Coordinates: 52.9656°N 1.

0420°E

Blakeney Chapel
Blakeney Chapel is a ruined building on the coast of North Norfolk,
Blakeney Chapel
England. Despite its name, it was probably not a chapel, nor is it in the
adjoining village of Blakeney, but rather in the parish of Cley next the
Sea. The building stood on a raised mound or "eye" on the seaward end
of the coastal marshes, less than 200 m (220 yd) from the sea and just
to the north of the current channel of the River Glaven where it turns to
run parallel to the shoreline. It consisted of two rectangular rooms of
unequal size, and appears to be intact in a 1586 map, but is shown as
ruins in later charts. Only the foundations and part of a wall still
remain. Three archaeological investigations between 1998 and 2005
provided more detail of the construction, and showed two distinct
periods of active use. Although it is described as a chapel on several No structures are now visible above
maps, there is no documentary or archaeological evidence to suggest
ground at the site.
that it had any religious function. A small hearth, probably used for
smelting iron, is the only evidence of a specific activity on the site.

Much of the structural material was long ago carried off for reuse in
buildings in Cley and Blakeney. The surviving ruins are protected as a
scheduled monument and Grade II listed building because of their
historical importance, but there is no active management. The ever-
present threat from the encroaching sea is likely to increase following a
realignment of the Glaven's course through the marshes, and lead to
the loss of the ruins. Location within Norfolk
General information
Town or city Cley next the Sea,
Contents Norfolk

Description Country United Kingdom

Documented history Coordinates 52.9656°N 1.0420°E

Investigations Designations Scheduled monument

Archaeology Grade II listed

Early occupation
Medieval
Post-medieval
Purpose
Threats
References
Cited texts
Further reading
External links

Description
The Blakeney Chapel ruins consist of an east–west rectangular structure (S1) 18 m × 7 m (59 ft × 23 ft) in size
with a smaller rectangular building (S2), 13 m × 5 m (43 ft × 16 ft) built onto the southern side of the main
room. Most of the structure is buried; only a 6 m (20 ft) length of a flint and mortar wall was exposed to a
height of 0.3 m (1 ft) prior to the excavation of 2004–05. The ruins stand
on the highest point of Blakeney Eye at about 2 m (7 ft) above sea level.[1]
The Eye is a sandy mound in the marshes that is located inside the sea
wall at the point where the River Glaven turns westward towards the
sheltered inlet of Blakeney Haven. Cley Eye is a similar raised area on the
east bank of the river. Despite the name, Blakeney Eye, like most of the
northern part of the marshes in this area, is actually part of the parish of
Cley next the Sea.[2]

The land on which the building stands was owned by the Calthorpe family Plan of the site; H is the old hearth,
until its purchase by banker Charles Rothschild in 1912. Rothschild gave and F represents the later
the property to the National Trust, which has managed it since.[3] There is fireplaces, one of which is double.
no public access to the site.[1] The dividing wall in S1 is also a late
addition.
The ruins are protected as a scheduled monument and Grade II listed
building because of their historical importance.[4][5] These listings do not
cover the land around them, but the whole of the marsh forms part of the 7,700-hectare (19,000-acre) North
Norfolk Coast Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) because of its internationally important wildlife value.
The SSSI is now additionally protected through Natura 2000, Special Protection Area (SPA) and Ramsar
listings, and is part of the Norfolk Coast Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB).[6][7]

Documented history
The building was first shown on a 1586 map of the Blakeney and
Cley area, apparently drawn to be used in evidence in a legal case
regarding the rights to "wreck and salvage", the outcome of which
is unknown. The original map disappeared in the 19th century,
but a number of copies still exist.[8][9] In this map, the building on
the Eye is shown as intact and roofed, but it has no name. A map
by the Cranefields from 1769 has the building as "Eye House", but
by 1797 cartographer William Faden's map of Norfolk shows the
"chapel ruins", a description that was then consistently used from
the 19th century onwards. Some maps, including Faden's, show a
second ruined chapel across the Glaven on Cley Eye, but no other Extract from a 1586 map with the chapel
documentation exists for that building.[2] indicated by added arrows. The village of
Blakeney is at the lower right of the map, with
The medieval churches of St Nicholas, Blakeney and St Morston to the west (lower left). Cley is off the
Margaret's, Cley, and the now ruined Blakeney friary, were not the map extract, to the east of Blakeney.
first religious buildings in the area. An early church was recorded
in the 1086 Domesday Book at Esnuterle ("Snitterley" was a
former name for Blakeney, the current name first appearing in 1340), but the 11th-century church's location
is unknown, and there is no reason to think that it is on the site of the 'chapel'.[10][11]

An anonymous booklet on Blakeney published in 1929 states that there was a "chapel of ease" on the
marshes, served by a friar from the Convent, but the document on which this seems to be based, a Calendar of
Patent Rolls dated 20 April 1343, simply notes that a local hermit was given permission to seek alms in
"divers parts of the realms". There is no evidence of a dedication of any religious building on the marshes,
and no mention of a chapel in any surviving medieval documents.[2]

Investigations
The first investigation of the chapel ruins, supported by the National Trust, was conducted by the local
history group in the winter of 1998–99. This survey was conducted under a licence from English Heritage
that allowed access but did not permit excavation, so it relied on height measurements, geophysics
(resistivity, and magnetometry) and molehill sampling. The area surveyed was 100  m long and 40  m wide
(109 yd by 44 yd). The magnetometry failed to detect the subterranean features of the chapel, but did show an
unexpected linear anomaly, related to buried ironwork from wartime defences. The resistivity survey clearly
showed the larger room, but barely detected the smaller, suggesting that
it had less substantial foundations, was probably less well-constructed,
and possibly later in date.[1]

Plans for a realignment of the Glaven channel meant that the Eye would
be left unprotected to the north of the river, and would eventually be
destroyed by coastal change. It was decided that the only practical course
of action was to investigate the site while it still existed, and a preliminary
evaluation was carried out in 2003 in preparation for a full survey in
2004–05.[12] The surveyed area covered 10  ha (25  acres), significantly
more than the 0.4 ha (1 acre) of the 1998 investigations. 50 trenches were
excavated in a herringbone pattern outside the buildings, each 50 m long
This arch in Cley is traditionally
and 1.8  m wide (164 ft by 6  ft), and six trenches of varying dimensions
believed to have originally been part
were created inside the chapel. These equated in total area to two of the
of Blakeney Chapel. The wall is of
standard trenches. The geology was investigated with eight boreholes, and
the flint and mortar type typical of
geophysics (magnetometry and metal detection) were used to locate
this area.
subsurface anomalies.[13]

The major excavation of the site in the winter of 2004–05 concentrated

on the building and a 10  m (33  ft) zone surrounding it. The results indicated that there were a number of
phases of occupation.[14] The remains of the building were reburied after excavation, so nothing is now visible
at the surface.[12]

Archaeology

Early occupation

The earliest evidence of permanent occupation is a series of ditches of 11th or

12th century date which are believed to have formed an enclosure, the south east
corner of which lies below the "chapel". Evidence for any buildings within the
enclosure has either been lost to the Glaven or is buried outside the survey area.
Few finds were associated with the ditches, although some fragments of Roman
or earlier pottery and three Henry III pennies were found nearby.[14] As
elsewhere on the site, there is little evidence to link the old pottery to its location
when found.[15] By the time of the construction of the main building, some time
in the 14th century, the ditches had filled with sand. A small hearth was built at
ground level, shortly before or during the erection of S1. It appears to have had
fairly light use, but the presence of slag suggests that it was intended for smelting
iron, perhaps by a smith. There was evidence for a number of small fires
elsewhere in S1 at a similar date to the hearth, but whether they were related to
the smelting is unknown.[14] At this time, hearths could not melt metallic iron,
but produced a 'bloom' (a mixture of iron and slag) which could be converted to A medieval smelting hearth
wrought iron by repeated heating and hammering. Another, even earlier, in action
smelting hearth is known from West Runton, 17 km (10 mi) further east on the
Norfolk coast.[16] The main ore in this area is the iron-rich local carrstone.[17]

Medieval

The larger north building was built without deep foundation trenches, but was nevertheless a solid, well-built
flint and mortar construction. The building had "substantial time and money spent on it" in the opinion of
the principal archaeologist.[14] The flints were selected to decrease in size as the walls rose, and the internal
corners were decorated with limestone blocks set as quoins.[14] Seashells were recovered, with a distribution
suggesting that they were once part of the fabric of the building as galleting (strengthening for the mortar).[1]
There were entrances in the west and northeast walls, and some evidence that there were once windows in
the northwest and south walls. The floor was compacted soil, and the original roof material is unknown, but
the presence of a few glazed floor tiles and Flemish pantiles of a somewhat later date is consistent with a
higher-status appearance. There was no internal wall at this date, but there may have been an external
wooden extension to the southwest corner.[14]

The medieval building was eventually abandoned, and much of the structural material was taken for reuse in
Blakeney and Cley villages.[1] A stone archway in Cley is traditionally believed to have come from the chapel,
and would fit the western entrance, although it could have been brought from elsewhere such as the ruined
Blakeney friary. The 'chapel' building was deserted around 1600, but whether the collapse of its east end was
the cause or a consequence of its disuse is unknown.[14] The main building seems to have suffered a major
fire at some stage,[18] and no wooden structures have been found. The site was flooded at least three times,
subsequent to the building's collapse.[14] At some stage, part of the western wall was lost, the steep slope
where it stood suggesting that it may have been taken by the sea.[1]

Most of the pottery found within the larger room was 14th to 16th century; nearly a third of this was imported
from the continent,[19] reflecting the Glaven ports' importance in international trade at that time.[20][21] The
pottery appeared to be mainly domestic in nature, including jugs and cooking vessels.[19]

Post-medieval

The 17th-century room, S2, used the south wall of the existing structure as
its own north wall, and was largely built using materials salvaged from S1,
although the standard of the work was poorer. The new room had a
double fireplace, but there was no evidence of a dividing wall between the
two hearths. Limestone blocks, identical to the quoins in S1, were used as
structural and decorative features in the fireplace. In addition to the
pantiles taken from S1, there were Cornish slate roof tiles. Whether they
formed part of the roof of S2 or were associated with the possible wooden
extension is unclear.[14] View of the Glaven's present course
through the salt marshes, with the
At the same time that S2 was built, a dividing wall, again of inferior
old channel and the shingle spit in
quality, was built across S1 to create a western room.[14] There were no the distance
molehills within the smaller building, which had suggested that, unlike its
neighbour, it has a buried solid floor,[1] and this was confirmed by
excavation. The floor was originally made of mortar, relaid at least once, but then covered with a layer of flint
cobbles, suggesting that it was a working area. The old hearth was not covered, so it may have still been used.
A new fireplace was also added, apparently of a domestic design, although the context makes that function
improbable.[14] A well-marked track led southwest down the slope from S1, and a large midden was close to
the path. It has been suggested that a "clean" pit north of S1 was a well, with fresh water floating above the
saltwater below, a phenomenon known from Blakeney Point[14] and elsewhere on the Norfolk coast.[22][23]

There is only limited evidence for use after the 17th-century desertion, including a 19th-century tobacco pipe
and some Victorian glassware.[14] A wartime barbed wire fence ran through the ruins, and was detected by
excavation and magnetometry. Other modern finds included a gin trap, bullets and other small metal
objects.[1][24]

Purpose
Blakeney Eye has a long history of occupation, with many finds from the Neolithic, but few from Roman or
Anglo-Saxon dates,[25] although a gold bracteate was a rare and significant 6th-century find.[26] Animal and
plant finds showed that both domesticated species, such as goats, and locally available prey such as curlews
were eaten; rabbit and canid remains may reflect the use of fur from these mammals.[27] Evidence of cereal
processing and storage is difficult to date, but may be medieval.[18]

The buildings were abandoned during the 17th century, and their uses, which may have been varied over the
long period of occupation, remain unknown. The east–west orientation and superior workmanship of S1
would not preclude religious use, but there is no other evidence, archaeological or documentary, to support
that possibility.[14][18] The limited number of finds, even of material which could not have been reused, have
suggested that any medieval habitation must have been very limited in numbers of people and time.[1] Other
plausible uses have been suggested, such as a custom house or a warrener's house, but again there is nothing
to support these speculations.[14]

Threats
Realignment of the River Glaven means the ruins are now to the north of
the river embankment, and essentially unprotected from coastal erosion,
since the advancing shingle will no longer be swept away by the stream.
The chapel will be buried by a ridge of shingle as the spit continues to
move south, and then lost to the sea,[12] perhaps within 20–30 years.[28]

The ridge of shingle runs west from Weybourne along the Norfolk coast,
before becoming a spit extending into the sea at Blakeney. Saltmarshes
can develop behind the ridge, but the sea attacks the spit through tidal
and storm action. The amount of shingle moved by a single storm can be The shingle ridge is moving
"spectacular";[3] the spit has sometimes been breached, becoming an southwards through the marshes.
island for a time, and this may happen again.[2][29] The northernmost
part of Snitterley village was lost to the sea in the early Middle Ages,
probably due to a storm.[30]

In the last two hundred years, the maps have been accurate enough for the distance from the ruins to the sea
to be measured. The 400 m (440 yd) in 1817 had become 320 m (350 yd) by 1835, 275 m (300 yd) in 1907,
and 195 m (215 yd) by the end of the 20th century.[2] The spit is moving towards the mainland at about 1 m
(1  yd) per year;[31] and several raised islands or "eyes" have already been lost to the sea as the beach has
rolled over the saltmarsh. Landward movement of the shingle meant that the channel of the Glaven, itself
excavated in 1922 because an earlier, more northerly course was overwhelmed between Blakeney and Cley,
was becoming blocked increasingly often. This led to flooding of Cley village and the environmentally
important freshwater marshes.[1] The Environment Agency considered a number of remedial options.
Attempting to hold back the shingle or breaching the spit to create a new outlet for the Glaven would be
expensive and probably ineffective, and doing nothing would be environmentally damaging.[31] The Agency
decided to create a new route for the river to the south of its original line,[28] and work to realign a 550 m
(600  yd) stretch of river 200  m (220  yd) further south was completed in 2007 at a cost of about
£1.5 million.[32]

Managed retreat is likely to be the long-term solution to rising sea levels along much of the North Norfolk
coast.[31][33] It has already been implemented at other important sites like Titchwell Marsh.[34][35]

References
1. Carnell, Peter (1999). "The chapel on Blakeney Eye: initial results of field surveys" (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20131203023815/http://www.history-blakeney-area.org.uk/GH-Files/GH1-5/GH%202.7.pdf) (PDF).
Glaven Historian. 2: 34–45. Archived from the original (http://www.history-blakeney-area.org.uk/GH-Files/
GH1-5/GH%202.7.pdf) (PDF) on 2013-12-03. Retrieved 2013-12-01.
2. Wright, John (1999). "The chapel on Blakeney Eye: some documentary evidence" (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20131203023140/http://www.history-blakeney-area.org.uk/GH-Files/GH1-5/GH%202.6.pdf) (PDF).
Glaven Historian. 2: 26–33. Archived from the original (http://www.history-blakeney-area.org.uk/GH-Files/
GH1-5/GH%202.6.pdf) (PDF) on 2013-12-03. Retrieved 2013-12-01.
3. "Blakeney Point National Nature Reserve" (http://www.naturalengland.org.uk/Images/Blakeneypoint_tcm6
-22495.pdf) (PDF). Natural England. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110907093826/http://www.
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4. "REMAINS OF BLAKENEY CHAPEL AT TG 043 452, Cley Next the Sea - 1172376 | Historic England" (ht
tps://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1172376). historicengland.org.uk. Retrieved
2022-01-13.
 5. "Blakeney Chapel, site of, Cley Next the Sea - 1003622 | Historic England" (https://historicengland.org.uk/
listing/the-list/list-entry/1003622). historicengland.org.uk. Retrieved 2022-01-13.
6. "North Norfolk Coast" (https://www.webcitation.org/6AxoEYZ20?url=http://www.english-nature.org.uk/citati
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7. "Other Conservation Designations within the AONB Dec 2009" (http://www.norfolkcoastaonb.org.uk/medi
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8. Hooton, Jonathan (1998). "1586 Map of Blakeney Haven and Port of Cley: Part I" (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20131203031212/http://www.history-blakeney-area.org.uk/GH-Files/GH1-5/GH%201.2.pdf) (PDF).
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9. Wright, John (1999). "1586 Map of Blakeney Haven and Port of Cley: Part II" (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20131203033410/http://www.history-blakeney-area.org.uk/GH-Files/GH1-5/GH%202.2.pdf) (PDF).
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H1-5/GH%202.2.pdf) (PDF) on 2013-12-03. Retrieved 2013-12-01.
10. Wright, John (2002). "The origins of Blakeney Church" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131203025219/htt
p://www.history-blakeney-area.org.uk/GH-Files/GH1-5/GH%205.4.pdf) (PDF). Glaven Historian. 5: 26–34.
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14. Lee, Richard (2006). "A report on the archaeological excavation of 'Blakeney Chapel' ". Glaven Historian.
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15. Vince & Young (2005) pp. 1–9
16. Blair & Ramsay (1991) pp. 169–171.
17. Holt-Wilson (2010) pp. 4, 11.
18. Birks (2003) pp. 26–28.
19. Birks (2003) pp. 13–15
20. Robinson (2006) pp. 3–5.
21. Pevsner & Wilson (2002) pp. 394–397
22. Pethick & Cottie (2003) p. 13.
23. Bines (2000) pp. 22, 135.
24. Birks (2003) Appendix 5.
25. Birks (2003) pp. 10–12.
26. Birks (2003) p. 21.
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30. Muir (2008) p. 103.
31. Gray (2004) pp. 363–365.
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Cited texts
Bines, Tim (2000). Wash and North Norfolk Coast – European marine site (http://www.ukmpas.org/pdf/Sit
ebasedreports/Washfinal.pdf) (PDF). Peterborough: English Nature.
Birks, Chris (2003). Report on an archaeological evaluation at Blakeney Freshes, Cley next the Sea:
report No. 808. Norwich: Norfolk Archaeological Unit.
Blair, W John; Ramsay, Nigel L (1991). English Medieval Industries: Craftsmen, Techniques, Products.
Winchester: Hambledon Press. ISBN 0-907628-87-7.
Gray, J M (2004). Geodiversity: valuing and conserving abiotic nature. Edinburgh: Wiley-Blackwell.
ISBN 0-470-84896-0.
Hinde, Thomas (1996). The Domesday Book, England's heritage, then and now. Canterbury: Tiger
Books. ISBN 1-85833-440-3.
Holt-Wilson, Tim (2010). Norfolk's Earth Heritage: Valuing Our Geodiversity (https://web.archive.org/web/
20160303214443/http://www.geoeast.org.uk/geoimap/norfpdf/NEH_screen_part1.pdf) (PDF). Norwich:
Norfolk Geodiversity Partnership. ISBN 978-1-84754-216-8. Archived from the original (http://www.geoea
st.org.uk/geoimap/norfpdf/NEH_screen_part1.pdf) (PDF) on 2016-03-03.
May, V J (2003). Geological Conservation Review: volume 28: Coastal geomorphology of Great Britain.
Peterborough: Joint Nature Conservation Committee. ISBN 1-86107-484-0.
Muir, Richard (2008). The lost villages of Britain. Stroud, Gloucestershire: The History Press Ltd.
ISBN 978-0-7509-5039-8.
Murphy, Peter (2005). Coastal archaeology: managing the resource. Dereham, Norfolk: East of England
Archaeology.
Pethick, John; Cottle, Richard (2003). Coastal Habitat Management Plan: Final Report (http://www.natural
england.org.uk/Images/Norfolk%20Final_tcm6-2734.pdf) (PDF). Peterborough: English Nature and
Environment Agency.
Pevsner, Nikolaus; Wilson, Bill (2002). The buildings of England Norfolk I: Norwich and North-East
Norfolk. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-09607-0.
Robinson, Geoffey H (c. 2006). St Nicholas, Blakeney. Norwich: Geoffrey H Robinson.
Vince, Alan; Young, Jane (2005). Assessment of the pottery from Blakeney, Norfolk (http://archaeologydat
aservice.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/arch-1000-1/dissemination/pdf/AVAC_reports/2005/avac2005096.pdf)
(PDF). Lincoln: Alan Vince Archaeology Consultancy.

Further reading
 Field, Naomi, ed. (2021). A Vanishing Landscape: Archaeological Investigations at Blakeney Eye,
Norfolk. Oxford: Archaeopress. ISBN 978-1-78969-840-4.

External links
Bird's eye view (http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/en-224568-remains-of-blakeney-chapel-at-tg-043-4
52/bingmap) on Bing Maps

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