SOLUTION (19.1) Known: The angle of wrap on the motor pulley is 160°, the slack-side tension is known. The belt friction factor is known. Centrifugal force is to be assumed negligible. Find: Determine the torque capacity of the motor pulley Schematic and Given Data: ° Slack Side we R=40N Angle of wrap = 160° 1027 Assumptions: 1. The coefficient of friction is constant throughout the angle of wrap. 2. The capacity of the belt drive is determined by the capacity of the small pulley. 3. The belt withstands the load. 4. Centrifugal force is negligible. Analysis: 1. For = 160° = 2.79 rad, Py/P2 = e@ = (0.32.79) = 2.31 2. For $= 160°, T = (P) - Po) r= (2.31 P2 -P2) r= 1.31 Por 3. T= 1.31 Por = 1.31(40 N)(50 mm) = 2620 Nemm 1. Comment: If the initial angle of wrap had been 150° rather than 160°, the torque capacity would be 2388 Nemm; ic, the less angle of wrap on the driving pulley the lower the torque capacity of the pulley. 19-1SOLUTION (19.2) Known: The angle of wrap on a pulley increases from 160° to 200° without change in slack-side tension. Find: Determine the percentage increase in torque capacity of the pulley. Schematic and Given Data: oo Slack Side Angle of wrap = 160° 07 e Slack Side oo Angle of _ t@ 10° Assumptions: 1. The coefficient of friction is constant throughout the angle of wrap. 2. The capacity of the belt drive is determined by the capacity of the small pulley 3. The belt withstands the load. 4. Centrifugal force is negligible. Analys 1. For 6 = 160° = 2.79 rad, P1/P2 =e = e(0:32.79) = 2.31 2. For = 200° = 3.49 rad, P1/P2 = e® = €(0.313.49) = 2.85 3. For @ = 160°, T= (Pi - P2) r= (2.31 P2 - Po) r= 1.31 Por 4. For 6 = 200°, T = (Py - Pz) r= (2.85 Po - Po) r= 1.85 Por 5. Increased torque capacity = 185,131 =041=41% .Comment: If the initial angle of wrap had been 150° rather than 160°, then the increase in torque capacity would have been 55% rather than 41%. SOLUTION (19.3) Known: The parameters c, r], 12, and 0. are known for two pulleys and a belt. Find: Develop an equation for the belt length, L, as a function of ¢, rj, r9, and a. Schematic and Given Data: Parallel Lines Assumptions: 1. The effect of gravity on the belt shape is negligible. 2. The belt has sufficient tension to prevent sagging of the top and bottom belt strands. Analysi 1 L=2h+h+h 1, =¢ cos, p= 2nr{ 180-4204) baa 2. L=2c cos o + 2mr{ 180-42} + amr (180-204) Thus, L= 2c c0s a+ & [r{90 + a) + 1490 - a] 19-3SOLUTION (19.4) Known: Figure P19.4 suggests an approximation length ABCD that will be equal to half the length of the belt. Find: From the half length approximation, develop an equation relating center distance, c, belt length, L, and pulley radii, ri, and r2. Schematic and Given Data: Assumptions: 1. The effect of gravity on the belt shape is negligible. 2. The belt has sufficient tension to prevent sagging of the top and bottom belt strands. Analysis: 1. L2=BC+AB+CD 2. BC=¥a+ Gen? a Laver @on +t +e 5 2 Thus, = 12-2 [betes + waft de, +n? (=n? or c2 oe - AL n(n, +) + 2, +)*] ~~ 1)? i 4 or ct=L IL -n(ry +12)P - (1-2)? 19-4SOLUTION (19.5) Known: The angles of wrap for two pulleys and a belt are given. Each pulley has a known radius. Find: Derive an equation relating «, r1, r2, and c. Schematic and Given Data: Parallel Lines Assumptions: 1. The effect of gravity on the belt shape is negligible 2. The belt has sufficient tension to prevent sagging of the top and bottom belt strands. = at Analysis: From inspection of the drawing, sin 0 = *2~ . Comment: For r, = 7 mm, r; = 17 mm and c = 34 mm as shown in the figure, sin’! (10/34) = 17.1°. The angle of wrap on the smaller pulley is 145.8°. SOLUTION (19.6) Known: A motor of given horsepower and speed drives an input pulley of known diameter and angle of wrap. The size 5 V belts have a known unit weight and angle B The maximum belt tension is 150 Ib and the coefficient of friction is 0.20. Find: Determine the number of belts required. 19-5Schematic and Given Data: Multiple V-belt, B = 18°, size SV Unit weight = 0.012 Ib/in 3.7 in. dia, driving pulley n=1750 1pm 165°angle of wrap Number of belts = ? Assumptions: 1. The maximum tension in the belt is limited to 150 Ib. 2. ‘The coefficient of friction will be at least 0.20. 3. Power is shared equally by each belt. Analysis: 1, We first calculate terms in Eq. (19.3a) with Eq. (19.2), Pe = mV? where V = 3.7 (x) i = 339 in/sec = 0.012 (3392 Pe = 9,012 (330)? = 3.57 Ib e(fd/ sin B) = @((0.2)(2.88)/ sin B) = 6.45 2. Substituting in Eq. (19.3a) and solving for P2: cease = 6.45 or 146.4 = 6.45 P2 - 23.0 Hence, P2 = 26.3 Ib 3. From Eq, (18.24), T = (Pi - Pa) r= (150- 26.3) 3:2. = 229 tb in . 1750 (229 4. From Eq. (1.3), W per bolt = ee = 6.36 hp/belt 19-65. For 25 hp, an = 3.93, and 4 belts are required . Comment: If a 30 hp motor was used then 5 belts would be required. As more and more belts are needed however, the effects of misalignment of the shafts (and consequent unequal sharing of the load) becomes important. SOLUTION (19.7) Known: A pulley of given diameter drives a flat drum of given diameter. The center distance is known Find: Determine the slip-limited capacity of the pulley relative to that of the drum. Schematic and Given Data: 120mm V-belt diameter 40mm p=is° cylindrical] diameter oo pulley A A 25-@a089=36° Assumptions: 1. The slack side of the belt does not sag. 2. The friction coefficient is uniform and equal to 0.25 for both the pulley and drum. Analysis: 1. From Prob. 19.2, sin a = 2-41 = 9-20; a= 19.479 2. ¢1 (pulley) = 180° - 2(19.47°) = 141.06° = 2.462 rad 2 (drum) = 180° + 2(19.479) = 218.94° = 3.821 rad 3. The drum torque capacity: 19-7Pi/P2 = e® = e(0.25) 3.821) = 2.6, hence, P1 = 2.60 P2 Torque = (P} - P2) r = 1.60 P2 (60) = 96 P2 4. The pulley torque capacity: Pi/P2 = eifoisin B) = @(0.25) 2.462/sin 18°) = 7.33, Torque = (P1 - P2) r = 6.33 P2 (20) = 126.6 P2 5. The pulley has 1266-96 = 32% more capacity than the drum. . Comment: The above calculations used f = 0.25 SOLUTION (19.8) Known: A pulley of given rotational speed, radius, and angle of wrap drives a V-belt with known friction, weight, and maximum tension. Find: Determine the maximum power transmitted by the pulley. Schematic and Given Data: n= 4000 rpm 1= 100mm pulley radius = 170° Belt Maximum Tension = 1300 N Belt Unit Weight = 1.75 Nim Assumptions: 1. The friction coefficient is uniform throughout the contact area. 2. The effect of centrifugal force is important. Analysis: 1. From Eq. (19.2), Pe =m’ V2 = 1.75 Nin, m0. 0.2m mis?) = 313 N 9.81 ms? 2. From Eq. (19.3), 1300318 = (0.2isin 18°) (170R/180) = 6,82. Hence, P2 = 458 N = 3. T= (Py - P2) r= (1300 - 458) (0.100) = 84 Nem me ve 4. From Eq. (1.2), W = = 35.18 kW . 19-8SOLUTION (19.9) Known: A pulley of given rotational speed, radius, and angle of wrap drives a V-belt with known friction, weight, and maximum tension but (a) two V-belts are needed, (b) a single V-belt with twice the maximum tensile capacity is used. Find: Determine the power transmitted by the pulley for cases (a) and (b). Schematic and Given Data: Case (a) Two V-belts, Case (b) One V-belt with twice the cross sectional area V-belt 3° n=4000rpm. r= 100mm pulley radius o= 170° \— Belt Maximum Tension = 1300 N Belt Unit Weight = 1.75 Nim Assumptions: 1. If two belts are used, each will have the same capacity and the load will be shared equally between them. 2. Ifa belt with twice the cross section is used, there will be no loss in the tensile strength capacity because of a size effect. Analysis: 1. For case (a) each of the two identical belts could transmit 35 KW, hence total power capacity is 70 kW. 2. For case (b) doubling the section would double m’, giving Pc = 626 N. Doubling Pe and P; with no change in e/sin 8 would double P2. Thus, power capacity is doubled in cases (a) and (b). . SOLUTION (19.10) Known: A pulley of given rotational speed, diameter, and angle of wrap drives a V- belt with known friction, weight, and maximum tension. Find: Determine the maximum power transmitted by the smaller pulley. 19-9Schematic and Given Data: n= 3500 rpm d; = 6 in. pulley diameter = 170° Driver pulley \~ Belt Maximum Tension = 250 Ib Belt Unit Weight = 0.012 Ib/in, Assumptions: 1. The friction coefficient is uniform throughout the contact area 2. The effect of centrifugal force is important. Analysis: 1. From Eq. (19.2), Pe = m’V? = = 375 1b 0.0121 3500 . 6p in /s2)? 3H2 fusd(12 ini Go | nS?) P, -P. 2. From Eq. (19.3), Pp. =e where f = —£_ for the V-belt sinB 250 - 37.5 = o(0.2isin 18°\(170n/180) = 6 82 P, - 37.5 P = 68.7 Ib 3. T= (Pi - P2) r = (250 -68.7) (3) = 544 Ib in. 5 jy = BT Ibeft _ 3500(544 Ib in.)(1 fv/12in.) _ 4. From Eq. (1.3), W = SEER. SN 802 bp SOLUTION (19.11 y Known: A V-belt pulley of given diameter and rotational speed drives a second pulley at known rotational speed. The V-belt has a given unit weight and coefficient of friction. 19-10Find: (a) Determine values of P} and Pz (b) Determine the loads applied by the belt to each shaft (c) Determine initial belt tension when the drive is not operating, (d) Determine values of P; and P2 when the drive is operating at normal speed but transmitting only 6 kW. Schematic and Given Data: Single V-belt, p = 18 ° Unit weight = 2.2 N/m Power transmitted = 12 kW Initial belt tension just adequate to prevent slippage diameter 180 mm pulley diameter pulley Driving pulley n= 1750 rpm Driven pulley £=0.20 n= 1050 rpm £=0.20 c= 400 mm —>} ‘Assumption: Initial belt tension is marginally adequate to prevent slippage. Analysis (a) Pyand Po 1, The larger pulley diameter = 180 1739) = 300 mm Ty 2. From Prob. 19.5, sin a = 15020 : a = 8.63° 3. For smaller pulley, @ = 180° - 20 : @ = 162.7° = 2.84 rad 4. From Eq, (19.2): Pe = m' wr? P, =(2:2 Nim) jx: 2m rad) (,090 m)? = 61.0N 81 mst!\ 60 S| 5. From Eq, (19.3): BL 81-9 = elon ain 8928) = 6,285 (1) 7 6. From Eq, (1.2): T= 9549 W . 9598.02) =65.48Nm 19-11T= (Pi -P2)r: 65.48 = (Pi - P2) 0.090; hence, Py - P: : Simultaneous solution of equation (1) and equation (2) gives P2 = 198.7, Pi 926.2. Rounding off: P; = 926 N, P2 = 199N on Shaft loads Driving shaft torque, T = (926.2 N -198.7 N) (0.090 m) = 65.5 Nm . (which checks with calculated torque of 65.48 N m) 2. Driven shaft torque: T = (926.2 N -198.7 N) (0.150 m) T=109.2Nm . 3. Radial load =-V/(P, + Pa cos 26)? + (Pz sin 20)? % me =~ (926.2 + 198.7 cos 17.26") + (198.7 sin 17.269), = 1117.6N 4. Radial load applied to each shaft = 1118 N . 5. Assume P; + P2 remains = 926.2 + 198.7 = 1124.9N © 7 (c) Initial belt tension (no rotation’ p= LDAON = 562.5N . (d) Pyand P2 for 6 kW 1. The torque is reduced to 95-48 = 32.74 N m Hence, (P1 - P2) (0.090 m) = 32.74 N m; Pj - P2 = 363.78 N 2. Assuming P; + P2 remains = 1124.9, P] = 744.N, P2 = 381N SOLUTION (19.12) Known: A V-belt pulley of known diameter and rotational speed transmits a given power to a driven pulley of known diameter. This is accomplished with a belt of specified unit weight, angle B, and coefficient of friction. Find: (a) Determine values of Py and P2 (b) Determine the loads applied by the belt to each shaft. (c) Determine values of Pi and P3 if the power is reduced to a known value. 19-12Schematic and Given Data: Case (a) and (b) Power = 12 hp Case (c) Power = 3 hp SingleV-belt, B= 18° Unit weight = 0.012 Ib/in. Driven pulley 12 india. n=? rpm £=0.20 Driving pulley 6 india n= 1750 rpm f= 0.20 c= 20in. > Assumption: The initial belt tension is just adequate to prevent slippage (given) Analysis: (a) Py and P2 for 12 hy 1. From Prob, 194, sin a = 42212 = 3. Hence, a = 8.63° 2. For the smaller pulley, = 180° - 20, = 162.7° = 2.84 rad 3. From Eq. (19.2), Po =m’ wr? / 2 {1750x 2m rad)’ (3 in)? = 9.40 Ib os 4. From Eq. (19.3a), B = 2 2 = e(0.207 sin 18°) (2.84) = 6.285 —-- (1) 2-9. 5. From Eq, (1.3), T= 5252W= oer) = 36.0 Ib ft = 432.2 Ib in 6. T=(P1-P2) x; 432= (Pi - P2) (3), hence Py - P2 = 144.05 Ib (2) 7. Simultaneous solution of equation (1) and equation (2) gives: P2 = 36.67 Ib (37 Ib) and Pi = 180.72 Ib (181 Ib) (b) Shafi loads 1. Driving shaft torque = T = (180.72 - 36.67) (3/12) = (180.72 - 36.67) (6/12) = 72 Ib ft 2. Driven shaft torque = 19-133. Radial load = /(P; + Py 2a)? + Pa sia 20) (180.72 + 36.67 cos 17 _ + (36.67 sin 17. 26) = 216 Ib (applied to each shafi) = (©) Pyand P» for 3 hp 1. Torque is reduced to 432-2 = 216.1 Ib in. Hence, (Pi - Po) (3) = 216.1; Pi - P2 = 72.0 Ib 2. With the assumption that average tension remains unchanged; i.e., no adjustments are made, we have P; + P2 = 180.72 + 36.67 = 217.39 Ib 3. Simultaneous solution gives: Py = 144.7 Ib, P2 = 72.7 Ib, rounding off, Py = 145 Ib, P2 = 73 lb SOLUTION (19-13D) Known: A web site address is given as http://www.grainger.com. Find: Select an A-type V-belt with a length of 32 in. List the manufacturer, description, and price Analysis: A product search of the web site gives: Item #: 1A095, Mfg. Name: Browning Description: A Type V1 Belt-32", 12" Top Width-5/16" Thick-RMA #A30. Price: SOLUTION (19.140) Known: A web site address is given as http://www.grainger.comSchematic and Given Data: Fluid Coupling — Electric Motor performance curves -- n= 1780 1pm Fig. 19.11 55% rated power Driven Machine Assumptions: 1. The fluid coupling is the type shown in Fig. 19.10. 2. The motor and coupling performance curves are given in Fig. 19.11 3. The rated motor output corresponds to 1750 rpm, 100% rated torque. Analysis: (a) The 1780 motor rpm corresponds to approximately 2% slip. Machine input rpm is 1780 (0.98) = 1744 rpm. / As assumed, 100% of motor torque reaches the machine, hence 2% of the motor power is converted to heat. 7 (b) From Fig. 19.11, at 100% rated torque, slip = 3.5%. . (©) From Fig. 19.11, at maximum coupling torque, the stall speed is approximately 775 rpm. : At this point, the motor delivers 168% of the rated torque at 75/1750 = 44% rated speed. Hence power is (1.68) (0.44) = (0.744) times rated power, or approximately 74% of rated power is converted into heat. . SOLUTION (19.16) Known: A fluid coupling connects an electric motor to a driven machine. The motor and coupling curves are given. Find: Determine the factor by which the fluid coupling diameter could be reduced if the (i) power required is reduced by half (ii) the rotational speed is doubled. 19-15Schematic and Given Data: Fluid Coupling ~ Electric Motor 1OKW size n= 1750 1pm Power = 10 kW Driven Machine T Fluid Coupling — Electric Motor SW size Power = 5kW Te Driven Machine z Ce Hl Fluid Coupling Electric Motor n= 3500 rpm Power = 5 kW z ae Driven Machine Assumption: The fluid couplings are geometrically similar (given), Analysis: From Eq. (19.7), T « @°D5, Hence, power « w°D5 2. If power is halved, D5 can be halved, giving Dey = 0.5 Day 5 3. Drew= V0.5 Dots = 0.87 Dota . Owe 4. If power is halved and @ is doubled, then with D « ee D and Drew = 0.574 Doig a 19-16SOLUTION (19.17) Known: A hydrodynamic torque converter is used to provide a known torque multiplication of the known torque of a motor. Find: Estimate the torque applied to the one-way clutch. Schematic and Given Data: Hydrodynamic Torque Converter — provides a 24 torque multiplication Driving Motor Torque = 100 Nm Driven Machine Assumption: The hydrodynamic torque converter is like the one represented in Fig 19.13. Anal; 1. From Eq. (19.9), Ti + To + Tr = 0; where Ty is the reaction torque applied by the one-way clutch. With To = -2.4 Ti; we have T; + (-2.4 Ti) + Tr=0, Solving for Tr gives Tr = 1.4 Ty . we 19-17