EVS: class 1

Aug 25, 2021

“Ecosystems”
Ecosystem:
Definition: The living community of plants and animals in any area
together with the non-living components of the environment such as soil,
air and water constitute the ecosystem

Population 1

Community + Environment = Ecosystem

(Biotic Factors) (Abiotic Factors)

Population 2
.
.
.
Organism Population n
 Types of Ecosystem:
Ø Forests
Land Ø Grasslands
(Terrestrial) Ø Deserts
Ø Mountains
Ecosystem

Fresh water
Water (Ponds, lakes, rivers)
(Aquatic)
Marine
(Sea)
Man-made Ecosystems:
Ø An urban area
Ø Agricultural Area
Ø Industrial Area

Unique aspects of an Ecosystem:

Ø Climatic Conditions (Temperature, Rainfall, Soil, Light, etc.) Structural

Ø Flora (Vegetation) Components
Ø Fauna (Animal species)
Size of an Ecosystem:
Worldwide sum of all ecosystems (zone of life on earth)
Biomes: ecosystems adapted to similar climate conditions
 Ecosystems Good and Services

Direct Values Indirect Values

(easy to quantify) (not easy to quantify)

v Consumptive use value v Non-consumptive use value

(direct consumption) (research, tourism, etc)

v Productive use value v Functional value

(commercial purpose) (maintain natural cycles)

v Option value
(option for future)

v Existence value
(Ethical and emotional)
Types of Ecosystems:

ØForest 1. Key Characteristics

ØGrasslands 2. Types
ØDesert 3. How is it useful?
ØAquatic 4. What are the threats?
5. How can we conserve it?
Forest Ecosystems:
specific vegetation and community of animals depending on latitude, altitude and soil type

Coniferous Forests Broad-leaved forests

Evergreen Deciduous Thorny Mangrove

Around 1.6 billion people – including more than 2,000 indigenous cultures – depend on forests for
their livelihoods, medicines, fuel, food and shelter. They are also home to more than 80% of the
terrestrial species of animals, plants and insects.

Source: WCS India (https://programs.wcs.org/india/Newsroom/Blog/ID/15965/What-is-happening-

to-Indias-forest-cover)

Prevent Soil erosion, lower temperature and provide O2

On 28 November 2012, the United Nations General Assembly established International
Day of Forests, to be observed annually on the 21st of March.
Grasslands Ecosystems:
The vegetation is mainly grass and small annual plants

Semi-arid Grasslands

Himalayan Pasture
Terai Grasslands

Ø Biodiversity conservation
Ø Livestock dependency
Ø Poverty alleviation
Desert Ecosystems:

Warm Cold

Unique Adaptations and Biodiversity

https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/57204/20-amazing-animal-adaptations-living-desert
Adaptations in Desert Animals

North African Antelope Greater roadrunner of North America

 EVS: class 2
Aug 27, 2021

“Ecosystems…..continued”
Food Chains, Food Web and Flow of Energy
How does being a non-vegetarian affect the environment?
What is Climate Change?

Ø Increase in Temperature
Ø Increase in CO2
Ø More variable Rainfalls (drought and flash floods)
Ø More saline soils
Ø Acidification of water bodies
Role of Ecosystem in maintaining Natural Cycles
Carbon Cycle
Nitrogen Cycle
Sulphur Cycle
 Ecological Resilience?
also called ecological robustness, the ability of an ecosystem to
maintain its normal patterns of nutrient cycling and biomass
production after being subjected to damage caused by an
ecological disturbance.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IrIvMt6HWlA
How to protect our ecosystems?
ØWhat can we do?
ØWhat can governments do?
International Union for Conservation of Nature
(IUCN) https://www.iucn.org/about
 Wildlife Sanctuaries and National Parks
(Flora and Fauna as well as landscape)

o Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary (Karnataka) o Ranthambore National Park (Rajasthan)

o Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary, Kerala o Kaziranga National Park (Assam)
o Kutch Desert Wildlife Sanctuary, Gujarat o Sundarbans National Park (West Bengal)

Ø Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Ø Grand Canyon

Breeding – China Ø Yosemite
Ø Black Jaguar White Tiger Foundation - Mexico Ø Yellowstone
Ø Lone Pine Koala Sanctuary - Australia
Aquatic Ecosystems:
Lake

River
 Threat to Aquatic Ecosystems:

A devotee offers prayers to the rising Sun during Chhath Puja as

toxic froth floats on the surface of polluted Yamuna river, at Kalindi Image source - https://bit.ly/2DfE1lV
Kunj, in New Delhi in November 2018 | PTI Photo/Kamal Kishore

Eutrophication:
Ø high nitrogen and phosphorous
Ø Algal and plant growth
Ø Increase in CO2
Ø Decrease in O2
Ø Increased Acidification
 EVS: class 2
Aug 27, 2021

“Ecosystems…..continued”
Food Chains, Food Web and Flow of Energy
How does being a non-vegetarian affect the environment?
What is Climate Change?

Ø Increase in Temperature
Ø Increase in CO2
Ø More variable Rainfalls (drought and flash floods)
Ø More saline soils
Ø Acidification of water bodies
Role of Ecosystem in maintaining Natural Cycles
Carbon Cycle
Nitrogen Cycle
Sulphur Cycle
 Ecological Resilience?
also called ecological robustness, the ability of an ecosystem to
maintain its normal patterns of nutrient cycling and biomass
production after being subjected to damage caused by an
ecological disturbance.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IrIvMt6HWlA
How to protect our ecosystems?
ØWhat can we do?
ØWhat can governments do?
International Union for Conservation of Nature
(IUCN) https://www.iucn.org/about
 Wildlife Sanctuaries and National Parks
(Flora and Fauna as well as landscape)

o Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary (Karnataka) o Ranthambore National Park (Rajasthan)

o Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary, Kerala o Kaziranga National Park (Assam)
o Kutch Desert Wildlife Sanctuary, Gujarat o Sundarbans National Park (West Bengal)

Ø Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Ø Grand Canyon

Breeding – China Ø Yosemite
Ø Black Jaguar White Tiger Foundation - Mexico Ø Yellowstone
Ø Lone Pine Koala Sanctuary - Australia
 EVS: class 3
Sept 1, 2021

“Biodiversity”
 What is Biodiversity?
Biological diversity means the variability among living organisms from all sources
including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the
ecological complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity within species,
between species and of ecosystems.
 Scale of Biodiversity
Ø Walter G. Rosen first coined the term 'Biodiversity’ in 1985
Ø Popularised by the sociobiologist Edward Wilson to describe the
combined diversity at all the levels of biological organisation.

4 Billion Years
v 1.2 million species
identified so far

v 8.7 million estimated

Biodiversity and Evolution
 Biodiversity

Genetic Diversity Species Diversity Ecosystem Diversity

 Biodiversity

Genetic Diversity Species Diversity Ecosystem Diversity

 Biodiversity

Genetic Diversity Species Diversity Ecosystem Diversity

Genetic Makeup
+
Environment
 Diversity types on spatial scale

Alpha Beta Gamma

(species diversity of an (species diversity (Overall diversity of different
Ecosystem) b/w Ecosystems ecosystems within a region)
 Why care about Biodiversity?
1. Consumptive Use Value

Food Animal Feed Wood

Medicines
2. Productive Use Value

Paper and Cloth Industry

cancer prevention and treatment

3. Social Value

4. Aesthetic Value
5. Option Value
Feb, 2021
 Stevia

Ø Shrub native to South America

Ø Artificial sweetner

Ø Zero Calories

Ø Pepsico and Coca Cola

Ø Japan largest user

 Miracle Fruit

Ø Grown in West Africa

Ø Miraculin. The protein coats the taste buds and

changes their receptivity so that sour foods taste
sweet

Ø Effect remains from 15 min to 2 hrs

Ø treat diabetes and correct chemotherapy-related taste

disturbances.
Ophiorrhiza recurvipetala,
Pokkali rice to cultivated rice: Genes for salt tolerance
Instrument Value: When the existence or use of one individual
organism benefits another entity!
“Anthropocentric view”: human beings are most Important/central
to the world

Intrinsic Value: When one has value for its own sake!
Biodiversity Hotspots
17 Mega-diversity Countries
Biodiversity Hotspots in India (Mega-diversity Nation)
 EVS: class 2
Aug 27, 2021

“Ecosystems…..continued”
Food Chains, Food Web and Flow of Energy
How does being a non-vegetarian affect the environment?
What is Climate Change?

Ø Increase in Temperature
Ø Increase in CO2
Ø More variable Rainfalls (drought and flash floods)
Ø More saline soils
Ø Acidification of water bodies
Role of Ecosystem in maintaining Natural Cycles
Carbon Cycle
Nitrogen Cycle
Sulphur Cycle
 Ecological Resilience?
also called ecological robustness, the ability of an ecosystem to
maintain its normal patterns of nutrient cycling and biomass
production after being subjected to damage caused by an
ecological disturbance.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IrIvMt6HWlA
How to protect our ecosystems?
ØWhat can we do?
ØWhat can governments do?
International Union for Conservation of Nature
(IUCN) https://www.iucn.org/about
 Wildlife Sanctuaries and National Parks
(Flora and Fauna as well as landscape)

o Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary (Karnataka) o Ranthambore National Park (Rajasthan)

o Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary, Kerala o Kaziranga National Park (Assam)
o Kutch Desert Wildlife Sanctuary, Gujarat o Sundarbans National Park (West Bengal)

Ø Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Ø Grand Canyon

Breeding – China Ø Yosemite
Ø Black Jaguar White Tiger Foundation - Mexico Ø Yellowstone
Ø Lone Pine Koala Sanctuary - Australia
 EVS: class 3
Sept 1, 2021

“Biodiversity”
 What is Biodiversity?
Biological diversity means the variability among living organisms from all sources
including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the
ecological complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity within species,
between species and of ecosystems.
 Scale of Biodiversity
Ø Walter G. Rosen first coined the term 'Biodiversity’ in 1985
Ø Popularised by the sociobiologist Edward Wilson to describe the
combined diversity at all the levels of biological organisation.

4 Billion Years
v 1.2 million species
identified so far

v 8.7 million estimated

Biodiversity and Evolution
 Biodiversity

Genetic Diversity Species Diversity Ecosystem Diversity

 Biodiversity

Genetic Diversity Species Diversity Ecosystem Diversity

 Biodiversity

Genetic Diversity Species Diversity Ecosystem Diversity

Genetic Makeup
+
Environment
 Diversity types on spatial scale

Alpha Beta Gamma

(species diversity of an (species diversity (Overall diversity of different
Ecosystem) b/w Ecosystems ecosystems within a region)
 Why care about Biodiversity?
1. Consumptive Use Value

Food Animal Feed Wood

Medicines
2. Productive Use Value

Paper and Cloth Industry

cancer prevention and treatment

3. Social Value

4. Aesthetic Value
5. Option Value
Feb, 2021
 Stevia

Ø Shrub native to South America

Ø Artificial sweetner

Ø Zero Calories

Ø Pepsico and Coca Cola

Ø Japan largest user

 Miracle Fruit

Ø Grown in West Africa

Ø Miraculin. The protein coats the taste buds and

changes their receptivity so that sour foods taste
sweet

Ø Effect remains from 15 min to 2 hrs

Ø treat diabetes and correct chemotherapy-related taste

disturbances.
Ophiorrhiza recurvipetala,
Pokkali rice to cultivated rice: Genes for salt tolerance
Instrument Value: When the existence or use of one individual
organism benefits another entity!
“Anthropocentric view”: human beings are most Important/central
to the world

Intrinsic Value: When one has value for its own sake!
Biodiversity Hotspots
17 Mega-diversity Countries
Biodiversity Hotspots in India (Mega-diversity Nation)
 EVS: class 4
Sept 3, 2021

“Biodiversity…continued”
What are threats to Biodiversity?

qPoaching

Lantana qHabitat Loss

qContaminants

qExotic Species

African
Apple Snail
Restrictions on Import of Plants and Animals

Animals Plants

Health Certificate Import Licence

NBPGR
Directorate General
(National Bureau of Plant
of Foreign Trade
Genetic Resources)

Quarantine Quarantine
 How to conserve Biodiversity?

In situ Conservation
Ø By protecting the natural habitat
E.g., Eild life Sanctuaries and National Parks

Ex situ Conservation
Ø Conserving species outside natural habitat
E.g., Seed Banks, Zoos, Botanical Gardens
Where is National Botanical Garden (Royal
Botanical Garden) in India?

Where is National Zoo in India?

Identify!!!!!

Tulsi
Identify!!!!!

Neem
Identify!!!!!

Teak
Identify!!!!!

Peepal
Identify!!!!!

Pine
Identify!!!!!

Bamboo
Identify!!!!!
Wheat
Identify!!!!!

Rice
Identify!!!!!

Maize
Identify!!!!!

Sugarcane
Identify!!!!! Sorghum (Jowar)
Identify!!!!! Baya Weaver
Identify!!!!! Indian Grey Hornbill
Identify!!!!! Indian Robin
Identify!!!!!
Rufous Treepie
Identify!!!!!
Jungle Babler
Identify!!!!!

Common Myna
Identify!!!!!

Alexendrine Parakeet
Identify!!!!!

Indian Roller: Neelkanth

 Identify!!!!!

Eurasian Collared Dove

Have you been to any National Park or Wildlife Sanctuary?

Is there a National Park or Wildlife Sanctuary in you State?

Research about any five endangered species and five on the

verge of extinction (endangered)!

Ø When and why did they get extinct?

Ø Why are they getting extinct? What are we doing or can
do to preserve them?
 EVS: class 5
Sept 6, 2021

“Population & Environment”

What is population?

a group of individuals of the same species living and interbreeding

within a given area

Demography: the statistical study of human

populations including size, structure, and movements
of populations over space and time
Demographic parameters:

Ø Population size: number of individuals present in a subjectively

designated geographic range

Ø Population density: number of individuals per unit area

Ø Birth rate: number of babies born in a given period of time

Ø Mortality rate: number of individuals that die in a given period

Ø Sex ratio: number of males and females within a population

Population size
The current world population is 7.9 billion (Sept, 2021)

https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/
Impact of Population on Environment
 Top 10 countries with highest population

Birth rate – death rate

Annual rate of Change = X 100
1000 (persons)

Doubling time = 70 / percent growth rate

=70/1 = 70 yrs
Sex Ratio and Age Distribution
https://statisticstimes.com/demographics/country/india-sex-ratio.php
Differential vulnerability to COVID-19 pandemic

Birth rate – death rate

Annual rate of Change = X 100
1000 (persons)

Doubling time = 70 / percent growth rate

=70/1 = 70 yrs
Differential vulnerability to COVID-19 pandemic

ØPopulation size of the elderly

ØPrevalence of co-morbidities
ØProportion of the population lacking basic water,
sanitation and hygiene facilities, Education level
ØMedia exposure among household with at least on
elderly
Leading causes of Death
 Impact of Covid19 on Environment

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7498239/ Rume and Islam, 2020

1.One slide per student
2.Write only on the slide assigned to you
3.Deadline for submission: Tomorrow, Sept 7, (5 pm)
4.Marks for assignment: 5 (Redundant topic would be evaluated only out of 2.5
marks)
5.Do not elaborate on a topic which is already covered
6.
Name five extinct/endangered species, Elaborate on any one
OR
2.Mention and describe a wildlife sanctuary or National park in your city/state/neighboring
country
OR
3.Describe any one factor in our day to day life that impacts environment mainly due to lack
of awareness
OR
4.Describe any recent incident that impacted human population and environment (between
2019-2021)
OR
5.A recent government or NGO initiative that is making a difference for environment
(between 2015-2021)
 2018A1TS0005P ANUSHKA SINGH SENGAR f20180005@pilani.bits-pilani.ac.in

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Source of Information

Your statement: I “aaa bb” will not throw any garbage anywhere other than dustbin