BY R. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES R.K.MALIKS NEWTON CLASSES JEE (MAIN & ADV.), MEDICAL + BOARD, NDA, IX & X HC Verma Solutions Chapter 2 - Physics & Mathematics PAGE No 27: Question 1 Is a vector necessarily changed if itis rotated through an angle? Yes. A vector is defined by its magnitude and direction, so a vector can be changed by changing its magnitude and direction. If we rotate it through an angle, its direction changes and we can say that the vector has changed, PAGE NO 27: Question 2: Is it possible to add two vectors of unequal magnitudes and get zero? Is it possible to add three vectors of equal magnitudes and get zero? WER: No, itis not possible to obtain zero by adding two vectors of unequal magnitudes. > Example: Let us add two vectors A and B of unequal magnitudes acting in opposite directions. The resultant vector is given by R= VA? + B+ 2AB cos If two vectors are exactly opposite to each other, then = 180°, cos 180° =—1 R= VA? + B’-2AB > R= \/(A- BY = R=(A~B) or (B~ A) From the above equation, we can say that the resultant vector is zero (R = 0) when the magnitudes of the > vectors A’ and B are equal (A = 8) and both are acting in the opposite directions. PERK Malate eu ie oun onan trie Me ELC eM hae)Chapter 2 - Physics & Mathematics Yes, itis possible to add three vectors of equal marnitiwioc and get zero. _ > Lets take three vectors of equal magnitudes A, B and C’, given these three vectors make an angle of 120° with each other. Consider the figure below: Lets examine the components of the three vectors. A,=A Ay =0 B, =—B cos 60° By =B sin 60° C, =—C cos 60° Cy =—C sin 60° Here, A=B=C So, along the x — axis , we have: A= (2A cos 60°) = 0, as cos 60° => B sin 60° sin 60° = 0 Hence, proved. PAGE No 27: Question 3: Does the phrase “direction of zero vector" have physical significance? Discuss it terms of velocity, force ete. ‘ANSWER: A zero vector has physical significance in physics, as the operations on the zero vector gives us a vector. 4 For any vector A’, assume that >> +0=A ry real number A, we have: > rA0 0 The significance of a zero vector can be better understood through the following examples: The displacement vector of a stationary body for a time interval is a zero vector. Similarly, the velocity vector of the stationary body is a zero vector. When a ball, thrown upward from the ground, falls to the ground, the displacement vector is a zero vector, which defines the displacement of the ball. PAGE No 27: NEWTONCLASSES.NETBY R. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES Question 4: Can you add three unit vectors to get a unit vector? Does your answer change if two unit vect rs are along the coordinate axes? ANSWER: Yes we can add three unit vectors to get a unit vector. No, the answer does not change if two unit vectors are along the coordinate axes. Assume three unit vectors #—4 and j along the positive waxis, negative xaxis and positive y-axis, respectively. Consider the figure given below The magnitudes ofthe three unit vectors (7, — 7 and j) ere the same, but thelr directions are different So,theresutant off and — i isazerovector Now,j-+ 0 =] (Using the property of zero vector) The resultant of three unit vectors (é, — i and 3) is aunit vector (3). PAGE NO 28: Question 5: => > The magnitude of the vector product of two vectors | A | and| B | ay be (@) greater than AB (b) equal to AB (C)less than AB (@) equal to zero. ANSWER: (0) equal to AB (o)less than AB (@) equal to zero, > > The magnitude of the vector product of two vectors | A | and| B | maybetess than orequal to A, or equal to zero, but cannot be greater than AB, PAGE NO 28: Question 6; The radius of a circle is stated as 2.12 cm. Its area should be written as (a) 14cm? (0) 14.1 om’ (14.11 cm? (0) 14.1126 om? ‘ANSWER: Pee acc ae cna onan trie Me ELC eM hae)Chapter 2 - Physics & Mathematics (0) 14.1 cm? Area of acircle, A= ar? On putting the values, we get: A= 2x 212x212 = A=14.1 cm? The rules to determine the number of significant digits says that in the multiplication of two or more numbers, the number of significant digits in the answer should be equal to that of the number with the minimum number of significant digits. Here, 2.12 cm has a minimum of three significant digits. So, the answer must be written in three significant digits. PAGE No 28: Question 7: Can you add two vectors representing physical quantities having different dimensions? Can you rnuttiply two vectors representing physical quantities having different dimensions? ANSWER: No, we cannot add two vectors representing physical quantities of different dimensions. However, we can. multiply two Vectors representing physical quantities with different dimensions. es Examplé'Torque, 7 = 7 x F PAGE NO 28: Question 8: Can a vector have zero component along alline and still have nonzero magnitude? ANSWER: Yes, a vector can have zero components along a line and still have a nonzero magnitude, Example: Consider a two dimensional vector 21 + 0). This vector has zero components along a line lying along the Y-axis and a nonzero component along the X-axis. The magnitude of the vector is also nonzero, Now, magnitude of 2i + 0j= /2? +0? =2 PAGE NO 2: Question 9: > + Let e; and e, be the angles made by A and — A withithe positive X-axis, Show that tané = tan ¢2, Thus, i giving tan € does not uniquely determine the direction of A ANSWER: > Pe to The direction of — A is opposite to A’. So, if vector A and — A’ make the angles e; and e with the X-axis, respectively, then ¢} is equal to ¢9 as shown in the figure:BY R. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES Here, tan = tan e Because these are alternate angles. Thus, giving tan ¢ does not uniquely determine the direction of A PAGE No 28: Question 10: ee Is the vector sum of the unit vectors i and j a unit vector? If no, can you multiply this sum by a scalar umber to get a unit vector? ANSWER: 3 No, the vettor sum of the unit vectors i andj is not a unit vector, because the magnitude of the resultant of aS i’ and j isnot one. Magnitude of the resultant vector is given by R= V1? +1? + ¢0890" = V2 Yes, we can multiply this resultant vector by a scalar number > to get a unit vector, vi PAGE No 28: Question 11 a> > 23 4 44). Write evector B such that A 4 B, but A= 6. PAGE NO 28: Pee acc ae cna onan trie Me ELC eM hae)Chapter 2 - Physics & Mathematics Question 12: + 2 3 Canyouhave A x B = A - B with A¢0 and 840? What f one of the two vectors is zero? ‘ANSWER: > > oo No,wecannothave A x B = A - B with A¥0 and 80. This is because the left hand side of the given equation gives a vector quantity, while the right hand side gives a scalar quantity. However, if one of the two vectors is zero, then both the sides will be equal to zero and the relation will be valid. PAGE No 28: Question 13: > 3 =, > 3 If. A x B =0,canyou say that (a) A = B,(b) A # B? ANSWER: aS 3 If A x B = 0,then both the vectors are either parallel or antiparallel, ie. the angle between the vectors is either” or 180° es (AB sinOfi = 0-.'sin0" = sin 180° = 0) Both the conditions can be satisfied > () A =B , ie, the two vectors are equal in magnitude and parallel to each other oF Let A 57 + o> > > > 4) and B 5i | 67. Dowehave B — kA ?Canwesay ‘ANSWER: + > > > =7-5 i +6], then wehave B = kA by putting the value of scalar k However, we cannot say that © = k, because a vector cannot be divided by other vectors, as vector division is a not possible, PAGE NO 28: Question 1 Asituation may be described by using different sets coordinate axes having different orientation. Which the following do not depended on the orientation of the axis? (2) the value of a scalar (b) component of a vector (o) a vector (@) the magnitude of a vector. ANSWER:BY R. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES (2) the value of a scalar (©)a vector (@) the magnitude of a vector The value of a scalar, a vector and the magnitude of a vector do not depend on a given set of coordinate axes with different orientation. However, components of a vector depend on the orientation of the axes. PAGE NO 28: Question 2: at o3 ltC =A+B > ed (@)| C | is always greater than | A 2) 13 >) 2 (b) Itis possible to have e| | and] C |< B| (©) Cis always equal toA+ 8 (@) Cis never equal to. A+B, ANSWER: (@) itis possibleto have| C |A and Statements (2), (¢) and (4) are incorrect. > Given: 0 = A +B > Here, the magnitude of the resultant vector may or may not be equal to of less than the magnitudes of A and > B orthe sumof the magnitudes of both the vectors if the two vectors are in opposite directions. PAGE NO 28: Question 3: > > > Let the angle between two nonzero vectors A and B be 120" and its resutant be C (2) Crust be equal to | A — B (©) C must be less than | A— BY (©) C must be greaterthan | A — B| (@C maybe equalto A—B ANSWER: (©) must belless than | A= B| Here, we have three vector A, B and C. “2 > oP jor 2 |aaa =|4 +/Bl +24. () B 2 = .B > oP jap oy A-B -|a +8 eM Macaca te Aa eucue onan trie Me ELC eM hae)Chapter 2 - Physics & Mathematics i Since cosine is negative in the second quadrant, C must be less than |A — B| PAGE No 28: Question 4: The «component of the resultant of several vectors (2) 1s equal to the sum of the components of the Vectors of the vectors (b) may be smaller than the sum of the magnitudes of the vectors (c) may be greater than the sum of the magnitudes of the vectors. (@) may be equal to the sum of the magnitudes of the vectors. ANSWER: (2) is equal to the sum of the xcomponents of the vectors, (©) maybe smaller than the sum of the magnitudes of the vectors (@) may be equal to the sum of the magnitudes of the vectors. The ¥component of the resultant of several Vectors cannot be greater than the sum of the magnitudes of the vectors, PAGE NO 29: Question 1 > > Avector A makes an angle of 20° and B makes an angle of 110° with the X-axis. The magnitudes of these ‘vectors are 3 m and 4 m respectively. Find the resultant. ANSWER: y From the above figure, we have: eae Angle between A. and B = 110°~20°= 90° x wm and [B|— 4m Magnitude of the resultant vector is given byBY R. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES (M+ BP +2AB cos 6 = VP FH FIKS x Ax cos 90" =5m + > Let B be the angle between Rand A po tant (chet) mt! (star) =tan! 4 = tan (1.333) = 53° 53° + 20° = 73° ‘Now, angle made by the resultant vector with the X-axis, «The resultant Ris 5 mand it makes an angle ot 73° with the x-axis PAGE No 29: Question 2: > > Let A and B be thetwo vectors of magnitude 10 unit each. If they are inclined to the X-axis at angle 30° and 60° respectively find the resultant. ANSWER “] > Angle between A and B, @= 60°- 30° 1 |a B 10 units The magnitude of the resultant vector is given by R= vA? 4 A? 4 2AA cosd Vil? +10? +2 x 1010 x cos 30" ¥200 + 200 cos 30° = y200+ 100 = ¥300 = 17.3 units Y ae Let be the angle between R and A wpe emel (Aan 1 Baten! (74a) ea = Batam (qa) = pata! (tg) = tan" ( => B=tan (0.26795) = 15° ‘Angle made by the resultant vector with the X-axis = 15° + 30° = eM Macaca te Aa eucue onan trie Me ELC eM hae)Chapter 2 - Physics & Mathematics «. The magnitude of the resultant vector is 17.3 and it makes angle of 45* with the X-axis. PAGE NO 29: Question 3: 33 4 Add vectors A, B and C each having magnitude of 100 unit and inclined to the X-axis at angles 45°, 135° and 315" respectively. ANSWER: First, we will find the components of the vector along the xaxis and yaxis. Then we will find the resultant xand yeomponents. = xcomponent of A = Acos45° = 100 cos 45° unit 303 xcomponent of B. = B cos 135' ae . xcomponent of © = Gcos315 = 100 cos 45° \ NoW, component of A — 100 sin 45° = seomponent of B = 100 sin 135° = 1 ycomponent of C= 100 sin 315° 100 , 100 Resultant ycomponent= 10 +. Magnitude of the resultant= /@) = ¥10000 = 100 Angle made by the resultant vector with the »axis is given by o0y3 100 = a= tan” (1)= 45° tan @ ‘The magnitude of the resultant vector is 100 units and it makes an angle of 45° with the x-axis. PAGE NO 29: Question 4:BY R. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES es 3. oD Leta =4% +39 and 6 =34 +47. (a)Find the magnitudes of (a) @,(b) b,(c) @ + b and(d) + > a-b ANSWER: yO ot Givens @ =4¢ 435 and 6-34 447 (2) Magnitude of @ is given by fe = VP 42 = VI6FO= ; 2] = aaa = OTIS (b) Magnitude of & is given by |b] = 3? +4 = OFT O@+b= («i+33) + (si+43) - (#+7/) 7 > > ; 5 + Magnitude of vector @ + b is givenby|@ + b WTA = /98 = 72 » os Magnitude of vector @ ~ b is given by| a — 3| vor PAGE NO 29: Question 5: Refero figure (2). Find (2) the magni, (8) xand y component and(c) the angle with he Xeaxis ofthe resultant of OA, BG and) DE. Figure (2-E1) ANSWER: First, let us find the components of the vectors along the x.and y-axes. Then we will find the resultant x and y= components. > x-component of OA = 2 cos 30° = /3m s-component of BG =1.Scos120° x-component of DE = =1x0=0m — y-component of OA =? sin 30° = 1 aa 3-component of BG = 1.5 sin 120° Pee acc ae cna onan trie Me ELC eM hae)Chapter 2 - Physics & Mathematics + }-component of DE = I sin 270° = x-component of resultant Re = 3 — 0.75 +0 = 0.98 m y-component of resultant R, = 1+1.3—1= 1.3m “. Resultant, R= \/(Re)° + (Ry) yo 98)? + (1.3)? v0.96 + 1.69 V2 1.6m Irit makes an angle «with the positive x-axis, then comport = 22 = 1,393 # a= tant (1.32) tan a= PAGE No 29: Question 6: Two Vectors have magnitudes 2 unit and 4 unit respectively. What should be the angle between them If the ‘magnitude of the resultant is (a) 1 unit, (b) 5 unit and (c) 7 unit. ANSWER: Lethe wo voor eZ and 8 a : Now,|@] = and [3 | =4 (a) Ifthe resultant veetor is 1 unit, then wn I VR 1b 12.08 ce O=1 = VP FEEDS A cos 6-1 ‘Squaring both sides, we get 25+ 24 cos 6 = > U cos 0= -24 = cos 6 => 6 = 180° Hence, the arigle between them is 180°. (b) Ifthe resultant véetor is 5 units, then Squaring both sides, we get: 25-424 cos 0= 3 24.cos 0= 0 > cos 8= 90° Hence, the angle between them is 90°, (6) Ifthe resultant vector is 7 units, then NEWTONCLASSES.NET