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04 July 2014 How to write a reference list

 Copy link to page Here are some general guidelines on how to lay out references for

 Print page publication in the Pharmaceutical Journal:

Authors should focus on recent papers and papers older than five
years should not be included except for an overriding purpose.
Primary literature references, and any patents or websites, should be
numerically listed in the reference section in the order that they occur
in the text (including any references that only appear in
figures/tables/boxes) using the Vancouver reference style (see
reference manager or Endnote styles).
References should be denoted numerically and in sequence in the
text, using superscript. Authors should, where possible, provide DOIs
for the articles they cite. The easiest way to find an article’s DOI is to
cut-&-paste references into CrossRef’s simple text
query: http://www.crossref.org/SimpleTextQuery/
Authors can cite journal articles that have been submitted and
accepted for publication but are yet to be published. These should
form part of the main reference section and should be numbered
accordingly.
Information from manuscripts submitted but not accepted should be
credited in the text as “unpublished observations” with written
permission from the source and should not be cited or included in the
reference list.
Authors should avoid citing a personal communication, unless it
provides essential information not available from a public source. In
this case, include the nature and source of the cited information, using
a term or terms to indicate clearly that no corresponding citation is in
the reference list. Place the source information in parentheses (the
name of the person and date of communication).
The same format should be followed for documents available to
scholars in an archive or a depository.
Authors can cite papers and poster sessions presented at meetings,
including items that were presented but never published and items
for which any subsequent publication is unknown. If subsequent
publication is known, they should cite the published form rather than
the meeting paper or poster session.

Example of how references should be written: 

Petrie KJ, Mueller JT, Schirmbeck F, Donkin L, Broadbent E, Ellis

CJ et al. Effect of providing information about normal test results
on patients’ reassurance: randomised controlled trial. British
Medical Journal [Online] 2007;334(7589): 352-354. Available from:
doi: 10.1136/bmj.39093.464190.55  [Accessed 26th August 2011].

If you cannot find the type of work you need to provide a reference for,
please contact your librarian for more help.

List of items

Acts of parliament
Annual report: online
Annual report: print
Blog post
Book: chapter in an edited book
Book: in a foreign language
Book: accessed on an e-book reader
Book: online / electronic
Book: print
Book: translated
Brochure / pamphlet / booklet
CD-ROM
Command papers and other official publications [excluding Acts
of Parliament]
Computer program, software or code
Conference proceeding: individual paper
Conference proceeding: whole
Discussion list / forum post
DVD
Email: personal communication
Email: public communication
Equation
Equipment operating manual
Film
Financial data from an online database (for share price or
financial instrument figures)
Financial report from an online database (for company financial
accounts, e.g. profit and loss account)
Image / illustration / figure / diagram / table / photograph
published in a book
Image / illustration / figure / diagram / table / photograph
published in a journal
Interview: personal
Journal article: preprint

Journal article: postprint / in press

Journal article: online / electronic
Journal article: print
Lecture / presentation
Map: online
Map: print
Market survey report: online / electronic
Market survey report: print
Newspaper article: online
Newspaper article: print
Online documents and publications (not covered by other
examples in this list)
Patent
Personal communication
Photograph: online (not in a published work)
Podcast
Radio programme / broadcast

Report
Standard
Statutory Instrument
Television programme / broadcast
Television programme / broadcast: episode in a series
Television programme / broadcast: online
Thesis (final written work by PhD postgraduate students,
dissertations, project reports, discourses and essays by any
student)
Video
Video: YouTube
Webpage / website

Acts of parliament
Country
Name of Act: Name of sovereign (this should be in italics)
Chapter number (this should be in italics)
Place of publication
Publisher
Year of publication
Great Britain. Climate Change Act 2008: Elizabeth II. Chapter 27 .
London: The Stationery O ce; 2008.

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Annual report: online

Author or organisation
Title (this should be in italics)
[Online]
Year of publication
Available from: URL
[Date of access]
Chevron Corporation. Annual Report. [Online] 2006. Available from:
http://www.chevron.com/documents/pdf/annualreport/Chevron200
6AnnualReport_full.pdf [Accessed: May 12th 2012].

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Annual report: print

Author or organisation
Title (this should be in italics)
Place of publication (where available)
Publisher
Year of publication
Chevron Corporation. Annual Report. San Ramon, CA: Chevron
Corporation, 2006.

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Blog post

Author
Title of blog post (if applicable)
Title (this should be in italics)
Weblog
[Online]
Available from: URL
[Date of access]
Goldacre B. Trivial Disputes. Bad Science. Weblog. [Online] Available
from: http://www.badscience.net/2008/02/trivial-disputes-2/
[Accessed 19th June 2008].

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Book: chapter in an edited book

Author of the chapter

Title of chapter followed by, In:
Editor (always put (ed.) after the name)
Title (this should be in italics)
Series title and number (if part of a series)
Edition (if not the first edition)
Place of publication (if there is more than one place listed, use the
first named)
Publisher
Year of publication
Page numbers (use ‘p.’ before single and multiple page numbers)
Partridge H, Hallam G. Evidence-based practice and information
literacy. In: Lipu S, Williamson K, Lloyd A. (eds.) Exploring methods in
information literacy research. Wagga Wagga, Australia: Centre for
Information Studies; 2007. p. 149-170.

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Book: in a foreign language

Author/Editor (if it is an editor always put (ed.) after the name)

Title (this should be in italics)
[Title in original language] (this should be in italics)
Series title and number (if part of a series)
Edition (if not the first edition)
Place of publication (if there is more than one place listed, use the
first named)
Publisher
Year of publication
GarcÃa Sánchez JJ. Toponymical atlas of Spain. [Atlas toponÃmico
de España] Madrid: Arco/Libros; 2007.

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Book: accessed on an e-book reader

Please note that the date of publication of the e-book version may di er
from the print publication date. Ensure you use the correct date
depending on the version of the book you have read and are citing in
your work.

Author/editor (if it is an editor always put (ed.) after the name)

Title (this should be in italics)
[E-reader version]
Edition (if not the first edition)
Place of publication (where available)
Publisher
(Year of publication)
Powrie W. Soil mechanics: concepts and applications. [Kindle version]
2nd ed. London: Taylor and Francis; 2007.
Feynman RP, Davies P. The character of physical law. [Sony Reader
eBook version]. ePenguin; 2007.

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Book: online / electronic

Author/Editor (if it is an editor always put (ed.) after the name)

Title (this should be in italics)
Series title and number (if part of series)
Edition (if not the first edition)
[Online]
Place of publication (if there is more than one place listed, use the
first named)
Publisher

Year of publication
Available from: URL
[Date of access]
Simons NE, Menzies B, Matthews M. A Short Course in Soil and Rock
Slope Engineering. [Online] London: Thomas Telford Publishing;
2001. Available from: http://www.myilibrary.com?ID=93941
[Accessed 18th June 2008].

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Book: print

Author/Editor (if it is an editor always put (ed.) after the name)

Title (this should be in italics)
Series title and number (if part of a series)
Edition (if not the first edition)
Place of publication (if there is more than one place listed, use the
first named)
Publisher
Year of publication
Simons NE, Menzies B, Matthews M. A Short Course in Soil and Rock
Slope Engineering. London: Thomas Telford Publishing; 2001.

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Book: translated

Author/Editor (if it is an editor always put (ed.) after the name)

Title (this should be in italics)
Trans followed by the name of the translator
Series title and number (if part of a series)
Edition (if not the first edition)
Place of publication (if there is more than one place listed, use the
first named)
Publisher
Year of publication
Aristotle. Physics. Trans Graham DW. Oxford: Clarendon; 1999.

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Brochure / pamphlet / booklet

These can often be published by organisations or companies, and may

not have individual authors. You can use the corporate author if there
is no individual author, and this may also be the publisher’s name.
Author/editor (if it is an editor always put (ed.) after the name)
Title of brochure/pamphlet (in italics)
Series title (if part of a series)
Edition (if not the first)
Place of publication
Publisher
Year of publication (if there is no year of publication, use the
abbreviation n.d. to indicate no date is available)
Imperial College London Library. Citing and referencing guide:
Vancouver style. London: Imperial College London; 2010.

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Brochure / pamphlet / booklet

Author/Editor (use the corporate author if no individual author or

editor is named)

CD-ROM

CD-ROM title (this should be in italics)

[CD-ROM]
Place of publication
Publisher
Year of publication
Encyclopaedia Britannica. Britannica 2003. [CD-ROM] Chicago:
Encyclopaedia Britannica; 2003.

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Command papers and other official publications

[excluding Acts of Parliament]

Government department
Title (this should be in italics)
Paper number
Place of publication
Publisher
Year of publication
Department of Health. Choosing Health: making healthier choices
easier. CM6374. London: The Stationery O ce; 2004.

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Computer program, software or code

Author (use the corporate author or research group if no individual

author or editor is named)
Title of program (this should be in italics)
(Version number)
[Format type] (computer program, software or code)
Place of publication (if available)
Name of publisher/distributor (if available)
Available from: URL (if online)
Year of publication
TechSmith. Snagit. (Version 9.1) [Software] TechSmith Corporation.
Available from: http://www.techsmith.com/screen-capture.asp. 2008.

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Conference proceeding: individual paper

Author
Title of conference paper followed by, In:
Editor/Organisation (if it is an editor always put (ed.) after the name)
Title (this should be in italics)
Place of publication
Publisher
Year of publication
Page numbers (use ‘p’ before single and multiple page numbers)
Wittke M. Design, construction, supervision and long-term behaviour
of tunnels in swelling rock. In: Van Cotthem A., Charlier, R., Thimus,
J.-F. and Tshibangu, J.-P. (eds.) Eurock 2006: Multiphysics coupling
and long term behaviour in rock mechanics: Proceedings of the
International Symposium of the International Society for Rock
Mechanics, EUROCK 2006, 9-12 May 2006, LiÃg̈e, Belgium. London:
Taylor & Francis; 2006.p. 211-216.

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Conference proceeding: whole

Editor/Organisation (if it is an editor always put (ed.) after the name)

Title (this should be in italics)
Place of publication
Publisher
Year of publication
Edge BL. Coastal engineering 2000: conference proceedings, July 16-
21, 2000, Sydney Convention & Exhibition Centre, Sydney, Australia.
Reston, VA: ASCE; 2001.

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Discussion list / forum post

Sender
Subject of discussion post
Title of discussion list or forum (this should be in italics)
[Online]
Date of discussion post (day month year)
Available from: URL of discussion list or forum
[Date of access]
Kells R. Statistical advice and short courses at Imperial College
London. TEACHING-STATISTICS List. [Online] 7th May 2009.
Available from: https://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/cgi-bin/webadmin?
A0=teaching-statistics [Accessed 19th June 2009].

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DVD

When writing a reference for a multi-media item, you would usually use
the title of the TV programme or video recording, or title of the film
(whether on DVD or video) as the author. If the title is used as the author,
this should be written in italics. You should also include the type of
format in the reference, such as Video, DVD, CD, CD-ROM and so on.

Title (this should be in italics)

[DVD]
Place of production or origin (if available)
Name of production company/maker
Year of production
Life on Campus. [DVD] London: Imperial College London. 2006.

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Email: personal communication

Personal emails should be referenced as personal communication,

unless you have permission from the sender and receiver to include
their details in your reference list.
Name of sender
Email sent to
Name of receiver
Date, month and year of communication
Harrison R. Email sent to Mimi Weiss Johnson. 10th June 2009.

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Email: public communication

Use the discussion list / forum post layout for emails which are
publicly available, that is posted to a discussion list, group or forum.

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Equation

You should provide a reference to the work in which you found the
equation. Use the examples in this list to identify the appropriate layout
depending on the type of work you need to reference. Your in-text
citation should include the page number on which the equation appears
(unless in an online publication without page numbers).

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Equipment operating manual

Author (use the company name if no individual author or editor is

named)
Title (this should be in italics)
Version number
Place of publication
Publisher
Date of publication
Hirst Magnetic Instruments Ltd. GM07/GM08 Gaussmeter Operating
Manual. Version 2.0. Falmouth: Hirst Magnetic Instruments Ltd; no
date.

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Film

Title of film (this should be in italics)

[Film]
Directed by: Director’s name
Place of production
Name of production company
Year of production
An Inconvenient Truth. [Film] Directed by: Davis Guggenheim. USA:
Lawrence Bender Productions; 2006.

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Financial data from an online database (for share price

or financial instrument figures)

The example below is for data taken from Datastream for which there is
no URL: use Datastream as the URL information. For data taken from
online databases for which there is a URL, make sure this is included.

Name of publishing organisation

Title of extract from database
Database title (in italics)
[Online]
Year of publication or last update
Available from: URL
[Date of access]
Thomson Reuters. British Airways Share Price 01/01/2000 to
30/12/2009. DataStream. [Online] 2010. Available from: DataStream
[Accessed: 22nd June 2010].

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Financial report from an online database (for company

financial accounts, e.g. profit and loss account)

Name of publishing organisation

Title of report or extract from database
Database title (in italics)
[Online]
Year of publication or last update
Available from: URL
[Date of access]
Bureau Van Dijk. British Airways PLC company report. FAME. [Online]
2010. Available from: http://fame.bvdep.com [Accessed: 22nd June
2010].

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Image / illustration / figure / diagram / table /

photograph published in a book

You should provide an in-text citation for any images, illustrations,

photographs, diagrams, tables or figures that you reproduce in your
work, and provide a full reference as with any other type of work.

In-text citation:

Table illustrating checklist of information for common sources (Pears

and Shields, 2008:p.22).
Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2008) Cite them right: the essential
referencing guide. 3rd ed. Durham, Pear Tree Books.

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Image / illustration / figure / diagram / table /

photograph published in a journal

You should provide an in-text citation for any images, illustrations,

photographs, diagrams, tables or figures that you reproduce in your
work, and provide a full reference as with any other type of work.

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Interview: personal

Name of person interviewed

Interviewed by: Name of interviewer
Date of interview
Day A. Interviewed by: Jones L. 4th June 2009.

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Journal article: preprint

It is likely you will find articles available online before they have been
submitted to the peer review procedure and published in a journal.
These articles are preprints and may be placed in an online repository
or on a publisher’s website (but not in a specific journal issue).

Author/s
Title of journal article
Submitted to/To be published in (if this information is with the
article)
Title of journal (in italics)
Name of repository (in italics)
[Preprint]
Year of writing
Available from: URL (if available)
[Date of access]
Silas P, Yates JR, Haynes PD. Density-functional investigation of the
rhombohedral to simple cubic phase transition of arsenic. To be
published in Physical Review B. Arxiv. [Preprint] 2008. Available
from: http://arxiv.org/abs/0810.1692. [Accessed: 23rd July 2010]

Note: there will not be volume, issue or page numbers assigned to

preprint articles.

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Journal article: postprint / in press

If a journal article has been submitted to the peer review procedure and
accepted for publication, but is not yet published in a specific journal
issue, this is a postprint. These articles can be referred to as being ‘In
press’. You should be able to work out what type of article you have
found using the information provided with the article.

Journal publishers now assign DOIs to articles before they are published
in a specific journal issue, so you can use the DOI provided for postprint
/ in press articles. This will ensure that the correct link for the article
remains when it is moved to a specific journal issue.

If you read a print journal article not yet published in a journal issue,
follow the layout below, ignoring the online information required.

Author/s
Title of journal article
Title of journal (this should be in italics)
[Postprint/In press: Online]
Year of writing
Available from: URL or DOI
[Date of access]
Akyol Z, Ice P, Garrison R, Mitchell R. The relationship
between course socio-epistemological orientations and student
perceptions of community of inquiry. The Internet and Higher
Education. [In press: Online] 2009. Available from:
doi:10.1016/j.iheduc.2009.12.002 [Accessed: 4th January 2010]

Note: there will not be volume, issue or page numbers assigned to

postprint / in press articles.

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Journal article: online / electronic

If an electronic journal article has a DOI (digital object identifier), you can
use this instead of the URL. The DOI is a permanent identifier provided
by publishers so that the article can always be found online. Your tutor or
lecturer may ask you to include the DOI, not a direct URL, in your
written references.

To find the DOI, when you read an article online, check the article details
as you will usually find the DOI at the start of the article. For more help,
contact your liaison librarian.

If you read the article in a full-text database service, such as Factiva or

EBSCO, and do not have a DOI or direct URL to the article you should
use the database URL.

Author

Title of journal article

Title of journal (this should be in italics)
[Online]
Year of publication
Volume number
(Issue number)
Page numbers of the article

Available from: URL or DOI

[Date of access]
Arrami M and Garner H. A tale of two citations. Nature [Online]
2008;451(7177): 397-399. Available from:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v451/n7177/full/451397a.html
[Accessed 20th January 2008].
or
Wang F, Maidment G, Missenden J and Tozer R. The novel use of
phase change materials in refrigeration plant. Part 1: Experimental
investigation. Applied Thermal Engineering. [Online] 2007;27(17-
18): 2893-2901. Available from:
doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2005.06.011 [Accessed 14th July 2008].
or
Read B. Anti-cheating crusader vexes some professors. Chronicle of
Higher Education. [Online] 2008; 54(25). Available from:
http://global.factiva.com/ [Accessed 18th June 2009].

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Journal article: print

Author
Title of journal article
Title of journal (this should be in italics)
Year of publication
Volume number
(Issue number)
Page numbers of the article
Chhibber PK, Majumdar SK. Foreign ownership and profitability:
Property rights, control, and the performance of firms in Indian
industry. Journal of Law & Economics 1999;42(1): 209-238.

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Lecture / presentation

Name of lecturer/presenter
Title of lecture/presentation (this should be in italics)
[Lecture/Presentation]
Title of module/degree course (if appropriate)
Name of institution or location
Date of lecture/presentation
Wagner G. Structural and functional studies of protein interactions in
gene expression. [Lecture] Imperial College London.12th December
2006.

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Map: online

Online maps may originate from an online map service, such as Google
Maps, or from Digimap, the online Ordnance survey mapping tool.

Map author or originator (online maps may not have an author, but
you can use the map publisher’s name as a corporate author)
Title of map
Sheet number, or tile (if available)
Scale (if available)
Title of online source (in italics)
[Online]
Available from: URL
[Date of access]
Streetmap.Imperial College London and surrounding area. Streetmap.
[Online] Available from: http://www.streetmap.co.uk/newmap.srf?
x=526500&y=179400&z=0&sv=526500,179400&st=OSGrid&lu=N&tl
=~&ar=y&bi=~&mapp=newmap.srf&searchp=newsearch.srf
[Accessed: 23rd July 2010].
or
Tele Atlas. Imperial College London and surrounding area. Google
Maps. [Online] Available from: http://maps.google.co.uk/maps?
f=q&source=s_q&hl=en&geocode=&q=south+kensington&sll=53.8006
51,-4.064941&sspn=18.304449,39.506836&ie=UTF8&hq=&hnear=Sou
th+Kensington,+Greater+London,+United+Kingdom&ll=51.494423,-0.17
7155&spn=0.009392,0.01929&z=16 [Accessed: 23rd July 2010].

Note: Google Maps use data produced by Tele Atlas. If you reproduce any
map in your work, you must label and cite it as you would with any
other type of image [link to image].

If you have used Digimap, or another mapping tool, to generate a map,

and then add/subtract data layers, you must still provide information
about where the original map data is from.

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Map: print

Author (usually the organisation responsible for publishing the map)

Title (this should be in italics)
Scale

Place of publication
Publisher
Year of publication
British Geological Survey. South London, 270. 1: 50 000. London:
BGS; 1998.

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Market survey report: online / electronic

Author (use the corporate author or research group if no individual

author or editor is named)
Report title (this should be in italics)
[Online]
Edition (if not the first edition)
Place of publication
Publisher
Available from: URL
[Date of access]
Year of publication (include month if available and if not part of the
title)
Mintel. Small Green Cars and Alternative Fuels – UK – December
2009. [Online] Available from: http://oxygen.mintel.com/ [Accessed
5th January 2010]. 2009.
Datamonitor. Energy Industry Profile: Global. [Online] Available from:
http://web.ebscohost.com/ [Accessed: 5th January 2010]. March
2009.

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Market survey report: print

Author (use the corporate author or research group if no individual

author or editor is named)
Report title (this should be in italics)
Edition (if not the first edition)
Place of publication
Publisher
Year of publication (include month if available and if not part of the
title)
Mintel. Home Utility Suppliers – UK – September 2009. London:
Mintel International Group; 2009.

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Newspaper article: online

Author (if the article has no author, use the name of the newspaper)
Title of article
Title of newspaper (this should be in italics)
[Online]
Day, month and year of publication
Page numbers of the article (if available, use ‘p.’ before a
single and multiple page numbers)
Available from: URL
[Date of access]
Pagnamenta R. Energy adviser puts forward powerful case for
hydrogen. The Times. [Online] May 24 2008. Available from:
http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/natu
ral_resources/article3994594.ece [Accessed 2nd July 2008].

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Newspaper article: print

Author (if the article has no author, use the name of the newspaper)
Title of article
Title of newspaper (this should be in italics)
Day, month and year of publication
Page numbers of the article (use ‘p’ before single and multiple page
numbers)
Macalister T. Green energy is the modern gold rush. The Guardian.
Wednesday July 2 2008:p.27.

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Online documents and publications (not covered by

other examples in this list)

If you cannot find a suitable example in this list for a work published
online in PDF, Word, HTML or an equivalent format, you can use the
following layout. You may find the book or report layouts will be suitable.

Author/Editor (if it is an editor always put (ed.) after the name; use
the corporate author if no individual author or editor is named)
Title of publication (this should be in italics)
[Online]
Place of publication (if provided on the publication)
Publisher (if provided on the publication)
Year of publication
Available from: URL
[Date of access]
Conway G. Grantham Institute for Climate Change, Discussion paper
no 1: The science of climate change in Africa: impacts and adaptation.
[Online] London: Imperial College London; 2009. Available from:
http://workspace.imperial.ac.uk/climatechange/public/pdfs/discussi
on_papers/Grantham_Institue_-
_The_science_of_climate_change_in_Africa.pdf [Accessed: 14th June
2010].
It is also acceptable to indicate the document’s original format,
particularly as this will help your reader to locate the correct
document on a web page.
DEFRA. Municipal waste statistics 2008-09: Excel tables showing
summary estimates. [Online: Excel spreadsheet] 2009. Available
from:
http://www.defra.gov.uk/evidence/statistics/environment/wastats/b
ulletin09.htm [Accessed: 10th May 2010].

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Patent

Author
Title (this should be in italics)
Patent number
(Patent)
Year of publication
Landini, L. & Chielini, E. Water soluble and biodegradable self airproof
tight closing bag. CN101045489 (Patent) 2007.

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Personal communication

Name of practitioner
Occupation
Personal communication

Date when the information was provided

Law J. Engineering consultant. Personal communication. 26th March
2004.

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Photograph: online (not in a published work)

You should provide an in-text citation for any images, illustrations,

photographs, diagrams, tables or figures that you reproduce in your
work, and provide a full reference as with any other type of work.

Name of photographer
Title of photograph (in italics)
[Online]
Year of publication
Available from: URL
[Date of access]
Leverton N. King’s Cross station. [Online] 2000. Available from:
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/3776 [Accessed: 15th June 2010].

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Podcast

Title (this should be in italics)

Podcast
[Online]
Available from: URL
[Date of access]
Nature Podcast. Podcast. [Online] Available from:
http://www.nature.com/nature/podcast/index.html [Accessed 17th
July 2008].

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Radio programme / broadcast

Title of programme/broadcast (this should be in italics)

Title of episode (if part of a series)
Name of broadcaster
Date of broadcast
Today. BBC Radio 4. 5th January 2010.
Or
In Our Time. Genetics. BBC Radio 4. 13th December 2001.

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Report

Author/Editor (if it is an editor always put (ed.) after the name)

Title (this should be in italics)
Organisation
Report number: (this should be followed by the actula number in
figures)
Year of publication
Leatherwood S. Whales, dolphins, and porpoises of the western North
Atlantic. U.S. Dept. of Commerce. Report number: 63, 2001.

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Standard

Name of Standard Body/Institution

Standard number
Title (this should be in italics)
Place of publication
Publisher
Year of publication
British Standards Institution. BS 5950-8:2003. Structural use of
steelwork in building: code of practice for fire resistant design.
London: BSI; 2003.

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Statutory Instrument

Title (this should be in italics)

SI followed by the number of the Statutory Instrument
Place of publication
Publisher
Year of publication
The Public Contract Regulations 2006. SI 2006/5. London: The
Stationery O ce; 2006.

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Television programme / broadcast

Title of programme/broadcast (this should be in italics)

Title of episode (if part of a series)
Name of broadcaster
Date of broadcast
Question Time. BBC One. 26th November 2009.
or
Doctor Who. Blink. BBC One. 9th June 2007.

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Television programme / broadcast: episode in a series

Title of episode
Title of programme/broadcast (this should be in italics)
Name of broadcaster
Date of broadcast
Blink. Doctor Who. BBC One. 9th June 2007.

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Television programme / broadcast: online

Television programmes can now be viewed on a number of media

players provided by broadcasting companies such as BBC iPlayer,
ITVplayer, Channel 4 On Demand and so on.

Episodes can also be posted elsewhere online such as on YouTube. If you

have viewed a television programme online, make sure you use the
correct attribution, that is, the corporate author or name of broadcaster,
wherever possible. Copyright, including distribution rights, and
authorship will belong, in the majority of cases, to the programme
maker, not the person posting the video online.

Title of episode (if title of episode is not known, use the title of the
programme series)
Title of programme/broadcast (this should be in italics)
Name of broadcaster
[Online]
Day, month and year of broadcast
Available from: URL
[Date of access]
Deep Earth. How Earth made us. BBC Two. [Online] Tuesday 19th
January 2010. Available from:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/b00qbvyc/How_Earth_Made_
Us_Deep_Earth/ [Accessed: 9th November 2010].

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Thesis (final written work by PhD postgraduate

students, dissertations, project reports, discourses
and essays by any student)

Author
Title (this should be in italics)
Type of thesis
Academic institution
Year of publication
Leckenby RJ. Dynamic characterisation and fluid flow modelling of
fractured reservoirs. PhD thesis. Imperial College London; 2005.

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Video

When writing a reference for a multi-media item, you would usually use
the title of the TV programme or video recording, or title of the film
(whether on DVD or video) as the author. If the title is used as the author,
this should be written in italics. You should also include the type of
format in the reference, such as Video, DVD, CD, CD-ROM and so on.

Title (this should be in italics)

[Video]
Place of production
Name of production company
Year of production
The blue planet, vol. 3. [Video] London: BBC; 2001

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Video: YouTube

Name of person who uploaded the video (this could be a YouTube

username, not a full name)
Title of video (in italics)
[Video]
Year the video was uploaded
Available from: URL
[Date of access]
Speakfirst. Presentation skills: How to improve your presentations.
[Video] 2009. Available from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=bt8YFCveNpY&feature=related [Accessed 5th November 2010].

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Webpage / website

Author/Editor (use the corporate author if no individual author or

editor is named)
Title (this should be in italics)
[Online]
Available from: URL
[Date of access]
European Space Agency. ESA: Missions, Earth Observation: ENVISAT.
[Online]. Available from: http://envisat.esa.int/ [Accessed 3rd July
2008].

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Last updated 12 February 2021 16:47

Citation
The Pharmaceutical Journal, July 2014;Online:DOI:10.1211/PJ.2014.20065684

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