial Bung) ‘The purpose of IEEE Std 241-1900, the “Gray Book'"is to promote the use of ‘sound engineering principles in the design of commercial buildings, Itis hoped that it will alert the electrical engineer or designer to the many problems that can be ‘encountered in designing electrical systems for commercial buildings and to develop a concer for the professional aspects of commercial building engineering. ‘The Gray Book is not intended to be a complete handbook; however, it will direct. the engineer to texts, periodicals, and references pertaining to commercial build- Ings and will also act as a guide through the myriad of codes, standards, and practices published by the IEEE and other professional associations and govern- mental bodies. ‘The fourth edition of this recommended practice has been written to update readers on the state of the art and to ensure quality electrical engineering design {for commercial buildings. Material contained in previous editions of this book has been reused or updated, where practical, All of the previous contributors to the Gray Book are hereby thanked by the present working group for their diligence and dedication; there would not have been a fourth edition without their many contrbutions to the technical accuracy ‘and substance of this recommended practice. ‘At the time it recommended these practices, the working group of the Power ‘Systems Committee had the following members: ‘Thomas E. Sparling, Chair ‘Tait Andou ‘Steve Goble James W- Patterson Robert atrson Daniel Gebers ‘ames 8 Prin ery askin Brad Gustlson hae! Poiacot CTE Becker Ba Hamner ‘Simon Rico 5:4 Berarin doh Hennings Donald Ross Doug Bors Bary Hornberger Vincent Saori Dies Brereton Lawrence ogrebe ‘tive Sealer Anhur Bashing, R Gerald Ire SS Sengupea René Catenahild ‘Andre Jubase Rober Is Seymour Kao Cher Doulas Karte Lesa Sieh Se James 3 Daly Lary Kel obere Sh, J ‘Tom DeGenaro EA Khan Gary Sutin Md. Dele Isaac Kopee Borald sparing Bard fe Donaghve EW. Kasey Wayne ses Ralph Droste Richard Uennig Joka Dts James 8 Dunean Dan Love Paul seodes ‘oweph Bo Pach Be McCain iver Suma Sherry Pane Dati Moore St Venugopalan ‘rtioe Freand gh O. Nach udalph Verdcrber Palip€: Gannon Pate Nast ‘eonard D- Whalen WG Genne Philip Nobde ‘onal W.2pee‘When the IEEE Standards Board approved this standard on December 6, 1990, it had the following membership: Lawrence V McCall, race McClung Borald Meche” Sig Niven Roy TOs Gaty 8 Robinson ‘Marco W. Migliaro, Chair James M. Daly, Vice Chair ‘Andrew G. Salem, Secretary Dennis Bodson Kenneth D. Hendrix Pal Le Borel Jona W. Boren Pitcher Bucley Tene Le Roepinge™ ‘Allen 1 Capp Treg Keoary ‘Stephen Bion Michael A Lewier Dona C Fckenstein Donald J Loughry Jay Forster" Soha B My Je "Tomas Hannan Member Emerita ‘Terrance R Wnitemore Donal W. peeIEEE Recommended Practice for Electric Power Systems in Commercial Buildings Working Group Members and Contributors ‘Thomas E. Sparling, Chair Chapter 1—Introduction: Daniel L. Goldberg, Chair; Arthur Freund, R. Gerald Irvine, Isaac Kopec, Philip Nobile, Donald W. Zipse (Chapter 2—Load Characteristics: Douglas R. Kanita, Chair; Arthur Bushing, R. Gerald Irvine, Lester Smith, J. ‘Chapter 3—Voltage Considerations: Gary T. Smullin, Chair; C. E, Becker, DS Brereton, S. I. Venugopalan Chapter 4—Power Sources and Distribution Systems: R. Gerald Irvine, Chair; Vincent Saporita, Tom DeGenaro Chapter 5—Power Distribution Apparatus: Jerry Baskin and Jerry Frank, Co- Quairs; C. E. Becker, Daniel L. Goldberg, Lawrence Hogrebe, Simon Rico, S. Sengupta Chapter 6— Controllers: René Castenschiold, Chair; M, J. DeLerno, W.G. Genné, FW. Kussy, S, Sengupta (Chapter 7 —Services, Vaults, and Electrical Equipment Rooms: James W. Patter son, Chair; Barry N. Hornberger, Thomas E. Sparling ‘Chapter 8—Wiring Systems: James M. Daly, Chair; R. Gerald Irvine, Larry Kelly ‘Chapter 9—System Protection and Coordination: Robert L. Smith, Jr, Chair; Jerry Baskin, Tom DeGenaro, Steve Goble, R. Gerald Irvine, E. A. Khan, Dan Love, ‘Steve Schatfer, Thomas E. Sparling (Chapter 10—Lighting: John D. Stolshek, Chair; Ed Hammer, Lawrence Hogrebe, Donald R. Ross, Rudolph R. Verderber Chapter 11—Electric Space Conditioning: James R. Pfaffin, Chair; Daniel L. Goldberg, John Hennings, Thomas E. Sparling(Chapter 12—Transportation: Edward R. Donaghue and Robert L. Seymour, Oo- ‘Chairs; Sid Benjamin, René Castenschiold, Ralph Droste, Andrew Juhasz, Zach R. McCain, Elmer Sumka Chapter 18—Communication and Signal System Planning: James R. Duncan, ‘hair; Doug Bors, R. Gerald Irvine, David Moore Chapter 14—Facility Automation: Philip E. Gannon, Chair; Daniel L. Goldberg, Brad Gustafson, R. Gerald Irvine, Richard Lennig, Patrick Nassif, Paul Strodes (Chapter 15—Expansion, Modernization, and Rehabilitation: Daniel L. Goldberg, hair; Arthur Freund, R. Gerald lrvine, Michael Poliacof, Leonard D. Whalen (Chapter 16—Special Requirements by Occupancy: Thomas E. Sparling, Chair (excluding 16.13) and Hugh O. Nash, Chair (16.13); Tarif Abboushi, Robert Atkin- son, Daniel L. Goldberg, Donald Sparling Chapter 17—Electrical Energy Management: C. E, Becker, Chair; Kao Chen, Joseph Eto, Daniel L. Goldberg, Wayne Stebbinscunrrer 1. Introduction LL 12 13 14 16 Lis 14 Ls. 116 Lr 118 119 120 121 122 Contents Scope. cose seseeseee LLL Voltage Levels... Commercial Buildings. 121 System Requirements for Commercial, siden and Institutional Buildings .. 1.22 Blectrical Design Elements «.... ‘The Industry Applications Society (IAS) LAL Grouping of Commercial Balangs IEEE Publications ..... Professional Registration 151 Professional Liability, Codes and Standards .. 1.6.1 National Electrical Code (NEC) . 1.62 Other NFPA Standards . 163 Local, State, and Federal 1.64 Standards and Recommended Practices Handbooks . ed 7 Periodicals ........0. Manufacturers’ Data 1101 Appliances and Equipment. 1.102 Operational Considerations. Maintenance ........ Design Considerations 1.121 Coordination of Design» 1122 Flexibility........ 1.123 Specifications . 1124 Drawings -.... 1.125 Manufacturers’ or Sop Drawings Estimating . Contracts Building Access and Loading « Contractor Performance Environmental Considerations ‘Technical Fes ........ Blectronic Systems 2... Power Supply Disturbances . 1.20.1 Harmonies...... 1202 Blectromagnetic Interference (EMI)... 1.203 Programmable Logle Controle (PLC) Definitions . References - BEQSSARALSSBBISRATEESSSSSRASESSSARAREcurren PAGE 2. Load Characteristis. 7 mB 21 General Discussion. 3 21.1 Load Estimates 6 212 Load Tabulation’... 76 213° Relation to Power Company’. 8 2.14. Relation to the NEC ... : 81 22 Load Characteristics ...... 22.1 Lighting .....- fs 81 222 General-Purpose Receptacles for Appliance Loads. 82 of ene os oe aga 224 Fumbing and Santon. 86 225 Fire Protection ....... 87 226 ‘Transportation Systems. 88 22.7 Data Processing . 88 228 Food Preparation .. 89 229 Miscellaneous or Special Loads 90 23 Electromagnetic Hazards, Pollution, and Environmental uatiy at 24 Additions to Existing Systems La 25 Total Load Considerations......... 92 25.1 Estimation of Building Load .. 94 26, Example Sample Partial Load Calculation fran ice Bung 96 27 References 99 8. Voltage Considerations aera Piece endo) 31 General Discussion. : 101 BAL Definitions 101 8.12 Standard Nominal System Voltages for the United States .... 102 3.13 Application of Voltage Classos 102 B14 Voltage Systems Outside of the United States ......2....0++ 106 3.1.5 Voltage Standard for Canada 2106: 82 Voltage Control in Electric Power Systems... © 106 8.2.1 Principles of Power Transmission and Distribution on iy Systems 106 822 System Voltage Tolerance Limits ....... oo 108 323 Development of Voltage Tolerance Limits for ANSI C34.1-1989.... 109 324 Voltage Profile Limits or a Regulated Distribution Sytem «111 32.5 Nonstandard Nominal System Voltages....... a 82.6 System Voltage Nomenclature .. 32.7 Use of Distribution Transformer Tae to Shift the Uitization Voltage Spread Band 33 Voltage Selection 33.1 Selection of Utilization Voltage of 600 V and Below ... 382 Uty Service Supplied from a Primary Distribution ut SystemccuarreR PAGE 333. Utilty Service Supplied from Transmission Lines . 334 Utility Policy for Supplying Tenants in Commercial Buildings «2.0.20... 7 34° Voltage Ratings for Uilization Equipment. 85 Effect of Voltage Variation on Utilization Basipment 35.1 Induction Motors....... 352 Synchronous Motors. 353. Incandescent Lamps ..... 354 Fluorescent Lamps . 355 High-Intensity Discharge Metal Halide) . 356 Infrared Heating Processes 357 Resistance eating Dees 358. Blectron Tubes... 359. Capacitors. 35.10 Solenoid Operated Devices. 35.11 Solid-State Equipment .... 36 Caleulation of Voltage Drops. 361 General Mathematical Formulas 362 Cable Voltage-Drop Tables . : 363. Busway Voltage-Drop Charts and Tables 364 Transformer Voltage Drop Charts.. 87 Improvement of Voltage Conditions 134 88 Voltage Drop Considerations in Locating the Low-Voltage Power Source... 39 Momentary Voltage Variations — Voltage Dips fies 185 3.10 Calculation of Voltage Dips .. 2138 3.10.1 ‘The Effect of Motor Starting on Standby or Emergency Generators ....- - 188 8.102 Effect of Motor Starting on a Distribution System 1138: 8.103 Motor Starting Voltage Drop—Transformers. 138 3.104 Motor Starting Voltage Drop—Cables and Busways 139 3.11 Phase Voltage Unbalance in Three-Phase Systems, 11.1 Causes of Phase Voltage Unbalance ...... 3.112 Measurement of Phase Voltage Unbalance 3.11.3 Biect of Phase Voltage Unbalance .. 3.12 Harmonie Voltages : 8.121 Nature of Harmonies ... 3.122 Effect of Harmonics 3.123 Harmonie Producing Equipment 8.124 Reduction of Harmonic Interference 8.13 Transient Overvoltages ...... B14 References ..... 8.15 Bibliography...CHAPTER PAGE 4. Power Sourees and Distsbation Sytem 41 General Discussion. 42 Blectric Power Supply 42.1 Selecting a Power Source 422 Planning for Utility Service 423° Blectric Rates a 43. Interrelated Utility and Project Factors That Influence ese cece 186 43.1 Grounding on AC Services ...... : 44 Electric Utiity Metering and Billing. 44.11 Metering by Type of Premises...... 442 Metering by Service Voltage Characteristics. 443 Meter Location a 444 Meter Mounting, Control, and Associated Epc 158 445. Types of Metering 2160 446 Utility Billing... 2163 45° Transformer Connections... * 165; 46 Principal Transformer Secondary Connections. 166 47 System Grounding . 167 47.1 Grounding of Low-Voltage Systems (600 V and Below)....... 168 472 Grounding of Medium-Voltage Systems (Over 600 V) 168 eenvenorenen 160 473 Ground-Fault Cireuit Interrupter (GFCI) ... 48 ‘Disiibution Guit Arrangements... 481 Radial Feeders 482 Primary-Selective Feeders 483 Secondary Selective Feeders . 484 Secondary Network. 485 Looped Primary System. .......-0200- 49 Ernergeney ad Sandy Power Spt 49.1 Lighting vee 492 Power Loads. 493 Power Sources 494 Transfer Methods 495 Special Precautions. 496. Transfer of Power 4.10 Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) Systems + 192 4.10.1 Application of UPS 2197 4.10.2 Power System Configuration for 60 Ha Distribution. 197 4.103 Power System Configuration for 400 He Distribution ......-. 206 4.11 Voltage Regulation and Power Factor Correction . 207 ALILLL Voltage Regulation 7 = 207 4.112 Power Factor Correction. 208 4.12 System Reliability Analysis... Seceescenere 208, 4.12.1 Reliability Data for Bietrical Equipment « a 4122 Reliability Analysis and Total Owning Cost.‘CHAPTER PAGE 4.18 References .... 5. Power Distribution Apparatus ..... 5.1 General Discussion, 52 Transformers... : 521 Transformer Types .-..-..+- 522 ‘Transformer Speeifications 523 Transformer Construction 63° Medium- and High-Voltage Fuses 53.1 Fuse Ratings....... 5.32. Fuse Applications ...... 54 Metal-Enclosed 5-345 kV Interrupter Switchgear 54.1 Automatic Control Devices... 542 Auxiliary Equipment and Features. . 543. Capability Required .. 55 Metal-Clad 5-34. kV Circuit Breaker Switchgear... 55.1 Circuit Breakers 5.52. Instrument Transformers and Protective Raving. 553. Control.......-.. ‘ 554 Main Bus Current Selection . 555 Ground and Test Devices ...-.. 6 Mettnelote,Low-Yoeage 600 V Power er Sicha and” Circuit Breakers ...... 561 Drawout Switchgear .........., 5.62 Low-Voltage Power Air-Type Circuit Breakers . 560 Selection of Grol renter Tipping Corecteriice 5.7 Metal-Enclosed Distribution Switchboards ..... B21 Components ....-..+++ 4 57.2 Construction Features | 58. Primary-Unit Substations 59 Secondary-Unit Substations. 591 Basie Circuits : 5.92 Incoming Line Section «..-...-. 593. Transformer Section... 5.94. Low-Voltage Switchgear Section 5.10 Panelboards..... é 5.101 Lighting and Appliance Panelboards . 5.102 Power Distribution Panelboards ..... 5.103 Motor Starter Panelboards .. 5.104 Multiple Section Panelboards ... 5.105 Panelboard Data ......... 5.11 Molded-Case Circuit Breakers. . 5.11.1 Types of Molded-Case Circuit Breakers « 5.11.2 Use of Molded-Case Circuit Breakers TINT p29carrer PAGE. 5.12 Low-Voltage Fuses ...... BARA Fuse Ratings «0.2... 5.122 Current Limitation ..... 5.123 NEC Categories of Fuses . 5.124 UL Listing Requirements. 5.125 Fuses Carrying Class Letter « 5.126 Cable Limiters (Protectors) « 5.13 Service Protectors ... 5.14 Enclosed Switches .... 514.1 NEMA Requirements 5.142 Application .. {5.15 Bolted Pressure Switches and High-Pressure Contact Switches... 247 5.16.1 Manual Operations 2247 5.152 Electrical Trip 248, 5.16 Network Protectors ...-.. : 248 5117 Lightning and System Transient Protection . 250 BAT Surge Arresters and Capacitors... 1250 5172 Apparatus and Electromagnet i inverference (EMI) « 251 5.18 Load Transfer Devices 252 518.1 Automatic Transfer Switches - 5.182 Automatic Transfer Circuit Breakers. 5.183 Automatic Load Transfer Devices... 5.19 Interlock Systoms......+.2.seee00 5.20 Remote Control Contactors. 5201 Remote Control Lighting Contactors... 5.202 Remote Control Switches for Power Loads... 521 Equipment Ratings . 5.22 References . 5.23 Bibliography 6. Controliers 61 General Discussion. 62 Starting 621 Part Winding Starters. 622 Resistor or Reactor Starters 623 Autotransformer Starters ... 624 WyeDelta (Y-A) Starters . 625. Series-Parallel Starters... 62.6 Solid-State Starters 62.7 Cost Comparison ... 63. Protection 64. Special Features. 65 Control Systems « 651 Panelboard Type Constructions. 2254cupreR PAGE 652. Separate Enclosures .. 653 Combination Starters 654 Simplified Control Centers «.. 655 Complex Panels ..... 656 Motor Control Centers 66 Low-Voltage Starters and Controllers. 67 Multiple Speed Controllers. ... 68 Fire Pump Controllers ...... 69. Medium-Voltage Starters and Controiers 6.10 Synchronous Motor Starters 611 DC Motor Controls. 6.12 Pilot Devices . 612.1 Manually Operated Devices 6.122 Automatically Operated Devices .. 6.123 Programmable Controllers 6.19 Speed Control of DC Motors 6.14 Speed Control of AC Motors « {6.15 Power System Harmonics from Adjustable Speed Motor Controls ... 202 6.16 References . 7. Services, Vaults, and Electrical Equipment Rooms ... 7A. Incoming Lines and Service Laterals TLL Overhead Service. 712 Lines Over and On Buildings «...-.. 713. Weather and Environmental Considerations T4 Underground Service . 715. Service Entrance Conductors Within Bing 72. Service Entrance Installations 72.1 Number of Services 722 Physical Arrangement 723. Low- and Medium-Voltage Circuits. 724 Load Current and Short Circuit Capac. 725 Limiting Fault Current. 726 Ground-Fault Protection 7.3 Vaults and Pads for Service Equipment .. 73.1 Vaults. 732 Outdoor Pads... 783. Safety and Environment 7A Network Vaults for High-Rise Buildings TAL Network Principles 742 Preliminary Vault Design 743 Detailed Vault Design . 7. Service Rooms and Electrical Closets . 75.1 Space RequirementscoauaPrER Pace, 752 Uumination 753. Ventilation. 7.54 Foreign Facilities . 2812 B12 312 76 References 312 8 Wiring Systems... seeeeeees eee a1 81 Introduction 2815 82 Cable Systems ..- 83 Cable Construction . a4 86 87 831 Conductors ...... 832 Comparison Between Copper ‘and Aluminum... 833° Insulation : 834 Cable Design - Cable Outer Finishes 84.1 Nonmetallic Finishes... 842 Metallic Finishes 843. SingleConductor and Multiconductor Constructions SA Pp Pooper fain or Onbr Coe Cable Ratings sees anaae catia 85.1 Voltage Rating 852 Conductor Selection 853 Load Current Criteria ....- 854 Emergency Overload Criteria 855. Voltage-Drop Criteria 856 Fault Current Criteria 857 Frequency Criteria . 858 Elevated Ambient Temperature 850, HotSpot Temperature Citria {85.10 Termination Criteria, Installation ..... 86.1 Layout ... 862 Open Wire 863. Aerial Cable 864 Open Runs 865 Cable Tray 866 Cable Bus 867 Conduit 868 Direct Burial. : 869 Hazardous (Classified) Locations ... ‘86.10 Installation Procedures . Connectors... 871 Types Available - aa 872 Connectors for Aluminum......2.c0.s0.00. ieee 873 Connectors for Cables of Various Voltages ...s.. cece. sese. 952curren 874 Performance Requirements. . 875 Electrical and Mechanical Operating Requirements a 88 Terminations 881 Purpose 882 Definitions. 883 Cable Terminations 884 Jacketed and Armored 885 Separable Insulated Connectors . 886 Performance Requirements. . 89 Splicing Devices and Techniques .. 89.1 Taped Splices, 892 Preassembled Spices - 8.10 Grounding of Cable Systems - 8.10.1 Sheath Losses: 8.11 Protection from Transient Overvoltage. 812 Testing . : 8121 Application and Utility 8122 Alvernating-Current versus Direct-Current. 8123 Factory Tests . 8124 Field Tests. 8125 Procedure 81126 DC Corona and Its Suppression . 8.127 Line Voltage Fluctuations .. 8.128 Resistance Evaluation 8 S8888 89 eRRR Ree eEEEE 8129 Megohmmeter Test . 373 8.13 Locating Cable Faults . 373 8131 Influence of Ground-Fault Resistance 373 8132 Equipment and Methods Sesseeee STH 8.193 Selection 1376 814 Cable Specification 376 815 Busway . 377 8.16 Busway Construction i377 8.17 Feeder Busway . 8.18 Plugin Busway 8.19 Lighting Busway . 820 Trolley Busway . 821 Standards... 822 Selection and Application of Busway 822.1 Current-Carrying Capacity .. 8222 Short-Circuit Current Rating 8223 Voltage Drop. 8224 Thermal Expansion .. 8225 Bullding Expansion Joints 8226 Welding Loads Deieieceeeses B88 383 384 386 386 386curren PAGE 823 Layout..... 824 Installation 824.1 Procedure Prior to Installation 8242 Procedure During Installation . 8243 Procedure After Installation 825 Field 8.26 Busways Over 600 V (eta cine Bas). 826.1 Standards 8262 Ratings 8283 Construction . 8.264 Field Testing . 827 References . 828 Bibliography... 9, System Protection and Coordination 307 91 General Discussion...... : 307 9.1.1 Single- and Muliple-Pole Interrupters 398 912 Sources of Short-Circuit Currents. 300 9.13 Rotating Machine Reactance 9.414 Utility Source ... 91.5 Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Currents . 9.16 Why Are Short-Circuit Currents Asymmetrical? .... 9.17 The DC Component of Asymmetrical Short-Cireuit Currents .. Perea 9.18 Total Short-Cireuit Current | 92. Short-Circuit Calculations ....... 92.1 Type of Power System Faults 922 Three-Phase Bolted Faults 923 Line-to-Line Bolted Faults. 924 Line-to-Ground Bolted Faults 925 Arcing Faults . 93. Selection of Equipment. eee 93.1 Equipment Rating .. 94 Basis of Short-Circuit Current Calculations... 94.1 Total Current Basis of Rating..........- 942. Symmetrical Current Basis of Rating 943. Comparison of Duty Calculation Methods 95 Details of Short-Circuit Current Calculations 95.1 Step-by-Step Procedure . 952 System Conditions for Most Severe Duty. 953 Preparing Impedance Diagrams ..... 954 Component Impedance Values ....... 9855 Combining impedances ........ 95.6 Use of Per Unit, Percent, or Ohms .‘CHAPTER PAGE 95:7 Per Unit Representation 958 Electric Utllity System 959 Transformers . 95.10 Busways, Cables, and Conductors . 95.11 Rotating Machines. 9.5.12 Motors Rated 600 V or Less... 95.13 Other Circuit Impedances......... 9.5.14 Shunt Connected Impedances - 95.15 System Driving Voltage. 95.16 Determination of Short Circuit Currents, 95.17 Longhand Solution ee 95.18 Determination of Line-to-Ground Fault Currents 95.19 Effect of Low Available Utility RVA.....+..+- 95.20 General Discussion of Short-Cireuit Current Calculations 96 Method of Reducing the Available Short-Circuit Current ....... 9.6.1 Effect of Distribution Circuit Lengths on Short Circuit Current . 962. Currentimiting Fuses 2... 963. Current-Limiting Reactors... 964 Current-Limiting Busways 965 Examples of Reducing Available Shor 97 Selective Coordination 97.1 Coordination of Protective Devices - 872 Preliminary Steps in a Coordination Study. 973 Mechanics of Achieving Coordination ... O74 Coorcaton Examples with Expanatine 98 Fuses 981 Fuse Coordination... 982 Fuse Selectivity Ratio Tables... 983. Fuse Time Current Characteristic Curves 984 [°t Values for Coordination .........-.++. 985 Coordinating Fusible Unit Substation 986 Summary 887 Fuse Current Limiting Characteristics. 988 Application of Fuses.......+.-++ 989 Bus Bracing Requirements .... 98.10 Circuit Breaker Protection 98.11 Wire and Cable Protection 98.12 Motor Starter Short-Circuit Protecton . 98.13 Transformer Fuse Protection .... 98.14 Motor Running Overcurrent Protection . 98.15 Fuse Device Maintenance 99 Current-Limiting Circuit Breakers 9.10 Ground-Fault Protection ......cuarren 10, ou 92 Lighting 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 10.10 Lighting Maintenance .. 10.11 Voltage .... References [Bibliography General Diseussion 2... 20.1 Lighting Objectives .. 10.1.2 Lighting Regulations. Lighting Terminology ‘Mumination Quality ... 1031. Visual Comfort... 1032 Veiling Reflections... 1033 Room Finishes ... 1034 Color ....-. 1035 Psychological Factors... Mhumination Quantity. Light Sources ...... 105.1 Incandescent Lamps « 1052 Fluorescent Lamps. 1053 High-Intensity Discharge ci Ballasts 1061 Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts... 1062. High-Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamp Ballasts, Luminaires 107.1 General Considerations That Affect the Selection of a Lighting System........ eee 1072. Special Lighting Distributions . 107.3 Lighting and Other Building Saban : 1074 Visual Comfort Probability (VCP) . 2075, Laminaies and Air Conditioning Lighting Application Techniques ...... 1081 Uniform Lighting, 1082 Non-Uniform Lighting - 1083. Task-Ambient Lighting 1084 Special Lighting Considerations for Stores 1085 Electric Lighting and Daylighting 1086 Outdoor and Sports Area Lighting. Control of Lighting 109.1 Switching for 480¥/277 V Distribution Systems « 4092, Remote Control Switching Rely and Lighting Contactors ..... 10.93 Dimming and Flashing of Lamps 10.94 Dimming of HID Lamps ..curren PAGE 1012 Power Factor 10.13 Temperature. 10.14 Ballast Sound 10.16 Lighting Economies... 10.6.1 First Costs. 10152 ‘Type and Quality of lagting Desired 10.153 Bnergy Costs . 10.154 Maintenance 10155 Biffect on Personnel . 10.16 Muminance Calculations... 10.17 Lighting and Thermal Considerations 10.18 References . 11. Bleetrie Space Conditioning . ILL General Discussion I1L1- Space-Conditioning Control 112 Primary Source of Heat .... 1121 Blectric Space Heating. 1122 Heat Pumps 1123. Resistance Heaters .-.... 1124 Types of Air-Conditioning Systems. 113 Energy Conservation 113.1 Practical Energy Conservation . 7 1132 Reduction in Demand for Space Conditioning 1183. Standards and Codes... fei 114 Definitions ........ 115 References 12, Transportation ...... 121 General Discussion 1211 Use. 1212 Design Factors... 1213 Consultations 1214 Efficiency and Economy. 12.1.5 Responsibilities 122 Types of Transportation 1221 Electric Elevators » 1222 Hydraulic Elevators 1223 Dumbwaiters .. 1224 Escalators and Moving Wats 1225 Material Lifts . 1226 Manlifs ... 1227 Pneumatic Tubes. 123, Elevator Control, Motors, and Motor Generators BEESEEEES124 125 126 127 128, 129 1210 12a 123.1 Control Systems ..... 1232 DC Rheostatie Control. . 1233 AC Resistance Control. . 1234 ACServo..... 1235 Generator Field Control 1236 DCDirect Drive... : 1237 Variable Frequency Control ...- 1238 Hoisting Motors... 1239 Rating of Motor-Generator Sets 1230 Starting Motor-Generator Sets 128.11 Control Design Fundamentals 123.12 Reetifiers for Power Conversion |. Elevator Horsepower and Efficiency. 1241 Horsepower Calculation 1242. Ratings ....... aeeees 1243. Variations 1... ....scsessesecseseeeee 1244 Biiciency .. aot Elevator Energy Consumption and Heat Release 125.1 Energy Consumption .... te 1252 Heat Release a Blevator Conductors and Diversity Factor : 126.1 Conductor Size ....... a 1262 Gurrent Ratios...........0.+ 1263 Diversity of Operation -.. 1264 Disconnecting Means .-...... Elevator Operation ...... 127.1 Manual and Automatic Operations Single Automatic Pushbutton Operation .. Selective Collective Operation ......+. Duplex Collective Operation 127.5 Group Automatic Operation Quality of Elevator Performance .. 1281 Passenger Comfort 1282 Leveling.......-. 1283 Handicap Requirements ..... oe Elevator Doors and Automatic Door Optation : 1291 Interlocks ..... 1292 Power Operated Doors - 1293 Passenger Elevator Doors. 1294 Freight Elevator Doors ...-.. a 1295 Fire Rating of Elevator Entrances «... Group Supervisory Control ....-.. Specification of Blevator Plant 1211.1 Seleetion of an Elevator1242 1213 124 1218 1216 127 38, Communication and Sigal Sytem Planing 131 132 133 134 12112 Car Capacity ...... 12113 Double-Deck Elevators and Sky Labbies 12114. Selection of Elevator Car Speed .... 12115 Quantity of Service. ..sessseeeese 12116 Building Classes. 12117 Quality of Service ..- ees 28 Number of levator Required 12119 Roundtrip Time... : 1211.10 Interval . a 1211.11 Grouping of Elevators inthe Plant, Regenerated Energy «....-» vee Standby Power Operation of Blevators «...... 1213.1 Standby Power Requirements «.....-- 12182. levator Standby Power System Operation of Elevators During Fire Conditions 2141 Sprinkles in levator Machine Rooms and oistways Emergency Signals and Communications : Car Lighting ce References . General Discussion 1811 Cable Plant...-: f 1312 Riser Conduits and Sleeves ; 1813 Riser Shafts and Slots... i engee saeabaspsdsanen 1314 Underfloor Distribution Sens. 01 13.15 Underfloor Raceways......-..-- 591 1316 Ceiling Distribution Systems . 501 13.7 Underearpet Wiring Systems 592 ‘Telephone Facilities. 592 4821 Service Entrance Cables 593 1322 Main Terminal Room... 594 1323 Riser Systems... 595 1824 Apparatus Closets... 595 1825 Satellite Closets. 596 1826 Telephone Equipment Rooms «....... 596 1827 Public Telephones....... 2 807 Data Facilities 1897 1331 Data Terminals... 597 1332 Cable Systems and Support Structures 508, 1333 Data Transmission and Network xupment 599 1834 Data Center Installations 600 Fire Alarm Systems........ * 602 134.1 Design Criter 602carrer 1942 Power Supply..... 135 Security and Access Control Systems. 136 Audio Communication Systems .... 136.1 Public Address Systems. 13.62 Intercom Systems . 1863 Dictation Systems - 1364 Sound Reinforcement Systems 1365 Audio Production and Recording Equipment | 2 606 18.7 Image Communication Systems ........+..+04+00 606, 137.1 Video Systems 2 607 1372 Television Signal Distribution. 2 607 18.73 Projection Systems ~ 608 138 Nurse Call Systems ........ 2 608 199, Poeket Paging Stems... 608, 13.10 References + 608 14, Facility Automation M1 142 43, 144 145 46 47 148 Security . 49 14.10 Pollution and Hazardous Waste 1411 Electric Systems 1412 Mechanical Utilities pans Introduction . 1411 Adjunct Functions. Establishment of System Requirements ‘System Description and Equipment 144.1 Terminology ....... 1442 General Description of a FAS and Its Components enea! Monoring und Control Equipment. HVAC and Energy Management. . : 146.1 HVAC Monitoring and Control. 146.2. Direct Digital Control... 1463 Energy Management Fire Management... : 147.1 Life Safety Communications .. the Basie System 1481 Security Systems. 1482 Access Control... ‘Transportation and Traffic. 1411.1 Lighting Automation Systems ........+. 14.112 Normal and Emergency Power Sources ..... 44113 Uninterruptible Power Supply UPS) Stems 14.114 Bleetrie Distribution Systems... 14.12. Punetions .... 14.122 Integration .cuarrer PAGE 14.13 Communications 634 1418.1 Maintenance ..... + 634 14132 Central Supervisory Station ss 634 14.14 Miscellaneous Systems ..... + 634 14141 Computerized Maintenance * Management ‘Sytem (CMMs). 634 14.15 FAS Design and Installation -- + 636 14.16. System Specification fo 636 14152 Selection of Data Transmission Media (DIM)........... 637 4153_ Intefacing to Exiting Eauipment or Equipment Provided by Other Disciplines 14154 Procurement Documents .....+- 14.55 Installation. 14156 Testing. 14157 Warranty 14158 Software... : 14159 Sytem Documentation : 1416.10 Programming.....--.-.. 14.16.11 Physical Installation. . 14.16.12 Backup Modes 14.16 Training .. 1417 Maintenance and Operation . 1417.1 Maintenance Approaches 14172 Operations ....... 14173 Maintenance Contracts 14174 |Special Considerations «. 14.18 References a 14.19 Bibliography « 15, Expansion, Modernization, and Rehabilitation 15.1 General Discussion 162 Preliminary Study 1521 Examples of Poor Planning -... 1522 Making Choices 7 15.3 Design Considerations «20.00.00. 163.1 Utility Considerations 7 1632 Ground-Fault Protection... 1533 Sizing Feeders .... 1634 Staging Operations 1535 Scrap Materials .........0.00. 1536 Hazardous Scrap Materials ... 154 Retaining Old Service Equipment .....- 15 Completely New Service Equipment .. 156 Additional New Service Point ...16, 187 158 159 1510 16.1 1512 Special Requirements by Occupancy 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 1610 161 1612 1613 Voltage Transformation .... Distribution of Power to Main Switchboard . Bxisting Plans. Scheduling and Service Continuity - 15.10. Example 1 —Building Extension, Mediure-Voltage Service... 15.102 Example 2—Building Extension, Low-Voltage Service .. 687 15.103 Example 3—Retention of Existing System and Expansion i 15.104 Example 4 Rehabilitation on a Cage ‘Campus Wiring Methods 7 IBALL Smoke and Fire Considerations References .. General Discussion Auditoriums ...... ‘Automobile Areas 1631 Sales Offices and Showrooms 1632 Service Shops coe 1633. Parking Lots and Garages... .0..+0. 1634 Car Wash Facilities... ce 1625 Awotated Parking Feit. Banks «0.0.0.0 Brokerage Offices. Places of Worship... Athletic and Social Clubs. Colleges and Universities .- 1681 Central Power Plants 1682 Classrooms. 1683 Laboratories. 1684. Dormitories .. 1685. Miscellaneous Hequirerens Computer Centers . Department Stores ...-. 1610.1 Distribution Systems. 16.102 Lighting Systems... 26103 Commaneaton snd Spang Syren. Fire Stations Gymnasiums - : Health Care Facilities. 1613.1 Hospitals... 16132 Outpatient Facilities, 16.133 Nursing Homes and Limited Care Facilites...16.194 Psychiatric Facilites 16.14 Hotels 1615 Libraries. 1616 Museums 16.17 Newspaper Buildings 16.18 Office Buildings ... 1618.1 Large and High-Rise ‘omc Buicngs. 16.19 Parks and Playgrounds 16.20 Piers, Docks, and Boat Marinas . 1621 Police Stations 1622 Prisons .......- 1622.1 Administration Buildings « 16.222 Cell Blocks «. 16223 Manufacturing Balding. 16224 Dining Halls 16.225 Hospitals .. 16226 Power Plant 1622.7 Warehouse Buildin 1623 Radio Studios ..... 16.24 Recreation Centers 16.25 Resident (Commercial) 1627 Schools (Kindergarten Through 12th Grad) 1627.1 General Requirements 16.272 Mechanical Systems .. 16273 Laboratories........ 16274 Manual Training Departments. 16.275 Kitchen Facilities 1628 Shopping Centers... 1629 Supermarkets. 1630 Swimming Pools an 1631 Telephone Buildings . 1632 Television Studios - 1633 Theaters. 1633.1 General Lighting Systems « 16.92 Stage Lighting Systems . 1634 Transportation Terminals 16341 Requirements for Ail Terminals . 16342 Railroad Terminals 16343 Bus Terminals .....- 16344 Airports... 16345 Rapid Transit Stations 1635 References 1636 BibliographycuarreR 17, Electrical Energy Management. rat 172 173 174 175 176 anz 178 179) Energy Management Requirements... Energy Conservation Opportunities . 1721 Energy Audit ........ 1722. Project Lists. ‘The Energy Management Process . 1731 Obtain Management Approval and Commitment 1732 Embarking on an Energy Conservation Program 1733 Equipment Audit 1734 Tracking Progress fi 1735 Overall Considerations Lighting... 1741 Introduction, 1742 Energy-Efficient Light Sources 1743 Energy-Efficient Ballasts 7 1744 New Luminaires for Energy Eificient Light Sources . 1745 Energy-Saving Lighting Techniques. : 1746 Lighting and Energy Standards... Calculating Energy Savings . 1751 Introduetion........ 1752 Tariffs 1753. Billing Calculations. 1154 Dealnng Hock Rate and Example 1755 Demand Rate 1756 TimeofUse Rate. 1757 Time Value of Money ...... 1758 Evaluating Motor Losses. 1759. Transformer Losses 175.10 Evaluating Losses in Load Management... f 176.1 Introduction. 1762 Controllers .. Ss 1763 Equipment Audit and Load Profile Bifficiencies of Electrical Equipment ... TDT1 Losses .....-. 7 1772 Biiciency . os 1773 vesing HioctcalBauipment 1774 Motors . ae 1775 Transformers 1776 Capacitors ..........- 1777 Equipment Overview .. Metering.....ccecesee0. Operations. am 1791 Metering of Tenant Areas and Building Operations...17.92 Interlocking or Key Switches. 1793. Load Control . 1794 Load Shedding. 1795 Load or Peak Shaving with On-Site Generation ...-...... 754 3210 Energy Conervation Equipment... : ITAL References .. 17.12 Bibliography 1718 Projects FIGURES Bg] Groups of Loads in Typed 10 Story Commercial Buig Fig2 Load Profiles... Fig 3 Principal Transformer Connections to Supply the Sten Voltages of Table 17. Fig 4 Typical Utity Power Fig 5 Elect of Regulator Compensation on Primary Distribution System Voltage . Fig 6 Voltage Profile ofthe Limits of Range A, ANSI 84.1980 000.0... 112 Fig 7 Vector Diagram of Voltage Relations for Voltage-Drop Calculations... Fig Voltage-Drop Curves for Typical Interleaved Construction of Copper Busway at Rated Load, Assuming 70 °C (158 °F) Operating Temperature .. Fig 9 Voltage-Drop Curves for Typieal Plug-in Type Busway at Balanced Rated Load, Assuming 70 °C (158 F) Operating ‘Temperature... : Fig 10 Voltage-Drop Curves for Typical Feeder Busways at Balanced Rated Load Mounted Flat Horizontally, Assuming 70 °C (158 °F) Operating Temperature .....-. Fig 11 Voltage Drop Curve versus Power Factor for Typical Light Duty ‘ely Busway Carrying Rated Loud, suing 70°C (188 F) Operating Temperature . Fig 12 Voltage Drop Curves for Three Phase Transformers, 225-10.000 KVA, 5-25 KV .. Fig 13 Effect of Low-Voltage Source Location on Area That Can Be Supplied Under Specific Voltage-Drop Limits . Fig 14 Flicker of Incandescent Lamps Caused by Recurrent Voltage Fig 15 Typical Voltage Behavior of a Generator When an Induction Motor Is Starved by a Full Voltage Starting Device ..... Fq.16 Minimum Generator Votage Due to Full okage Starting ‘ofa Motor « vee BL - 182 = 182, - 133) 138, = 136 197 - 139 - 140FrcuREs git Fig 18 Fg 19 Fig20 Fig2t Fig22 Fig23 Fig 24 Fig 25 Fig 26 ig27 Fig28 Fig 20 Fig 30 Fig 31 Fig 32 Fig 33 ig 35 Fig 36 Fg 37 Fig 38 Fig 39 Rg 40 Feat Fig 42 Fg 43 Fig 45 Fig 46 Fig 47 Fig 48 Fe 49 Fig 50 PAGE Voltage Drop in a Transformer Due to Full Voltage Starting of a Motor ..... 142 De Rating Factor for Motors Operating with Phare Voge Unbalance ar ‘Transformer Secondary Connections * 167 Radial-Circuit Arrangements in Commercial Buildings .. mm Radial Cireult Arrangement —Common Primary Feeder to Secondary-Unit Substations....... Radial-Cireuit Arrangement—Individual Frimary Feeders to Secondary Unit Substations. ..... canes Primary-Selective Circuit Arrangements... ‘Secondary Selective Circuit Arrangement (Double Ended Substation with Single Tie) ..... Secondary Selective Circuit Arrangement (Individual Substations ‘with Intereonnecting Ties) ..... . Distributed Secondary Network - Basie Spot Network Four-Unit Spot Network Enclosure Monitor ..... Looped Primary-Cireuit Arrangement Loop-Loop Primary-Cireuit Arrangement .... ‘Typical Transfer Switching Methods ........ Service Transfer Using Circuit Breakers Secondary Transfer Using Circuit Breakers, Nonredundant UPS System Configuration “Cold” Standby Redundant UPS System. Parallel Redundant UPS System Isolated Redundant UPS System... Single-Module UPS System...... Parallel Capacity UPS System Parallel Redundant UPS System. Dual Redundant UPS System ....... Isolated Redundant UPS System Pagalle! Tandem UPS System... Hot Tied Bus UPS System Super Redundant Parallel System — Hot Tied Bus UPS System ...-. Uninterruptible Power with Dual ‘ity ‘Sources and Static. ‘Transfer Switches... . Current-Limiting Action of Fuses. ‘Typical Cireuit for Cable Limiter Application Diagram Mlustrating Multiple Automatic Double-Throw Transfer Swiehee Previn Varying Dees of Eaergency and Stndy Power ......++FIGURES Fig 51 Fig 52 Fig 53, Fig 71 Rig 72 Fig 73 Fig 74 Fig 75 Fig 76 eT ig 78 Fig 79 Figst PAGE Mechanically Held, Hlectrically Operated Lighting Contactor Controlled by Multiple Momentary Toggle-Type Control Stations... 257 Remote Control Lighting Contactors Controlled from Local and Remote Locations .. : Various Control Means for Remote Control Lighting Contactors... Principle of the Most Common Reduced Voltage Starters for Squirrel Cage Motors, Part Lss.ssecsssscsssseesesssessseesseses Principles of the Most Common Reduced Voltage Starters for Squirrel Cage Motors, Part 2. see Principles of the Most Common Reduced Voltage St Squirrel Cage Motors, Part 3...-... Simplified Wiring Diagram of a Solid-State Controller ‘Typical Solid-State Controller with Fusible Disconnect NEMA versus IEC Size Comparison ..... ‘Typical Pushbutton Control Cieuits Conductor Stranding. é ‘Typical Values for Hardness versus Temperature .. Blectrical Feld of Shielded Cable : Electrical Feld of Conductor on Ground Dielectric Unshielded Gabie on Ground Plane... Commonly Used Shielded and Nonshieided Constructions... Curves Showing the AC/DC Resistance Ratio That Exists on a 400 He System: : Procedures for Connecting Aluminum Conductors. Stress Relief Cone...... : ‘Typical Cass 1 Porcelain Te Typial Class | Molded-Rubber Terminator (or Sold Dielectric Cables) 2... ‘Typical Class 3 Molded Rubber Terminator (for Solid Dielectric Cables) a ‘Typical Taped Splice in Shielded Cable’... : Iustration of Versatility of Busways, Showing Use of Feeder, Plugin, Lighting, and Tolley Types...» i Feeder Busway auc Installation View jugin Busway Showing individual | Circuit Breaker Power Tapoff and Flexible Bus Drop Cable... Lighting Busway Supporting and Supplying Power to High- Intensity Discharge Fixture. a Diagram Ilustrating Voltage Drop and Indicating rvor When Approximate Voltage Drop Formulas Are Used Short Circuit on Load Side of Main Switch. : Teal shor iret Carent Equals Sum of Sourees Symmetrical AC Wave. :FiguREs Fig 82 Fig 106, Fig 107 Fig 108, PAGE Asymmetrical AC Wave 402 ‘Typical Short Cireult 402 Phase Relations of Voltage and Short-Circuit Currents (Medium. Voltage Generator Feeding a Distribution Line)........ 403 ‘Symmetrical Current and Voltage in a Zero Power Factor Circuit. 408 ‘metal Crret and Vlg in aZro Power Factor Circuit. Seep Components of Current Shown in Fig 86. Decay of DC Component and Bifect of Asyrametry of Current... Symmetrical Short-Circuit Currents from Four Sources Combined into Total : ‘Typical System Single-Line Diagram... Se ee ee Impedance Vectors a How Series Impedances Are Added Combining Impedances in Parallel... Single-Line Diagram Specific 480¥/277 V Network Served Building ...... 7 Impedance Diagram for the System in Fig 95. Current-Limiting Action of a Current-Limiting Fuse. ‘Typical Current Limiting Fuse Peak Let-Through Curves... ‘Typical Available Short-Circuit Currents on Large Office Buin Distribution Systems : Some Possible Arrangements to Limit and Control Available Short-Circuit Current .. ‘Typical Distribution Single-Line Diagram (Coordination Example) Tie Current Curves for 125-60 A Molded-Case Circuit Breakers. Time Current Curves for 6008000 A Power Circuit Breakers Through-Fault Protection Curves for Liquid Immersed or Dry ‘Type Category Il Transformers (501-1667 kVA, Single-Phase, 501-6000 kVA, Three-Phase) .. ‘Time Current Curves Showing Primary Fuse and Transformer Protection Criteria for a Delta-Wye, Solidly Grounded Transformer for-the System Shown in Fig 101... 484 ‘Time Current Curves Showing Primary Fuse and Transforser Protection Criteria for a Delts-Delta Transformer forthe System. Shown in Big 101 ....e.. cesses : ‘Time Current Curves Showing Primary Fuse and Transformer Protection Criteria for a Wye-Wye Transformer Solidly Grounded ‘on Both Primary and Secondary for the System Shown in Fig l0l ...... ‘Time Current Curves Showing Complete Phase Coordination for the System Shown in Fig 101 : ABS 486 459FIGURES Fig 109 Fig 110 Fig 111 Fig 112 Fg 13 Fig 114 ig 15 Fig 16 Fig 7 Fg us Fig 19 Fig 120 Fig 121 Fig 122 Fig 123 Fig 124 Fig 125 Fig 126 Fig 127 Fig 128, Fig 129 Fig 130 Fig 131 ig 132 Fg 133 Fig 134 Fig 135, PAGE ‘Time Current Curves Showing Complete Ground Coordination for ‘the System Shown in Fig 101 Saeed = 461 ‘Typical Total Clearing Time versus Current Curves for tie RKB 462 : 2 463 ‘Typical Application Example Using the Data in Table 71 .....-. - 464 Coordination Study. ot rinay ‘and Secondary Fi Fuses Showing Selective System 465 Fusible Unit Substation 2 466 Completed Coodination Study of Low: vag usible Substation Shows Complete Selectivity 467 Effects of 1,3 and It .....- 2468 Peak Let-Through Current as a Function of Available Syametal RMS Fault Current 470 1470 Application Example of Fuse Let“Through Charts » Example for Determining Bracing Requirements for 800 A Motor Control Center ... 471 Selection of Fuses to Provide Short-Circuit Protection and Backup Protection for Motor Starters seessessseses AT ‘Typical Low-Voltage Distribution Transformer Secondary Protection .. 44 ‘Typical Protection for 225 KVA Lighting Transformer... 2475 Protection for Typical Motor Circuit ....++.++. fee ate! Detecting Ground-Fault Current ....2.02000000000. CATT ‘Typical Ground-Fault Relaying .. 478 Ceiling System Providing Iumination, Air Supply, Air Return, | Space Partitioning. and Acoustical Treatment ........ B04 ‘Near-Horizontal Drafting Boards Positioned So That Draftsmens' Views Are Parallel with the Luminaires .... cseetesesses BOB ‘Two U-Shaped Fluorescent Lamps, with Efficient, Low Brightness Anodized Aluminum Luminaire, Are Employed in Each Unit to Supply Lighting from the Ceiling woes BOO ‘Two Foot by Two Foot Luminaires Containing Ushape Fluorescent Lamps BIL Secretarial Area with Uniform Lighting That Has Non-Uniform Possibilities ....... Open Plan Office Area with Task Ambient Lighting Task- Ambient Lighting in a Workstation ‘Task-Ambient Lighting with a Single Luminaire Providing Both Components a Instalation for Laminaires Soppbing Ambient Lighting ...... 5 Parabolic Wedge Louver -- 12 25M 1816: - B16 .- SIT 7)Ficus Fig 138 Fig 137 Fig 138 Fig 139 Fig 140 Fig M41 Fig 142 Fig 143, Fig 14a Fig 145, Fig 146 Fig 147 Fig 48 Fig 9 Fig 150 Fig 151 Fig 152 Fig 153 Fig 154 Fig 155, Fig 158 ‘anes Table 1 Table 2 Table 3 ‘Table 4 ‘Table 5 Table 6 Table 7 Table 8 ‘Table 9 Building Retrofitted with Energy-Conserving Lamp Products Substantial Retuce Operating Cost forthe Baling Yet Do No Sacrifice the Environment .... sa Special Lighting in a Store... 522 $Mumination ina Supermariet iyi Metal Halide fe amps in Recessed Luminaires..... : 523 Indirect Lighting in a Store... oo 624 Parking Area Lighted with “High-Mast” 90 Foot Poles . +526 Parking Garage Lighted with 150 W High-Pressure Sodium Lamps......+ i = 527 High Schoo! Football Feld Lit with 1800 W Metal Halide Lamps... 528 ‘Typical Data Available for the Evaluation of High-Pressure Sodium Lamps Used for Floodlighting . 529 ‘Typical Components for the Remote Control of Lighting. 531 Comparison of Distribution Required for 277 V and 120 V Lighting Systems es oe Opaque Balustrade Escalator ‘Transparent Balustrade Escalator... Basic Electric Elevator Speed Control Systems ‘Typical Standby Power Transfer System ..... Block Diagram of a Medium-Level FAS . Example 1 —Building Extension, Medium-Voltage Service 665, Example 2—Building Extension, Low-Voltage Service, Simplified Singe-ine Diagrams of Seven Pose Ways of Handing aor Expansion .......... - 668, Example 3— Retention of Existing System and Expansion ....... 671 Example 4—Rehabilitation on a College Campus ........+..-..--. 672 Fluorescent PL Lamp with Socket Adapter... = 730 Peak Demand Reduction Using Multiple On-Site = 762 Voltage Classes ..... 42 ‘Load Tabulation of Equipment Uitlity Requirements ae TE, Licensed Electrical Contractor Work Request 78 Prescriptive Unit Lighting Power Allowance (ULPA) (W/ft2)— Gross Lighted Area of Total Building . 83 Typlel AnptanceGeneralPurpoe Receptacle Los Exeting Plug.in-Type A/C and Heating Equipment). . BE Typical Apartment Loads ..... ce 8b 85 86 ‘Total Connected Electrical Load for Air Conditioning Only... AllWeather Comfort Standard Recommended Heat Loss Values ... ‘ypcal Power Requrement (kW) fr High ie Bung Water Pressure Boosting Systems. seTABLES ‘Table 10 ‘Table 11 Table 12 ‘Table 13 Table 14 Table 15 Table 16 ‘Table 17 Table 18 Table 19 Table 20 Table 21 ‘Table 22 Table 23 ‘Table 24 ‘Table 25 Table 28, ‘Table 27 ‘Table 28 Table 29 ‘Table 30 ‘Table 31 ‘Table 32 ‘Table 33 Table 34 ‘Table 35 ‘Table 36 Table 37 z ‘Typical Power Requirement (KW) for Electric Hot Water Heating System ..... : ‘Typical Power Requirement (kW) for Fire ‘ums in Commercial Buildings (Light Hazard) ... ‘Typical Loads in Commercial Kitchens . ‘Types of Electrical Load Equipment... Comparison of Maximum Demand Connected Load and Maximum Demand by Tenant Classification . Electrical Load Estimation ... Standard Nominal System Voltages and Voitage Ranges . Standard Voltage Profile for a Regulated P Power Distribution. System, 120 V Base ..... ‘Nominal System Voltages ‘Tolerance Limits from Table 17, Range A in Vols. ‘Tolerance Limits for Standard Three-Phase Induction Motors 8 #8888 in Volts... - 16 ‘Tolerance Limits for Standard Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts in Volts . sera eerie - 116 Low-Voltage Motors... Dus Voltage Ratings of Standard Motors 2119 General Effect of Voltage Variations on Induction Motor Characteristics ...... seeseee 12D Erect of Voltage Variations on Incandescent Lamps ...0......... 122 Balanced Three-Phase, Line-to-Line Voltage Drop for 600 V Single Conductor Cable per 10 000 A feet 60°C (140 °F) Conductor Temperature, 60 Ha ....-.. = 128 Voltage-Drop Values for Three Phase Busways with Copper Bus Bars, in V per 100 feet, Line-to-Line, at Rated Current with Balanced Entire Load at End 129 Voltage-Drop Values for Three-Phase Busways with Aluminum Bus Bars, in V per 100 feet, Line-to-Line, at Rated Current with Balanced Entire Load at End...... ‘Areas That Can Be Supplied for Specife Voltage Drops and Voltages : Comparison of Motor Starting Methods for Squirrel Cage Induction Motors......+.++.2++++« Cost Comparison of Purchased and Generated Power . Preferred Kilovoltampere Ratings ‘Transformer Approximate Impedance Values .. Insulation Temperature Ratings in “C ‘Voltage Insulation Classes and Dielectric Tests -. Sound Levels for Dry-Type Transformers in dB ui 2161 2216; Sat 2217‘TABLES ‘Table 38, Table 39 ‘Table 40 ‘Table 41 ‘Table 42 ‘Table 43, Table 44 Table 45, Table 46, ‘Table 47 Table 48, ‘Table 49 Table 50 Table 51 ‘Table 52 Table 53 ‘Table 54 Table 55 Table 56 ‘Table 67 Table 58, Table 59) Table 60 ‘Table 61 Table 62 Table 63 Table 64 Table 65 PAGE Sound Levels for Single-Phase and Three Phase Oil Cooled ‘Transformers in dB. 219 Maximum Continuous Current and interrupting Ratings for Horn Fiber Lined, Expulsion-Type Fuses... 205 ‘Maximum Continuous Current and Interrupting Ratings for Solid Material, Boric Acid Fuses (Fuse Units) ........ = 226 ‘Maximum Continuous Current and Interrupting Ratings for Solid Material, Borie Acid Fuses (Refill Units)... 226 ‘Maximum Continuous Current and Interrupting Ratings for Current-Limiting Fuses .. ceveeeeee 227 ‘Maximum Continuous Current and Interrupting Ratings for Current Limiting Fuses (Motor Starters)... 227 Maximum Contiwous Carrent and Interrupting eis for Blectronic Fuses....... = 228 Fuse Classificatios i 243 Cost Comparison of Reduced Voltage Starters... 2274 NEMA Standardized Starters and Contactors . 282 Properties of Copper and Aluminum 318 Commonly Used Insulating Materials . 319 Rated Conductor Temperature Ratings 2321 Properties of Jackets and Braids 882 Uprating for Short-Time Overloads... 1386 Minimum Conductor Sizes, in AWG or kemil, for Indicated Fault Current and Clearing Times .. ee coeeeees 988 Wiring Methods for Hazardous Locations .... 345, ICRA DC Test Voltages (KV) After Installation Pre-1968 Gable... 369 ICEA DC Test Voltages (KV) After Installation 1968 and Later CALC. sseesessessetsessessonsesserseeresserseeeseeenenestee 370 Cable DC Test Voltages (kV) for Installation and Maintenance .... 370 Busway Ratings as a Function of Short-Cireuit Power Factor ..... 883 Voltage-Drop Values for Three-Phase Busways with Copper Bus Bars, in Volts per 100 Feet, Line-to-Line, at Rated Current with Entire Load at End 387 Voltage-Drop Values for Three Phase Busways with Aluminum Bus Bars, in Volts per 100 Feet, Line-to-Line, at Rated Current with Entire Load at End 388 ‘Typical Busway Parameters, Line-to-Neutral, in Miliohms per 100 Feet, 25°C... 380) Voltage, insulation, Continuous Current, and Momentary Current Ratings of Nonsegregated Phase Metal-Enclosed Bus. 301 Approximate Minimum Values of Aring Fan Curent Per Unit of Bolted Values eevee 408 ‘Transformers wry Approximate Impedance Data—Insulated Conductors —60 Hz... 420Table 66 ‘Table 67 ‘Table 68 ‘Table 69 Table 70 ‘Table 71 ‘Table 72 Table 73 Table 74 Table 75 Table 76 ‘Table 77 Table 78 Table 79 ‘Table 80 Table 81 Table 82 Table 83 Table 84 Table 85 Table 86 Table 87 Table 88 Table 89 INpex. Busways, System impedances in Ohms and Per Unit for Fig 96 Short-Cireuit Caleulations for Bus 1 in Ohms for Fig 96 Computer-Generated Short-Circuit Calculation Results for All Buses That Are Similar to the System in Fig 98 Hane to-Groond Fel Celadon i Ohms fr Pig 96. ‘Typical Selectivity Schedule 7 : Recommended Surface Reflectances for Offs... luminance Recommended for Use in Selection of Values for Interior Lighting Design . Weighting Factors to Be Considered in Selecting a Specific Iluminance with the Ranges of Values for Each Category in ‘Table 73 Appropriate Initial Eificaces for the im/W Range of Commonly Used Lamps .... Relative Merit of Uniform, Non-Uniform, and Task- Ambient Lighting Systems . we Fluorescent Ballast Sound Ratings . Moving Walk Capacities .. Maximum Treadway Slope and Speed ..... Riser Sleeves or Conduits for Telephone Service . “Apparatus Closet Specifications : Gentraled Eectronie Key Telephone Equipment Space Specifications in Linear Feet . i Satelite Closet Specifications ..... Examples of Existing Conditions and Replacement Strategies ‘and the Justification of Remedial Action .. Approximate Mlumination Footcandles at 10 Feet Mounting Hight (Eliptical versus Standard Reflector) Energy-Saving versus Standard Fluorescent Lamps ‘Typical Input Watts for Fluorescent Lamp Ballastss - ‘Typical Input Watts for HID Lamp Ballasts . Energy Svings and Cost Comparisons for Four ‘Alternative Fluorescent Systems 732 735 756Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Scope. IEEE Std 241-1990, IEEE Recommended Practice for Electric Power Systems in Commercial Buildings, commonly known a the "Gray Books pub- lished by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) to provide a recommended practice for the electrical design of commercial buildings. It has been prepared on a voluntary basis by engineers and designers functioning asthe Gray Book Working Group within the IEEE Power Systems Engineering Commitee, ‘This recommended practice will probably be of greatest value to the power oriented engineer with limited commercial building experience Tt can also be an aid to all engineers responsible forthe electrical design of commercial buildings However, i isnot intended as a replacement for the many excellent engineering texts and handbooks commonly in use, nor is it detailed enough to be a design ‘manual, Ieshould be considered a guide and general reference on electrical design for commercial buildings. ‘Tables, charts, and other information that have been extracted from codes, standards, and other technial Iterature are included inthis recommended prac. tice. Their inclusion ifr illustrative purposes; where the correctness ofthe item is important, the latest referenced document should be used to assure that the information iscomplete, upto date, and correct. I isnot possible to reproduce the full text of these items in this recommended practic. LLL Voltage Levels, Its important to establish, at the outset, the terms de- scribing voltage clasifcations. Table 1, whichis adapted from IEEE Sta 100-1988, IEEE Standard Dictionary of Electrical and Electronies Terms, Fourth Edition (ANSI) [5],! indicates these voltage levels. ANSI/NFPA 70-1990, National Electrical Code (NEC) [3],? described in 1.6.1, uses the term “over 600 volts” generally to refer to what is known as “high voltage” Many IEEE Power Engineering Society (PES) ‘standards use the term “high voltage” to refer to any voltage higher than 1000 V. All "ne numbers in rackets correspond to chose in the references tthe end of sch chapter, IEEE ‘pestions are avalible fom the Insite of Elcseal and Electrons Engines TE Serie (enter 448 Hoes Lane, PO. Box ISS1, Piscataway, NI 385.159 ANSI publeations are avalable from the Sales Department ofthe American National Standards Inst, Ma caBH0 0101 41eee aan ratte 1 Votage Chases ene ie wo | et | Be | a me | davies, | Bese (Geter | tayo NOTE: See Table I n Chapter & ora complete sting of stem voltagesINTRODUCTION 2411000 nominal voltages are expressed in terms of rms. For a detailed explanation of ‘voltage terms, see Chapter 3. ANSI C84,1-1980, Voltage Ratings for Electric Power ‘Systems and Equipment (60 Hz) [2]? lists voltage class designations applicable to industrial and commercial buildings where medium voltage extends from 1000 Vto 69 KV nominal 1.2 Commercial Buildings. The term “commercial, residential, and institutional buildings” as used in this chapter, encompasses all buildings other than industrial buildings and private dwellings. IC includes office and apartment buildings, hotels, schools and churches, marine, ai, railway, and bus terminals, department stores, retall shops, governmental buildings, hospital, nursing homes, mental and correc” tional institutions, theaters, sports arenas, and other buildings serving the pubic direc. Buildings, or parts of Duldings, within industrial complexes, which are used as offices or medical facies or for similar nonindustril purposes fall within the scope of this recommended practice. Is not possible to cover each type of ‘cupancy in this text; however, many are covered in Chapter 16, Medical ares are ‘covered in IEEE Std 602-1986, IEEE Recommended Practice for Electric Systems in Health Care Facilities (ANSI) [10] (the “White Book") ‘he speifc use ofthe commercial building question, rather than the nature of the overal development of which tsa part, determines its electrical design cate- gory While industrial plants are primarily machine- and production-oriented, Commercial, residential, and institutional bulldings are primarily people- and Publicoriented. The fundamental objective of commercial building design 18 to Provide a safe, comfortable, energy-efficient, and attractive environment for ving, Working and enjoyment. The electrical design must satisfy these criteria itis to be uccesfl ‘Today’ commercial buildings, because oftheir increasing size and complexity, have become more and more dependent upon adequate and reliable electric sy tems, One can better understand the complex nature of modern commercial buld- ings by examining the systems, equipment, and faites listed in 1.2.1. 1.21 System Requirements for Commercial, Residential, and Institutional Buildings. ‘The systems, equipment, and facities that must be provided to satisfy functional requirements wil vary with the typeof facility, but wil generally include some oral of che following (1) Building etre service (2) Power distribution system (3) Lighting —Interior and exterior, both utilitarian and decorative; task and general lighting (4) Communications —Telephone, facsimile, telegraph, satelite link, bulding- to-building communications (including microwave, computer link, radio, closed-circuit television, code cal, public address, paging, fiber-optic and electronic intercommunication, pneumatic tube, doctors and nurses’ call, teleconferencing), and a variety of other signal systems ‘ANSI publatons are avilable from the Sales Department of the American National Standards Instat, [1 West 42nd Stet, 1th Flor, New York, NY 10035S824 urER 1 (©) Fire alarm systems— Fire pumps and sprintders, smoke and fire detection, alarm systems, and emergency public address systems. (6) Transportation—Elevators, moving stairways, dumbwaiters, and moving walkways (7) Space conditioning — Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning. (B) Sanitation—Garbage and rubbish storage, recyeling, compaction, and re- ‘moval incinerators; sewage handling; and document shredders and pulpers. (9) Plumbing—Hot and cold water systems and water treatment facilities. (10) Security watchmen, burglar alarms, electronic access systems, and closed- circuit surveillance television (21) Business machines— Typewriters, computers, calculators, reproduction machines, and word processors. (22) Refrigeration equipment (13) Food handling, catering, dining facilities, and food preparation facilities (2d) Maintenance facilities (25) Lightning protection (16) Automated building control systems (27) Entertainment facilities and specialized audiovisual systems (18) Medical facilities (29) Recreational facilites (20) Legally required and optional standby/emergency power and peak:shaving systems (21) Signing, signaling, and traffic control systems; parking control systems including automated parking systems 1.2.2 Electrical Design Elements. In spite of the wide variety of commercial, residential, and institutional buildings, some electrical design elements are com ‘mon to allThese elements, listed below, wil be discussed generally in this section ‘and in detail in the remaining sections ofthis recommended practice. The principal design elements considered in the design of the power, lighting, and auxiliary systems include: (1) Magnitudes, quality, characteristics, demand, and coincidence or diversity of loads and load factors (2) Service, distribution, and utilization voltages and voltage regulation (B) Flexibility and provisions for expansion (4) Reliability and continuity (B) Safety of personnel and property (6) Initial and maintained cost (“own and operate” costs) (7) Operation and maintenance (8) Fault current and system coordination (8) Power sources (10) Distribution systems (1) Legally required and optional standby/emergency power systems (2) Energy conservation, demand, and control (13) Conformance with regulatory requirements (14) Special requirements of the site related to: seismic requirements (see IBBE Std 693-1984 [12]), altitude, sound levels, security, exposure to physicalene INTRODUCTION ed 241-1000 elements, fre hazards (see IEEE Sta 979-1984 [15] hazardous locations, land power conditioning nd uninterruptible power supply (UPS) systems 1.8 The Industry Applications Society (IAS). The IEEE is divided into 35 groups and societies that specialize in various echnical areas of electrical engineering Each group or society conducts meetings and publishes papers on developments within its speetaized area. ‘The IEEE Industry Applications Society (IAS) currently encompasses 26 tech- nical committees covering aspects of electrical engineering in specific areas (petroleum and chemical industry, cement industry, lass industry, power systems engineering, and others). Papers of interest to electrical engineers and designers involved in the Feld covered by this recommended practice are forthe most par, contained in the transactions ofthe IAS. ‘The Gray Book is published by the IBEE Standards Department on behalf of the Power Systems Engineering Commitee, Individuals who desire to participate in the activities ofthe committees subcommittees or working groups inthe prepa- ration and revision of texts such as this should wnte the IEEE Standards Depart tment, 445 Hoes Lane, P.O. Box 1331, Pseataway, NJ 08855-1931. 13.1 Grouping of Commercial Buildings. The principal groupings of commer- cial buildings are (A) Multiple story buildings, office buildings, and apartment buildings (2) Publie buildings and stores, such as retail shops and supermarkets (G) Instivtional building, such as hospitals, large schools, colleges, corporate headquarters (4) Airpor,ralirad, and other transportation terminals @) Large commercial mals and shopping centers (6) Competitive and speculative buildings of types (1) and (2) above where minimum costs are essential, and where interior finishes are lef to future tenants ‘The Production and Application of Light, Power Systems Engineering, Power Systems Protection, Codes and Standards, Ener Systems, and Safety Committees of the IAS are involved with commercial building activites and some publish material applicable to many types of commercial facies 14 IEEE Publications. The IEEE publishes several recommended practices that are similar in style to the IEEE Gray Book, prepared by the Industrial and Com- ‘mercial Power Systems Department of the IEEE Industry Applications Society. (1) IBBE Std 141-1986, IEEE Recommended Practice for Electrie Power Distri- bution for Industrial Plants (ANSI) (the “Red Book”). (2) IEEE Std 142-1982, IEEE Recommended Practice for Grounding of Indus- ‘rial and Commercial Power Systems (ANSI) (the “Green Book’). (8) IBEE Sed 242-1986, IEEE Recommended Practice for Protection and Coor- ination of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems (ANSI) (the “Buff Book"). (4) IBEE Std 399-1990, IEEE Recommended Practice for Industrial and Com- mercial Power Systems Analysis (ANSI) (the “Brown Book”), 45