ILIGAN CITY NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
General Wood Street, Mahayahay Iligan City
Senior High School Department
SELF- LEARNING MODULE
CREATIVE WRITING
Quarter 1 Module 2
LESSON 2
Lesson 2: Elements, Techniques, and Literary Devices in
Various Modes of Fiction
Competencies:
A. Identify the various elements, techniques, and literary
devices in various modes of fiction, HUMSS_CW/MPIg-
i-11
B. Write journal entries and other short compositions
exploring key elements of fiction, HUMSS_CW/MPIg-i-
13
Objectives:
At the end of this lesson, the learners are expected to:
1. define fiction and learn its various modes
2. understand the elements, techniques, and literary
devices of various modes of fiction, and
3. write journal entries and other short compositions
exploring key elements of fiction.
WHAT IS FICTION?
 This form of literature refers to the inventive
construction of an imaginary world.
 Its product is solely based on the author’s capability to
create an event or story based on his wild and creative
imagination.
 It is not real.
 More so, it is not based on facts or actual happenings.
 That is, it is non- existent.
VARIOUS MODES OF FICTION
A.Genre Fiction- is written to appeal to the readers and fans,
who are already familiar with a certain genre, by producing a
written work which is fitted to that genre.
Crime fiction
 This genre is also known as detective story, murder
mystery, mystery novel and police novel.
Fantasy
 Real world myth and folklore is often the source of
inspiration of this genre.
 It started from oral traditions which later on became
fantasy literature and drama.
Romance
 The primary focus of this genre is the relationship and
romantic love between two people.
 Its main goal is to feed its readers with emotional
satisfaction, as well as optimistic and happy ending by
creating a plot which focuses on a man and a woman
falling in love with each other and struggling to maintain
that love.
Science fiction
 this genre contains stories which are at least grounded
on science-based fact or theory at the moment the story
was written.
Inspirational
 This literary genre is mainly written for the purpose of
inspiring its readers through the use of anecdotes. As a
standard, inspirational fiction sets an eye on religious
values, as well as content of written works which are
non-offensive and ensures implicit storylines. More
often than not, it features a significant change in the life
of a major character in the story which may inspire the
readers to think that what happened to this character
can possibly happen in their own lives, too.
Horror
 aims to produce fear, fascination and revulsion on the
part of the readers.
 When writing in this genre, one usually begins with
something that is normal and common. The latter part
would then show the main characters to be under the
threat made by an evil force in the story. What makes a
horror fiction effective to the readers is its ability to
scare and blow their minds away.
B. Literary Fiction
 In contrast to genre fiction, this category of fiction is
written to discover any aspect of the human
condition. Often, it involves written works such as
commentary, political criticism or even a reflection
about the human condition.
MOST COMMON CHARACTERISTICS OF LITERARY
FICTION
 Concerned with social commentary, political
criticism or reflection on the human condition
 Focuses on in-depth character studies of the
characters whose “inner stories” are supposed to
involve its readers, emotionally
 Concerned with the writing’s style and complexity;
is elegantly written, lyrical and layered according to
Saricks.
 The plot is not its central concern.
 Its tone is darker than genre fiction.
C. Realistic Fiction
 is a category of imaginative writings which contains
stories that could have happened to people or
animals in a place and time which is realistic or
believable.
 In this genre, both the stories and the characters
resemble that of something which is real.
 Moreover, the main focus of its plot is on social or
personal occurrences or issues which show
common life events, including falling in love,
marriage, finding a job, divorce, alcoholism, among
others.
MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF A REALISTIC FICTION
 Its stories happen either in the present or recent past.
 Characters are involved in probable events
 Characters’ dwelling place is realistic
 The characters play as real people with real solutions to
realistic issues.
 Events could leave questions that the reader is possible
to encounter in his life.
Elements of Fiction
1. Character- It refers to a figure in a literary work which
can either be a person or other form of being
TYPES OF CHARACTERS
 Round characters – refer to complex figures whose
characteristics are varied and usually undergo
development in the story which usually produces
surprise to the readers
 Flat characters – refer to the uncomplicated figures
in a fiction which are often two-dimensional
 Dynamic characters – these are characters in the
story which are deemed to change as the story
goes on.
  Static characters – are the opposite of dynamic
characters in that they remain the same from the
start to the end of the story
 Regular characters – used to refer to those figures
in the story that appear in almost all of the
episodes
 Recurring characters – also referred to as
supporting characters, have frequent appearance
in the series of a story
 Guest characters – also known as minor
characters; act only in a few episodes or scenes in
a certain story
2. Plot- This element of fiction, also known as the
storyline, refers to the major events that move the action in a
narrative. Moreover, it consists of a series of events in which
one occurrence poses an effect to the next occurrence by
means of cause-and-effect. A plot has five significant
elements; namely, exposition, rising action, climax, falling
action and denouement or resolution.
Exposition It introduces the characters of the story and
shows to the audience how they are related with one
another, as well as their goals, motivations and moral
character.
Rising action This stage begins with a conflict which moves
the main character or the protagonist to act. Moreover, this
is the phase in the story where the main character
acknowledges his or her goal and shows the manner in
which the obstacles are overcome.
Climax This is now the turning point of the story where the
protagonist makes a certain decision which will either cause
him to win or lose in the battle he is in. Furthermore, the
decision he makes clearly gives a description on the kind of
person he is.
Falling action This element comprises events which lead to
the ending of the story in which the character’s actions got
the problem fixed.
Denouement This phase is where the conflict has officially
ended. The problem has been solved by both the
protagonist and the antagonist. Finally, the story shows what
eventually happened to the characters after the conflict
ends.
3. Point of View
 It refers to the point from which a narrative is told.
A story can be told in either first-person point of
view, in which the author is also the character in
the story which refers to himself or herself as “I”, or
third-person point of view which has two types: the
omniscient, where the author becomes an all-
knowing narrator who is able to recall actions
thoroughly and enter into any character’s mind in
the work or whatever period to uncover to the
readers his or her thoughts, feelings and beliefs,
and the limited in which the author relies on a
single character’s views in order to recount the
story.
4. Setting
 refers to the time and geographic location involved
in a particular story. Generally, it sets the mood for
a story. The setting itself has its own elements that
a writer must consider, too, including culture,
historical period, geography and hour.
5. Style
 refers to the choice of words (diction), arrangement
of words (syntax) and other linguistic features of a
work that the author uses. With appropriate style,
an author can make a literary work of fiction appear
seemingly true and real to the readers.
6. Theme(s)
 it refers to the general message of the story to its
readers or the moral that is attached in a certain
literary work.
TECHNIQUES AND LITERARY DEVICES IN FICTION
MOST COMMON TECHNIQUES AND LITERARY
DEVICES
1. Allegory
 This literary device makes use of a character, place
or event which is meant to deliver a broader
message, usually a moral or political one,
concerning issues and events which are happening
in the real world.
2. Symbol
 Symbols can be either universal or cultural, as well
as contextual. The use of symbols in fiction
awakens the interest of the readers and allows
them to exercise deep critical and analytical
thinking in digging into the hidden meanings of the
symbols used. Among the common examples of
symbols are “dove” which means “peace”, “heart”
for love, a weighing scale for justice, to name a
few.
3. Irony
3 TYPES OF IRONY
1. Verbal irony- It is used when what one says is totally
different from what he meant. This type is like sarcasm.
2. Situational irony- This happens when the actual
outcome of an action is different from your expected
outcome.
3. Dramatic irony-Basically, it happens when the
audience, not the character himself, knows more
regarding the character’s situation.
4. Imagery
 the writer connects with the readers by appealing to their
senses, including sense of sight, smell, taste, touch, and
hearing, with the intention to create “word pictures”. Still
another way to make a story more meaningful and
interesting is to make use of figurative language. In
literature, it is a language used to compare two different
things in various ways. The most used figures of speech are
the following:
 Simile. The writer makes a direct comparison between two
totally different things by using the words “like” or “as”
 Metaphor. makes a comparison between two unlike things,
but without the use of “like” or “as”.
 Personification. This figure of speech allows the writer to
assign animals, objects, or ideas with human qualities,
attributes or abilities.
 Hyperbole. In this figure of speech, the writer practices
exaggeration or overstatement for the purpose of emphasis.

SELF-LEARNING ACTIVITY
CREATIVE WRITING
Quarter 1 Module 2
LESSON 2
Name: JUNE LEONARD MINGO
Grade & Section: GRADE 12- SECTION BERYL
Contact#: 0993338749
Address: ZONE 6-MALINDAWAG, ABUNO, ILIGAN CITY
Date received: _______________________________________
Date submitted: JANUARY 10, 2022
Lesson 2: Elements, Techniques, and Literary Devices in
Various Modes of Fiction
Competencies:
C. Identify the various elements, techniques, and literary
devices in various modes of fiction, HUMSS_CW/MPIg-
i-11
D. Write book review/analysis exploring key elements of
fiction, HUMSS_CW/MPIg-i-13
Objectives:
At the end of this lesson, the learners are expected to:
1. read and understand at least 50 pages
book/pocketbook(Fiction).
4. write book review/analysis exploring key elements of
fiction.
DIRECTIONS:
1. Study your Quarter 1 Module 2 Lesson 2 (Elements,
Techniques, and Literary Devices in Various Modes of
Fiction) on pages 21-29.
2. Answer questions in your SLA. If possible, do not use
extra paper but instead use the back of this paper for
your answer.
3. Choose a book/pocketbook at least fifty pages.
4. You can work with four of your classmates in one book
but avoid copying each other’s answer.
5. Read and understand your chosen book and write a
book review/analysis by answering each item below.
Directions: Answer each item below briefly and concisely.
1.What is the title of the book? DYING TO PLEASE
2.Who is the writer/author of the book? LINDA HOWARD
3.How many pages does it contained IT CONTAINED 312
PAGES
4.What mode of genre does it belonged?GENRE FICTION-
CRIME FICTION
5.When and where the book is published? (2002) MAY 2022
ELEMENTS OF FICTION
1.Characters (15 pts.)
A. Who is the protagonist of the story? Identify him/her
quickly by name, age, era, locale, social class, family, and
occupation.
Sarah Stevens, a woman at age of 30 years old, loyal, beautiful,
professional, organized, and potentially lethal at the age of 30,
she is came from a military family and she grow as a military
brat. She is a butler in the Mountain Brook, Alabama. She is
protecting/ serving the judge for three years since the judge
receive some of death threats.
B. Discuss the protagonist in the story, In terms of flatness
or roundness.
Sarah Steven is a woman butler of Judge Lowell Roberts. She
came from a military family—she’s a military brat. She is skilled
at running households smoothly and efficiently, she is also
professional and trained bodyguard and an expert marksman.
She do some martial arts like kick-boxing, karate and judu.
Sarah Stevens is a butler/bodyguard. Her current job puts her at
the house of a retired judge. While Sarah never expects to need
her bodyguard skills for the judge, she makes sure that she’s
ready for anything. That’s why she’s so broken up when she
arrives home from her day off and finds the judge dead in his
den. Though she expects to be a suspect, the attitude of one of
the detectives grates on her nerves.
C. Discuss any two minor characters in similar terms. For
each, justify the degree of flatness or roundness in
terms of the character's contribution to the story.
Lowell Roberts. He is a retired Federal Judge in Mountain Brook,
employer of Sarah Stevens. Lowell Roberts was also part of the
military, he is a sweet, kind, and loving employer of Sarah
Stevens—her butler. He is protected by Sarah Stevens since he
receive some death threat in the past years.
Barbara. She is one of the children of Judge Robert—daughter
of the judge. She is kind and loving daughter, she suffered from
the death of her father. She considered Sarah as a part of the
family since Sarah is the one who takes care of his father while
she is far.
Evaluating the moral structure of the protagonist:
 To what degree is her/his moral stature defined by
contrasting minor characters, by the testimony of
characters who are readily acceptable as
witnesses?
The protagonist of the story is loyal to his employer, when
someone offered another job to her with higher salary from her
current job, she declined it. She promised and sworn to herself
that she’ll taking care of judge until he’ll die.
According to Barbara, Sarah is indeed good employee since she
takes care of judge and she is a loyal employee. She is very
flexible to her schedule and she do the households efficiently.
She really love the judge to the point that she want to serve him
until his last breath. Indeed she also suffered from the judge’s
death.
D. Discuss one or two important actions in which her/his
moral stature is apparent.
Sarah has a moral since she take care the judge, his schedule,
his health and his safety. She’s a loyal employee to the point that
she promised to herself that she will take care her employer.
She’s looking for the safety of her employee after her. You can
sense that she is sincere to her words and his actions.
E. In view of all the matters above, what does the author
apparently wish us to think and feel about what
happens to the protagonist?
She want us to think and feel that women like Sarah Stevens is
capable of doing men’s work like being a butler. She want us to
realize that work has no gender, as well as the importance of the
loyalty, love and kindness.
2.Plot (25 pts.) How did the story starts? How did the story
develops? How did the story ends?
Rising Action: Someone send a gift to Sarah, a anonymous,
unknown, a stranger, and because of that Sarah lost her peace
of mind to the point that she went shopping, do her manicure
went to restaurant to have supper, and went to movie to wait the
gift sender to approach her, but no one showed up. So she went
home all most ten o’clock, but sadly she found out that the judge
was murdered. Guilt assaults her - had she been there, it
wouldn’t have happened. Of course Sarah becomes the prime
suspect, much to Cahill’s chagrin. But eventually they rule her
out, and Cahill, a year after a particularly nasty divorce, decides
to go after Sarah, without subtlety.
Climax: Sara ended in taking another job, but is the same as
how he work at the judge house, she become the butler of
Lankforks. Again her employer is murdered but this time her
couple employer was killed. Again, she’s brought in for
questioning, as a time gap between Cahill and Sarah becomes
evident. Eventually, she is ruled out again, and is extremely hurt
by Cahill’s treatment of her. Tired and upset, Sarah ends up
taking on another job - with the man who wanted her since the
beginning, unbeknownst to Sarah. Things move quickly when
she realizes that she is now the possession of a deranged man,
and Cahill will stop at nothing to get her out.
She ended in accepting the job offer of Tervor Densmore. He’s
the third employer of Sarah, he is a banker—he owns bank. But
when came to his house he drugged her and it makes her feel
paralyzed. Tervor did it because she have an obsession to
Sarah, he harassed her by jerking in her while she’s
unconscious. Sara has no choice, she’s helpless because Tervor
also tied her with nylon strings. Sarah remain helpless but she
stop him from touching her, she told him that she has a serious
medical condition, that she has an acute sensitivity and her
nerve ending are permanently inflamed, that if he will touch her
she’ll hurt.
Falling Action: Cahill found out that the killer of Judge Robert
and Lankforks is Tevor, He got that information by showing the
picture to one of Tevor’s client and the client assumed that the
person in the image is Tevor. Cahill concluded/found out that the
killing is not all about money, it’s all about Sarah because Tervor
felt obsession to Sarah so he killed the employers of Sarah until
Sarah will accept his job offer. So Cahill rushed out to rescue
Sarah. Cahill came to Tevor’s house to rescue Sarah. He climed
that 10 feet wall and trespassed to the property of Tervor. He
didn’t politely ring the doorbell, he put two forty- calibre bullets in
the dead-bolt lock, the he kicked the door open. He saw Trevor
waiting for him, hidden in the darkness of the hallway.
Sarah right hand was free, she get the glass of water sitting on
the bedside table, she grabbed it and slammed it against the
edge of the table and she use it to sliced the nylon cords in her
left hand and then she untie the nylon cords in her ankles and
she ran in the hall when she heard gunshot, she’s worried about
Cahill’s safety
Cahill was shot in on the chest, but he’s wearing his body armor,
but the impact knocked his breath out and he sprawled across
the floor, unconscious
Denouement: Cahill was shot in on the chest, but he’s wearing
his body armour, but the impact knocked his breath out and he
sprawled across the floor, unconscious.
Sarah went down stairs with steady, purposeful stride, gaining
speed as she went and call out Trevor. She didn’t care. The
rage suffusing her made the heavy floor lamp feel like nothing in
her hands as she stepped forward, into the pistol, into the bullet,
swinging the lamp like baseball bat. The explosion of the shot
was deafening in the cavernous froyer, a blast of hot wind along
her left side just as she slammed the base of the floor lamp into
Trevor’s skull. He crashed backward into the wall. A fine spray of
blood flying from his head, his chest, and she swung te lamp
again, and again, screaming wordlessly. The lamp was suddenly
too heavy to hold, and dropped from her nerveless fingers. She
turned to Cahill who’s struggling to stand and holding his chest
and wheezing, but there is no blood because Cahill is wearing
his body armour. Trevor Densmore died.
6. How is the book structured? Flashbacks? Multiple
points of view? Why do you think the author chose to
write the book this way?
The book was structured with multiple points of view in that way
reader get to know different characters' voices and backstories
and is especially useful in stories with intersecting storylines.
Just remember that all that complexity will add pages to your
narrative—so it's probably not the best choice for a short story.
3.Point of view (20 pts.)
1. What is the predominant point of view used in the story?
Illustrate by citing a very brief passage from the story and
showing how it confirms your opinion.
Narration. The story is more about narration, it narrates what the
character do, it also narrates the action, the setting, the theme of
the story. (It was after two in the morning when the radio alerted
him to call on Brairwood: This passage is narrating on what
happen to Cahill, the passage is narrating the setting of the
chapter an on what happen on the first part of the chapter.)
But the most dominant point of view of all the characters is the
POV of Sarah Stevens, since she is the main character or what
we called protagonist of the story. As I observed the whole story
was turning around to the main character. Every chapter
mentioned the name of protagonist, unlike the other story/novel
that I read that there are chapters that are not mentioning the
main character or don’t have point of view of the protagonist.
.
___________________________________________________
4.Setting (10 pts.)
 Where did the story sets? What time? What weather?
There are lot settings of the story, different time, different
weather, but this is the only thing that I’m sure, the story takes
place in the in Mountain Brook, Alabama where most of the
people are wealthy.
 How does the setting affect the conflict?
Setting is one of the primary ways in which an author is able to
introduce conflict. The author places characters in places and
times to ensure that conflict will occur. Setting drastically affects
the conflict. For instance, imagine a story where the main
character's conflict is a most important message that needs to
reach another character. If the story was set today, he or she
would just send a quick text message. Conflict resolved. For
short setting affects the conflict of the story because it is where
the clash or quarrel of the protagonist and antagonist takes
place.
5.Style (20 pts.)
 How do you find author’s used of words? Is it formal or
informal? Evaluate the quality of the writing style by
using some of the following standards: coherence,
clarity, originality, forcefulness, correct use of technical
words, conciseness, fullness of development, fluidity.
Does it suit the intended audience?
The story is more likely formal, there are lots of deep English
words but it’s worth reading because you can learn another
word. The originality, forcefulness, conciseness, fullness of
development and fluidity of the formal words are good, but there
are some misspelled words.
I think it suit the intended audience since the plot twist of the
story is very amazing. The gen z will like this novel for sure.
6.Theme (20 pts.)
 What is the moral lesson you learned from the story?
The moral lesson of the story is that “Kindness is important, as
well as the loyalty”. You can learn from Sarah that loyalty is
something that money cannot buy in view of the fact that
someone offer her a job with higher salary but she refused it
because she is loyal to his employee and she loves the judge so
much that she’ll protect him until his last breath
Another moral lesson that I learned is that “Trust is important”
you need to trust the person you love, because it is hurtful to
know that the person that she loves doesn’t trust her, that he
accused her without a final conclusion and lack of evidences.
Just like what Cahill did to Sarah
The Third one is that “Never trust a kind person that you don’t
know” maybe that person has bad intention to you or that person
planning something that could harm you, just like what Sarah did
—she trust Tervor who’s a maniac old man.

 How does the conflict of the story develop or enhance

the theme?
Conflict in a story is a struggle between opposing forces.
Characters must act to confront those forces and there is where
conflict is born. If there is nothing to overcome, there is no story.
Conflict in a story creates and drives the plot forward. Conflict in
a story is a struggle between opposing forces. Characters must
act to confront those forces and there is where conflict is born. If
there is nothing to overcome, there is no story. Conflict in a story
creates and drives the plot forward.
General Impressions:
 How did the book affect you? Were any previous ideas
you had on the subject changed, abandoned, or
reinforced due to this book?
Honestly, my dream is to be an author very soon. When I read
some novel I gain some ideas on how my future work will be.
This book affects me in the various way depending on the moods
of the character, on how the protagonist and antagonist conflict.
The story is very thrilling, the plot is very intense. My previous
ideas that I had on the subject change, I thought that the judge
killer is one of his children, but I was wrong. All I can say is that
the novel is very nice to the point that you can learn a lot of
moral lesson from it.
 What personal experiences you've had relate to the
subject?
My personal experience that I’ve had relate to the story is
trusting wrong people, I was a very generous person to the point
that everyone that will show kindness to me will receive
something like small gifts, but I discovered that they backstabbed
me. Also I relate to the story that the trust is very important in a
relationship, when you love the person you need to trust him or
her, don’t accused him/her that he is cheating without evidences.
 Would you recommend this book to others? Why?
I will recommend this book because you can learn some moral
lessons from it and it is worth-reading to the point that you want
to read it again, but the book is not for minors.
Note: Please submit your answered SLA on January 7,2022
At Dagohoy building 4th flr. Section Zircon/2nd flr. Section
Emerald.
Prepared by:
JACKYLYN M. MANEJA

Creative Writing Teacher