COI - Material 1.Python OOPs Concepts Python is also an object-oriented language since its beginning. It allows us to develop applications using an Object-Oriented approach. In Python, we can easily create and use classes and objects An object-oriented paradigm is to design the program using classes and objects. The object is related to real-world entities such as book, house, pencil, etc. The oops concept focuses on writing the reusable code. It is a widespread technique to solve the problem by creating objects. Major principles of object-oriented programming system are given below. = Class = Object = Method + Inheritance + Polymorphism + Data Abstraction + Encapsulation Class The class can be defined as a collection of objects. It is a logical entity that has some specific attributes and methods. For example: if you have an employee class, then it should contain an attribute and method, ie. an email id, name, age, salary, ete. Syntax class ClassName: Object The object is an entity that has state and behavior. It may be any real-world object like the mouse, keyboard, chair, table, pen, etc. Everything in Python is an object, and almost everything has attributes and methods. All functions have a built-in attribute doc, which returns the docstring defined in the function source code. When we define a class, it needs to following example. f¢ an object to allocate the memory. Consider theExample: class student: def _init__(self,studname, regno): self.studentname = studname self.tegno = regno def display(self): print(self.studname,self.regno) sl =student("Ram", 1908) sl.display(Q) Output: Ram 1908 In the above example, we have created the class named student, and it has two attributes studname and regno. We have created a s1 object to access the class attribute. The 11 object will allocate memory for these values. Method ‘The method is a function that is associated with an object. In Python, a method is not unique to class instances. Any object type can have methods. Inheritance Inheritance is the most important aspect of object-oriented programming, which simulates the real-world concept of inheritance. It specifies that the child object acquires all the properties and behaviors of the parent object. By using inheritance, we can create a class which uses all the properties and behavior of another class. The new class is known as a derived class or child class, and the one whose properties are acquired is known as a base class or parent class. It provides the re-usability of the code.Polymorphism Polymorphism contains two words "poly" and "morphs". Poly means many, and morph means shape. By polymorphism, we understand that one task can be performed in different ways. For example - you have a class animal, and all animals speak. But they speak differently. Here, the "speak" behavior is polymorphic in a sense and depends on the animal. So, the abstract “animal” concept does not actually "speak", but specific animals (like dogs and cats) have a concrete implementation of the action "speak", Encapsulation Encapsulation is also an essential aspect of object-oriented programming. It is used to restrict to methods and variables. In encapsulation, code and data are wrapped together within a single unit from being modified by accident. Data Abstraction Data abstraction and encapsulation both are often used as synonyms, Both are nearly synonyms because data abstraction is achieved through encapsulation Abstraction is used to hide internal details and show only functionalities. Abstracting something means to give names to things so that the name captures the core of what a function or a whole program does. Python Class and Objects Suppose a class is a prototype of a building. A building contains all the details about the floor, rooms, doors, windows, etc. we can make as many buildings as we want, based on these details, Hence, the building can be seen as a class, and we can create as many objects of this class. On the other hand, the object is the instance of a class. The process of creating an object can be called instantiation. Creating classes in Python In Python, a class can be created by using the keyword class, followed by the class name. The syntax to ereate a class is given below. Syntax class ClassName: istatement_suite In Python, we must notice that each class is associated with a documentation string which can be accessed by using ._doc__. A class contains a statement suite including fields, constructor, function, ete 3Consider the following example to create a class Employee which contains two fields as Employee id, and name. The class also contains a function display, which is used to display the information of the Employee. Example class Employee: id=10 name = "John" def display (self) print(self.id,self.name) Here, the self is used as a reference variable, which refers to the current class object. It is always the first argument in the function definition. However, using self is optional in the function call. ‘The self-parameter ‘The self-parameter refers to the current instance of the class and accesses the class variables. We can use anything instead of self, but it must be the first parameter of any function which belongs to the class, Creating an instance of the class A class needs to be instantiated if we want to use the class attributes in another class or method. A class can be instantiated by calling the class using the class name. The syntax to create the instance of the class is given below. = () The following example creates the instance of the class Employee defined in the above example, Example class Employee: id=10 name = "John" def display (sel?) print("ID: %d \nName: %s"%(self.id,self:name)) # Creating a emp instance of Employee class emp = Employee()emp.display() Output: 1D: 10 Name: John In the above code, we have created the Employee class which has two attributes named id and name and assigned value to them. We can observe we have passed the self as parameter in display function. It is used to refer to the same class attribute We have created a new instance object named emp. By using it, we can access the attributes of the class. Delete the Object We can delete the properties of the object or object itself by using the del keyword, Consider the following example. Example class Employee: id=10 name = "John" def display(self): print("ID: %d \nName: %s" % (self.id, self:name)) # Creating a emp instance of Employee class emp = Employee() # Deleting the property of object del emp.id # Deleting the object itself del emp emp.display() It will through the Attribute error because we have deleted the object emp. Python Constructor A constructor is a special type of method (function) which is used to initialize the instance members of the class. In C++ or Java, the constructor has the same name as its class, but it treats constructor differently in Python, It is used to create an object.Constructors can be of two types. 1. Parameterized Constructor 2. Non-parameterized Constructor Constructor definition is executed when we create the object of this class. Constructors also verify that there are enough resources for the object to perform any start-up task, Creating the constructor in python In Python, the method the _init__() simulates the constructor of the class. This method is called when the class is instantiated. It accepts the self-keyword as a first argument which allows accessing the attributes or method of the class. We can pass any number of arguments at the time of creating the class object, depending upon the _ init__() definition. It is mostly used to initialize the class attributes. Every class must have a constructor, even if it simply relies on the default constructor. Consider the following example to initialize the Employee class attributes. Example class Employee: def _ init__(self, name, id) selfid id self:name = name def display(self) print("ID: %d \nName: %s" % (self.id, selfname)) emp! = Employee("John", 101) emp2 = Employee("David", 102) # accessing display() method to print employee 1 information emp1.display() # accessing display() method to print employee 2 information emp2.display) Output: ID: 101 Name: JohnCounting the number of objects of a class The constructor is called automatically when we create the object of the class. Consider the following example. Example class Student: count = 0 def __ init__(self): Student.count = Student.count + 1 sI-Student() s2=Student() s3-Student() print("The number of students:",Student.count) Output: The number of students: 3 Python Non-Parameterized Constructor ‘The non-parameterized constructor uses when we do not want to manipulate the value or the constructor that has only self as an argument. Consider the following example Example class Student: # Constructor - non parameterized def _init_(self) print("This is non parametrized constructor") def show(self;name): print("Hello" name) student = Student() student.show("John") Python Parameterized Constructor ‘The parameterized constructor has multiple parameters along with the self, Consider the following example. Example class Student: # Constructor - parameterized def _ init__(self, name): print("This is parametrized constructor") selfname = namedef show(self): print("Hello” self.name) student = Student("John") student show() Output: This is parameterized constructor Hello John Python Default Constructor When we do not include the constructor in the class or forget to declare it, then that becomes the default constructor. It does not perform any task but initializes the objects. Consider the following example. Example class Student: roll_num = 101 name = "Joseph" def display(self): print(self.roll_num,selfname) st = Student() stdisplay() Output: 101 Joseph Python Inheritance Inheritance allows us to define a class that inherits all the methods and properties from another class. Parent class is the class being inherited from, also called base class. Child class is the class that inherits from another class, also called derived class.Create a Parent Class Any class can be a parent class, so the syntax is the same as creating any other class: Example Create a class. named Person, —_with firstname and lastname properties, and a printname method: class Person: def _init_(self, fname, Iname): self.firsiname - fname self.lastname = Iname def printname(selt): print(self.firstname, self.lastname) #Use the Person class to create an object, and then execute the printname method x = Person("John", "Smith") x,printname() Output: John Smith Create a Child Class To create a class that inherits the functionality from another class, send the parent class as a parameter when creating the child class: Example Create a clas the Person class: named Student, which will inherit the properties and methods from class Student(Person) passNote: Use the pass keyword when you do not want to add any other properties or methods to the class. Now the Student class has the same properties and methods as the Person class. Example Use the Student class to create an object, and then execute the printname method: x - Student(""Srinvasa’, "Rao") xprintname() Output:- Srinivasa Rao Add the _ init__Q Function We have created a child class that inherits the properties and methods from its parent. We want to add the __init__() function to the child class (instead of the pass keyword). Note: The _ i a new object it__() function is called automatically every time the class is being used to create Example Add the __init__() function to the Student cl: class Student(Person): def __init_(self, fname, Iname): #add properties ete. When you add the_init_() function, the child class will no longer inherit the parent's __init__Q function. Note: The child's __init__Q function overrides the inheritance of the parent's __init__Q function. 10To keep the inheritance of the parent's __init__(Q) function: parent's __ini Example class Person: def __init_(self, fname, Iname): seif-firstname = fname self.lastname = Iname def printname(self): print(self-firstname, self.lastname) class Student(Person): def _ init__(self, fname, Iname): Person. _init__(self, fname, Iname) x = Student("Srinivasa", "Rao") x.printname() Output: Srinivasa Rao t_() function, add a call to. the Now we have successfully added the __init__() function, and kept the inheritance of the parent class, and we are ready to add functionality in the __init__() function. Use the super() Function Python also has a super() function that will make the child cl properties from its parent class Person: def _ init__(self, fame, Iname}: selffirstname ~ fname self.lastname = Iname def printame(self): print(selffirstmame, self.lastname) class Student(Person): def _ init__(self, fname, Iname): superQ.init_(fitame, Iname) x= Student("John", "Smith") ry inherit all the methods andx,printname() Output John Smith By using the super() function, you do not have to use the name of the parent element, it will automatically inherit the methods and properties from its parent. 2. Collections Python Lists mylist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"] List Lists are used to store multiple items in a single variable. Lists are one of 4 built-in data types in Python used to store collections of data, the other 3 are Tuple, Set, and Dictionary, all with different qualities and usage. Lists are created using square brackets: Example Create a List: thislist = ["apple”, "banana" print(thislist) "cherry" List Items List items are ordered, changeable, and allow duplicate values. List items are indexed, the first item has index [0], the second item has index [1] ete. Ordered When we say that lists are ordered, it means that the items have a defined order, and that order will not change. If you add new items to a list, the new items will be placed at the end of the list. Note: There are some list methods that will change the order, but in general: the order of the items will not change. 12Changeable The list is changeable, meaning that we can change, add, and remove items in a list after it has been created. Allow Duplicates Since lists are indexed, lists can have items with the same value: Example Lists allow duplicate values: thislist ["apple", "banana", "cherry" print(thislist) "apple", “cherry"] List Length To determine how many items a list has, use the len() function: Example Print the number of items in the list: thislist - ["apple", "banana", "cherry"] print(len(thislist)) List Items - Data Types List items can be of any data type: Example String, int and boolean data types: list = ("apple", "banana’, "cherry"] list2 = (1.5, 7, 9,3) list3 = [True, False, False] A list can contain different data types: Example A list with strings, integers and boolean values: list] = ["abe", 34, True, 40, “male"] 13type) From Python's perspective, lists are defined as objects with the data type list Example ‘What is the data type of a list? mylist, = ["apple’, "banana’, "cherry"] print(type(mylist)) The list() Constructor It is also possible to use the list() constructor when creating a new list. Example Using the list() constructor to make a List: thislist. = list(("apple", "banana", “cherry"))# note the double __round-brackets print(thislist) Python Collections (Arrays) There are four collection data types in the Python programming language: + List is a collection whieh is ordered and changeable. Allows duplicate members. © Tuple is a collection which is ordered and unchangeable. Allows duplicate members. + Setiis a collection which is unordered and unindexed. No duplicate members. + Dictionary is a collection which is unordered and changeable. No duplicate members, When choosing a collection type, it is useful to understand the properties of that type. Choosing the right type for a particular data set could mean retention of meaning, and, it could mean an increase in efficiency or security Access Items List items are indexed and you can access them by referring to the index number: Example Print the second item of the list: thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"] print(thislist[1)) Note: The first item has index 0.Negative Indexing ‘Negative indexing means start from the end -1 refers to the last item, -2 refers to the second last item etc, Example Print the last item of the list: thislist = print(thislist[-1)) pple", "banana", "cherry"] Range of Indexes You can specify a range of indexes by specifying where to start and where to end the range. When specifying a range, the return value will be a new list with the specified items Example Return the third, fourth, and fifth item: thislist - ‘apple", "banana”, "cherry", “orange”, "kiwi", "melon", "mango"] print(thislist(2:5)) Note: The search will start at index 2 (included) and end at index 5 (not included). Remember that the first item has index 0 By leaving out the start value, the range will start at the first item: Example This example returns the items from the beginning to, but NOT included, "kiwi": thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry", "orange", "kiwi", "melon", "mango"] print(thislist{:4)) By leaving out the end value, the range will go on to the end of thelist: Example ‘This example returns the items from "cherry" and to the end: thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry", “orange”, "kiwi", "melon", "mango" Range of Negative Indexes Specify negative indexes if you want to start the search from the end of the list: 15Example ‘This example returns the items from "orange" (-4) to, but NOT included. "mango" (-1): thislist - ‘apple", “banana”, "cherry", “orange”, "kiwi", "melon", "mango"] print(thislist[-4:-1]) Cheek if Item Exists To determine if a specified item is present in a list use the in keyword: Example Check if “apple" is present in the list: thislist = "banana", "cherry"] if "apple" in thislist: print("Yes, ‘apple’ is in the fruits list") Python - Loop Lists Loop Through a List ‘You can loop through the list items by using a for loop: Example Print all items in the list, one by one: thislist = for x in thislist: print(x) Learn more about for loops in our Python For Loops Chapter. "banana", "cherry"] Loop Through the Index Numbers ‘You can also loop through the list items by referring to their index number. Use the range() and len() functions to create a suitable iterable. Example Print all items by referring to their index number: 16thislist for i in range(len(thislist)) print(thislist{i}) ["apple", "banana", "cherry" The iterable created in the example above is (0, 1, 2] List Methods Python has a set of built-in methods that you can use on lists Method Description Adds an element at the end of the list, Jeari Removes all the elements from the list Returns a copy of the list ETEETL -ount Returns the number of elements with the specified value extend() Add the elements of a list (or any iterable), to the end of the current list index Returns the index of the first element with the specified value insert) Adds an element at the specified position pop() Removes the element at the specified position v7remove) Removes the item with the specified value reverse() Reverses the order of the list sort) Sorts the list Python Tuples Tuple Tuples are used to store multiple items in a single variable. Tuple is one of 4 built-in data types in Python used to store collections of data, the other 3 Set, and Dictionary, all with different qualities and usage A tuple is a collection which is ordered and unchangeable. Tuples are written with round brackets. Example Create a Tuple: thistuple - apple", "banana", "cherry") print(thistuple) Tuple Items Tuple items are ordered, unchangeable, and allow duplicate values. Tuple items are indexed, the first item has index [0], the second item has index [1] etc. Ordered When we say that tuples are ordered, it means that the items have a defined order, and that order will not change. 18Unchangeable Tuples are unchangeable, meaning that we cannot change, add or remove items after the tuple has been created. Allow Duplicates Since tuple are indexed, tuples can have items with the same value: Example ‘Tuples allow duplicate values: thistuple = ("apple", "banana", "cherry", "apple", "cherry") print(thistuple) Tuple Length To determine how many items a tuple has, use the len() function: Example Print the number of items in the tuple: thistuple = apple", "banan: print(len(thistuple)) "chesty") Create Tuple With One Item To create a tuple with only one item, you have to add a comma after the item, otherwise Python will not recognize it as a tuple. Example One item tuple, remember the commma: thistuple = C"apple",) print(type(thistuple)) #NOT a tuple thistuple ("apple") print(type(thistuple))Tuple Items - Data Types Tuple items can be of any data type: Example String, int and boolean data types: tuplel = ("apple”, "banana", "cherry") tuple2 = (1,5, 7, 9, 3) tuple3 = (True, False, False) A tuple can contain different data types: Example ‘A tuple with strings, integers and boolean values: tuplel = ("abe", 34, True, 40, "male") typeO) From Python's perspective, tuples are defined as objects with the data type ‘tuple’ Example What is the data type of a tuple? mytuple - (apple”, "banana", "cherry") print(type(mytuple)) The tuple() Constructor Itis also possible to use the tuple() constructor to make a tuple. Example Using the tuple() method to make a tuple: thistuple = tuple((“apple", "banana", "cherry")) # note the double _round-brackets print(thistuple) 20Tuple Methods Python has two built-in methods that you can use on tuples. Method Description count() Returns the number of times a specified value occurs ina tuple index Searches the tuple for a specified value and retums the position of where it was found Set Sets are used to store multiple items in a single variable, Set is one of 4 built-in data types in Python used to store collections of data, the other 3 are List, Tuple, and Dictionary, all with different qualities and usage A set is a collection which is both unordered and unindexed. Sets are written with curly brackets. Example Create a Set: thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"} print(thisset) Set Items Set items are unordered, unchangeable, and do not allow duplicate values. Unordered Unordered means that the items in a set do not have a defined order. 21Set items can appear in a different order every time you use them, and cannot be referred to by index or key. Unchangeable Sets are unchangeable, meaning that we cannot change the items after the set has been created. Once a set is created, you cannot change its items, but you can add new items. Duplicates Not Allowed Sets cannot have two items with the same value. Example Duplicate values will be ignored: thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry", "apple"} print(thisset) Get the Length of a Set To determine how many items a set has, use the len() method. Example Get the number of items in a set: thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"} print(len(thisset)) Set Items - Data Types Set items can be of any data type: Example String, int and boolean data types: 22setl = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"} set2 = {1, 5,7, 9, 3} set3 = {True, False, False} A set can contain different data types Example A set with strings, integers and boolean values: setl = {"abe", 34, True, 40, "male"} type) From Python's perspective, sets are defined as objects with the data type ‘set’ Example What is the data type of a set? myset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"} print(type(myset)) The set() Constructor It is also possible to use the set() constructor to make a set. Example Using the set() constructor to make a set: thisset_ = set(("apple”, "banana", "chemy"))# note the double _—_round-brackets print(thisset) Python Dictionaries Dictionary Dictionaries are used to store data values in key-value pairs. A dictionary is a collection which is unordered, changeable and does not allow duplicates. 23Dictionaries are written with curly brackets, and have keys and values: Example Create and print a dictionary: thisdict "brand": "Ford", "model": "Mustang", "year": 1964 } print(thisdict) Dictionary Items Dictionary items are unordered, changeable, and does not allow duplicates Dictionary items are presented in key:value pairs, and can be referred to by using the key name. Example Print the "brand" value of the dictionary: thisdict "brand": "Ford", "model"; "Mustang", "year": 1964 } print(thisdict{"brand" }) Unordered When we say that dictionaries are unordered, it means that the items does not have a defined order, you cannot refer to an item by using an index. Changeable Dictionaries are changeable, meaning that we can change, add or remove items after the dictionary has been created. 24Duplicates Not Allowed Dictionaries cannot have two items with the same key: Example Duplicate values will overwrite existing values: thisdict "brand": "Ford", "model": "Mustang", "year": 1964, year": 2020 } print(thisdict) Dictionary Length To determine how many items a dictionary has, use the len() function: ample Print the number of items in the dictionary: print(len(thisdict)) Dictionary Items - Data Types The values in dictionary items can be of any data type: Example String, int, boolean, and list data types: thisdict "brand": "Ford", "electric": False, "year": 1964, colors": ["red", "white", "blue"] 25Python Exception handling ‘An exception can be defined as an unusual condition in a program resulting in the interruption in the flow of the program. Whenever an exception occurs, the program stops the execution, and thus the further code is not executed. Therefore, an exception is the run-time errors that are unable to handle to Python script. An exception is a Python object that represents an error Python provides a way to handle the exception so that the code can be executed without any interruption. If we do not handle the exception, the interpreter doesn't execute all the code that exists after the exception. Python has many built-in exceptions that enable our program to run without interruption and give the output. These exceptions are given below: Common Exceptions Python provides the number of built-in exceptions, but here we are describing the common standard exceptions, A list of common exceptions that can be thrown from a standard Python program is given below. ‘ZeroDivisionError: Occurs when a number is divided by zero, NameError: It occurs when a name is not found. It may be local or global. IndentationError: If incorrect indentation is given. TOE rror: It occurs when Input Output operation fails. as EOFError: It occurs when the end of the file is reached, and yet operations are being performed, Exception Handling When an error occurs, or exception as we call it, Python will normally stop and generate an error message, These exceptions can be handled using the try statement: Example ‘The try block will generate an exception, because x is not defined: 26#The try block will generate an error, because x is not defined: try: print(x) except: print("An exception occurred") ‘au Since the try block raises an error, the except block will be executed. Without the try block, the program will crash and raise an error Example This statement will raise an error, because x is not defined: #This will raise an exception, because x is not defined: print(x) Output: Roles of Exceptional Handling in Python + Error handling: The exceptions get raised whenever Python detects an error in a program at runtime. As a programmer, if you don't want the default behavior, then code a ‘try’ statement to catch and recover the program from an exception. Python will jump to the ‘try’ handler when the program detects an error; the execution will be resumed. + Event Notification: Exceptions are also used to signal suitable conditions & then passing result flags around a program and text them explicitly. 27+ Terminate Execution: There may arise some problems or errors in programs that it needs a termination. So try/finally is used that guarantees that closing-time operation will be performed. The ‘with’ statement offers an alternative for objects that support it. + Exotic flow of Control: Programmers can also use exceptions as a basis for implementing unusual control flow. Since there is no 'go to! statement in Python so that exceptions can help in this respect. Example >e> (x,y) = (696,0) >>> try:H simple use of try-except block for handling errors z=xly except ZeroDivisionError: print ("This is a DIVIDED BY ZERO error") This is a DIVIDED BY ZERO error SS The ‘try-Exeept” Clause with No Exception The structure of such type of ‘except’ clause having no exception is shown with an example, ty: # all operations are done within this block. except: # this block will get executed if any exception encounters. else: # this block will get executed if'no exception is found. All the exceptions get caught where there is try/except the statement of this type. Good programmers use this technique of exception to make the program fully executable. ‘except? Clause with Multiple Exceptions uy: #all operations are done within this block. except ( Exception! [, Exception2[,....Exception N ] ]]) 28# this block will get executed if any exception encounters from the above lists of exceptions. else: # this block will get executed if no exception is found. The “try-Finally’ Clause ty: # all operations are done within this block. # if any exception encounters, this block may get skipped. finally: # this block will definitely be executed, Pytest Pytest is a testing framework based on python. It is mainly used to write API test cases. This tutorial helps you understand — + Installation of pytest. + Various concepts and features of pytest Pytest is a python based testing framework, which is used to write and execute test codes. In the present days of REST services, pytest is mainly used for API testing even though we can use pytest to write simple to complex tests, ie., we can write codes to test API, database, UI, etc. Advantages of Pytest The advantages of Pytest are as follows — + Pytest can run multiple tests in parallel, which reduces the execution time of the test suite. + Pytest has its own way to detect the test file and test functions automatically, if not mentioned explicitly. + Pytest allows us to skip a subset of the tests during execution, + Pytest allows us to run a subset of the entire test suite. + Pytest is free and open souree. + Because of its simple syntax, pytest is very easy to start with. 29Install pytest 1, Run the following command in your command line: CAUsers\admin>pip install -U pytest 2. Check that you installed the correct version: CAUsers\admin>python version Python 3.9.0 Example Square.py test starts platform win32 ~ Python 3.9.0, pytest-6.1.2, py-1.9.0, pluggy-0.13.1 rootdir: E-\auto collected 2 items square-py F [100%} testsquare def testsquare(): num =7 > assert 7*7 — 40 E assert (7*7)=40 30square.py:9: AssertionEtror — — short test info 1 failed, 1 passed in 0.108 MongoDB MongoDB is a document-oriented, open-source database program that is platform-independent. MongoDB, like some other NoSQL databases , stores its data in documents using 2 JSON structure. This is what allows the data to be so flexible and not require a schema, Some of the more important features are: ‘You have support for many of the standard query types, like matching (==), comparison (<>), or even regex + You can store virtually any kind of data - be it structured, partially structured, or even polymorphic + To scale up and handle more queries, just add more machines + Itis highly flexible and agile, allowing you to quickly develop your applications + Being a document-based database means you can store all the information regarding your model in a single document + You can change the schema of your database on the fly + Many relational database functionalities are also available in MongoDB (e.g. indexing) ‘As for the operations side of things, there are quite a few tools and features for MongoDB that ‘you just can’t find with any other database system: + Whether you need a standalone server or complete clusters of independent servers, MongoDB is as scalable as you need it to be * MongoDB also provides load balancing support by automatically moving data across the various shards + Ithas automatic failover support - in case your primary server goes down, a new primary will be up and running automatically The MongoDB Management Service or MMS is a very nice web tool that provides you with the ability to track your machines + Thanks to the memory mapped files, you'll save quite a bit of RAM, unlike relational databases 31If you take advantage of the indexing features, much of this data will be kept in memory for quick retrieval, And even without indexing on specific document keys, Mongo caches quite a bit of data using the least recently used method. While at first Mongo may seem like it’s the solution to many of our database problems, it isn’t without its drawbacks. One common drawback you'll hear about Mongo is its lack of support for ACID transactions. Mongo does support ACID transactions in a limited sense, but not in all cases, At the single-document level, ACID transactions are supported (which is where most transactions take place anyway). However, transactions dealing with multiple documents are not supported due to Mongo’s distributed nature. Mongo also lacks support for native joins, which must be done manually (and therefore much more slowly). Documents are meant to be all-encompassing, which means, in general, they shouldn’t need to reference other documents. In the real world this doesn’t always work as much of the data we work with is relational by nature. Therefore many will argue that Mongo should be used as a complementary database to a SQL DB, but as you use MongoDB you'll find that is not necessarily true Create Python File Output: Eauto>python pymongoconnect.py {\id': Objectld('Sfd0945d020dSae6daSaca9’), ‘dept’: ‘CSE, ‘name’: 'RAM’, ‘regno':'1099') 32Check Databases ‘The following command is used to show available databases. > show dbs admin 0.000GB config 0,000GB ku 0,0006B local 0.000GB Check Collection ‘The following command is used to show available collection into the database > show collections Python - MySQL. MySQL is an Open-Source database and one of the best type of RDBMS (Relational Database Management System), Install MySQL Connector Library for Python For Python 2.7 or lower install using pip as: pip install mysql-connector For Python 3 or higher version install using pip3 as: pip3 install mysql-connector Procedure To Follow In Python To Work With MySQL Connect to the database, Create an object for your database. Execute the SQL query. Fetch records from the result. Informing the Database if you make any changes in the table. peeye 1. Installing MySQL, MySQL is one of the most popular databases. 33Download and install MySQL from the MySQL's official website. You need to install the MySQL server to follow this tutorial Next, you have to install mysql.connector for Python, We need mysql.connector to connect Python Seript to the MySQL database. Download the mysql.connector from here and install it on your computer. Now, check whether you have installed the mysql.connector correctly or not using the following code, Import mysql.connector If the above code runs without any errors, then you have successfully installed mysql.connector, and it is ready to use. 2. Connecting And Creating Now, we will connect to the database using username and password of MySQL. If you don't remember your username or password, create a new user with a password. To create a new user refer to MySQL official documentation. Now, connect to the database using your username and password +## Connecting to the database ‘##t importing ‘mysql.connector' as mysql for convenient import mysql.connector as mysql +## connecting to the database using ‘connect()' method 4 it takes 3 required parameters ‘host, ‘user’, passwd! db = mysql.connect( host = "localhost", user = "root", passwd = "passwd" ) print(db) # it will print a connection object if everything is fine 342.1, Creating Databases ‘Now, we will create a database with the name kluese, To create a database in MySQL, we use CREATE DATABASE database_name statement. import mysql.connector as mysql db = mysql.connect( host = "localhost", user ="root", passwd = "passwd" ) +## creating an instance of ‘cursor’ class which is used to execute the 'SQL statements in Python’ cursor = db.cursor() tif creating a databse called 'kluese’ +## ‘execute()! method is used to compile a 'SQL’ statement, ## below statement is used to create the "klucse’ database cursor.execute("CREATE DATABASE klucse") If the database already exists you will get an error. Make sure that the database does not exist. See all the databases present in MySQL using the following code. To see all the databases we use SHOW DATABASES statement. import mysql.comnector as mysql db = mysql.connect( host = "localhost", user = "root", passwd = "passwd" ) cursor = db.cursor() ## executing the statement using ‘execute()' method cursor.execute("SHOW DATABASES") ### fetchall()! method fetches all the rows from the last executed statement databases = cursor.fetchall( # it retums a list of all databases pr +## printing the list of databases print(databases) +## showing one by one database for database in databases: print( database) 35Creating Tables Creating tables in the database to store the information, Before creating tables, we must select a database first Run the following code, to select klucse database. Use the CREATE TABLE table_name to create a table in the selected database. import mysql.connector as mysql db = mysql.connect( host = "localhost", user = "root", passwd = "dbms", database = "datacamp" ) cursor = db.cursor() ### creating a table called ‘users’ in the ‘datacamp' database cursor.execute("CREATE TABLE users. (name ~~ VARCHAR(255),_user_name VARCHAR(255))") ‘You have successfully created the (able users in the klucse database. See all the tables present in the database using the SHOW TABLES statement. import mysql.connector as mysql db = mysql.connect( host = "localhost", user = "root", passwd = "passwd", database = "klucse" ) cursor = db.cursor() ## getting all the tables which are present in ‘klucse’ database cursor.execute("SHOW TABLES") tables = cursor.fetchall() ## it returns list of tables present in the database it showing all the tables one by one for table in tables: print(table) 36Inserting Data Inserting data into table to store it. UseINSERT INTO table_name (column_names) VALUES (data) statement to insert into the table, Inserting A Single Row Let's see how to insert a single row into the table import mysql.connector as mysql db = mysql.connect( host = "localhost", user = "root", passwd = "passwd", database = "klucse" ) cursor = db.cursor() +## defining the Query query = "INSERT INTO users (name) VALU ## storing values in a variable values = ("K.L.University”) ## executing the query with values cursor.execute(query, values) ### to make final output we have to run the ‘commit()' method of the database object, db.commit() print(cursor.rowcount, "record inserted") %s)" 37