ECUACIÓN DE SCHRÖDINGER EN COORDENADAS ESFÉRICAS

−ℏ2 2 ∂Ψ
∇ Ψ + VΨ = iℏ
2𝑚 ∂t
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇= ê𝑥 + ê𝑦 + ê𝑧
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
Coordenadas esféricas Ψ(r, θ, ϕ)
𝜕Ψ 𝜕Ψ 𝜕𝑟 𝜕Ψ 𝜕θ 𝜕Ψ 𝜕𝜙
= ∙ + ∙ + ∙
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑥 𝜕θ 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝑥
𝜕Ψ 𝜕Ψ 𝜕𝑟 𝜕Ψ 𝜕θ 𝜕Ψ 𝜕𝜙
= ∙ + ∙ + ∙
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝑦
𝜕Ψ 𝜕Ψ 𝜕𝑟 𝜕Ψ 𝜕θ 𝜕Ψ 𝜕𝜙
= ∙ + ∙ + ∙
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑧 𝜕θ 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝑧
Las componentes según la geometría del sistema (esférico) :

𝑥 = 𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙 𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃 ∙ 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜙 𝑧 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

√𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝑦
𝑟 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ;𝜃 = tan−1 ( 𝑧
) ; ∅ = tan−1 (𝑥 )

Reemplazando em la regla de la cadena :

𝜕𝑟 𝑥 𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙
= = = 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙
𝜕𝑥 √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 𝑟

𝜕𝑟 𝑦 𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃 ∙ 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜙
= = = 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃 ∙ 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜙
𝜕𝑦 √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 𝑟

𝜕𝑟 𝑧 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
= = = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝜕𝑧 √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 𝑟

1 1
∂𝜃 1 2 ∙ (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )−2 ∙ 2𝑥 𝑧2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙
= ∙ = ∙ =
∂x 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 𝑧 2 2 2
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 𝑧√𝑥 + 𝑦
2 2 𝑟
1+
𝑧2
1 1
∂𝜃 1 2 ∙ (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )−2 ∙ 2𝑦 𝑧2 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜙
= ∙ = ∙ =
∂y 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 𝑧 2 2 2
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 𝑧√𝑥 + 𝑦
2 2 𝑟
1+
𝑧2
∂𝜃 1 −√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 −√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 −𝑠𝑒𝑛θ
= 2 2 ∙ 2
= 2 2 2
=
∂z 𝑥 +𝑦 𝑧 𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑧 𝑟
1+
𝑧2
𝜕𝜙 1 −𝑦 −𝑦 𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜙 −𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜙
= ∙( ) = = =
𝜕𝑥 𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑒𝑛 2 𝜃 𝑠𝑒𝑛θ
1+
𝑥2
𝜕𝜙 1 1 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙
= ∙( )= 2 =
𝜕𝑦 𝑦2 𝑥 𝑥 +𝑦 2 𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃
1+
𝑥2

𝜕𝜙
=0
𝜕𝑧

Reenlazando

𝜕Ψ 𝜕Ψ 𝜕Ψ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙 𝜕Ψ −𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜙
= ∙ 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙 + ∙ + ∙
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑟 𝜕θ 𝑟 𝜕𝜙 𝑠𝑒𝑛θ
∂ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙 ∂ −𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜙 ∂
= (𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙 ∙ + ∙ + ∙ )Ψ
⏟ ∂r 𝑟 ∂θ 𝑠𝑒𝑛θ ∂𝜙
𝜕
𝜕𝑥

𝜕Ψ 𝜕Ψ 𝜕Ψ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜙 𝜕Ψ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙
= ∙ 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃 ∙ 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜙 + ∙ + ∙
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑟 𝜕θ 𝑟 𝜕𝜙 𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃
𝜕 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜙 𝜕 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙 𝜕
= (𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃 ∙ 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜙 ∙ + ∙ + ∙ ) Ψ
⏟ 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃 𝜕𝜙
𝜕
𝜕𝑦

𝜕Ψ 𝜕Ψ 𝜕Ψ −𝑠𝑒𝑛θ 𝜕 −𝑠𝑒𝑛θ 𝜕
= ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + ∙ = (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 ∙ + ∙ )Ψ
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑟 𝜕θ 𝑟 ⏟ 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃
𝜕
𝜕𝑧

𝜕2 𝜕2 𝜕2 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇2 = 2
+ 2
+ 2
= + +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝜕2 ∂ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙 ∂ −𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜙 ∂ ∂
 = (𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙 ∙ ∂r + ∙ ∂θ + ∙ ∂𝜙) (𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙 ∙ ∂r +
𝜕𝑥 2 𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑛θ
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙 ∂ −𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜙 ∂
∙ ∂θ + ∙ ∂𝜙)
𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑛θ
 𝜕2 −1 ∂ 1 𝜕2
= 𝑠𝑒𝑛 2 𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜙 + 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙 )
𝜕𝑟 2 𝑟2 ∂𝜙 𝑟 𝜕𝑟𝜕𝜃 2
−1 ∂ 1 𝜕2
− 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙sen𝜙 ( 2 + )
𝑟 ∂𝜙 𝑟 𝜕𝑟𝜕𝜃 2
1 ∂ 𝜕2
+ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜙 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃 )
𝑟 ∂r 𝜕𝑟𝜕𝜃 2
1 ∂ 𝜕2
+ 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜙 (−𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 2 )
𝑟 ∂θ 𝜕𝜃
1 −1 ∂ 1 𝜕2
− 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜙 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + )
𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑛2 𝜃 ∂∅ 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃 𝜕𝜃𝜕𝜙
1 ∂ 𝜕2
− 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜙 (−𝑠𝑒𝑛 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 )
𝑟 ∂r 𝜕𝜙𝜕𝑟
1 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜙𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝜕 𝜕2
− 2 (−𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜙 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙 )
𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜙𝜕𝜃
1 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜙 𝜕 𝜕2
+ 2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙 + 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜙 )
𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑛 2 𝜃 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙 2

𝜕2 1 ∂ 1 𝜕2
= 𝑠𝑒𝑛 2 𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜙 − 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠 2
𝜙 + 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠 2
𝜙
𝜕𝑟 2 𝑟 2 ∂θ 𝑟 𝜕𝑟𝜕𝜃
1 𝜕2 1 ∂ 1 𝜕2
+ 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜙 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜙
𝑟 𝜕𝑟𝜕𝜙 𝑟 ∂r 𝑟 𝜕𝜃𝜕𝑟
2
1 ∂ 1 𝜕
− 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜙 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜙 2
𝑟 ∂θ 𝑟 2 𝜕𝜃
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜙 ∂ 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜙 𝜕 2 1 ∂
+ 2 2
− 2 + 𝑠𝑒𝑛 2 𝜙
𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝜃 ∂𝜙 𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃 𝜕𝜃𝜕𝜙 𝑟 ∂𝑟
1 𝜕2 1 𝑠𝑒𝑛 2 𝜙𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 ∂ 1 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜙𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙 𝜕 2
− 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜙𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + −
𝑟 𝜕𝜙𝜕𝑟 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃 ∂θ 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃 𝜕𝜙𝜕𝜃
2 2
1 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜙𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙 ∂ 1 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝜙 𝜕
+ 2 + 2
𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝜃 ∂𝜙 𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑛 2 𝜃 𝜕𝜙 2
2

𝜕2 ∂ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜙 ∂ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙 ∂ ∂
 = (𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃 ∙ 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜙 ∙ + ∙ + ∙ ) (𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃 ∙ 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜙 ∙ +
𝜕𝑦 2 ∂𝑟 𝑟 ∂θ 𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃 ∂𝜙 ∂𝑟
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜙 ∂ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙 ∂
∙ ∂θ + 𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃 ∙ ∂𝜙)
𝑟
 𝜕2 −1 ∂ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜙 𝜕 2
= 𝑠𝑒𝑛 2 𝜃𝑠𝑒𝑛 2 𝜙 + 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜙 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜙 + )
𝜕𝑟 2 𝑟2 ∂θ 𝑟 𝜕𝑟𝜕𝜃
−1 ∂ 1 𝜕2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑒𝑛 2 𝜙 ∂ 𝜕2
+ 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜙𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙 ( 2 + )+ (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃 )
𝑟 ∂𝜙 𝑟 𝜕𝑟𝜕𝜙 𝑟 ∂𝑟 𝜕𝜃𝜕𝑟
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑒𝑛 2 𝜙 ∂ 𝜕2
+ (−𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 )
𝑟2 ∂θ 𝜕𝜃 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜙𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 ∂ 1 𝜕2
+ ( + )
𝑟2 𝑠𝑒𝑛2 𝜃 ∂𝜙 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃 𝜕𝜃𝜕𝜙
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙 ∂ 𝜕2
+ (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙 + 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜙 )
𝑟 ∂𝑟 𝜕𝜙𝜕𝑟
1 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜙𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 ∂ 𝜕2
+ 2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙 + 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜙 )
𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃 ∂θ 𝜕𝜙𝜕𝜃
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙 ∂ 𝜕2
+ 2 (−𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜙 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙 )
𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑛 2 𝜃 ∂𝜙 𝜕𝜙 2

𝜕2 1 ∂ 1 𝜕2
= 𝑠𝑒𝑛 2 𝜃𝑠𝑒𝑛 2 𝜙 − 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑒𝑛 2
𝜙 + 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑒𝑛 2
𝜙
𝜕𝑟 2 𝑟 2 ∂θ 𝑟 𝜕𝑟𝜕𝜃
1 ∂ 1 𝜕2 1 ∂
− 2 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜙𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃𝑠𝑒𝑛 2 𝜙
𝑟 ∂𝜙 𝑟 𝜕𝑟𝜕𝜙 𝑟 ∂𝑟
2
1 𝜕 1 ∂
+ 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑒𝑛 2 𝜙 − 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑒𝑛 2 𝜙
𝑟 𝜕𝜃𝜕𝑟 𝑟 2 ∂θ
2 2
1 𝜕 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜙𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙 ∂
+ 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃𝑠𝑒𝑛 2 𝜙 2 − 2
𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑛 2 𝜃 ∂𝜙
2
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜙𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙 𝜕 1 ∂ 1 𝜕2
+ 2 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜙 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜙
𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃 𝜕𝜃𝜕𝜙 𝑟 ∂𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜙𝜕𝑟
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜙𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 ∂ 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜙𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝜕 2 1 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜙𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙 ∂
+ 2 + −
𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃 ∂𝜃 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃 𝜕𝜙𝜕𝜃 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑒𝑛 2 𝜃 ∂𝜙
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜙 𝜕 2
+ 2
𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑛 2 𝜃 𝜕𝜙 2

𝜕2
 =(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝜕
+
−𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃 𝜕 𝜕
. 𝜕𝜃) (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝜕𝑟 +
−𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃 𝜕
. 𝜕𝜃)
𝜕𝑧 2 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝑟
𝜕2 1 𝜕 1 𝜕2 1 𝜕
=𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝜕𝑟 2 + 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝜕𝜃 − 𝑟 2 cos 𝜃 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃 𝜕𝑟𝜕𝜃 + 𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑛2 𝜃 𝜕𝑟 −
1 𝜕2 1 𝜕 1 𝜕2
𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃cos 𝜃 𝜕𝜃𝜕𝑟 + 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝜕𝜃 + 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑒𝑛2 𝜃 𝜕𝜃2
𝑟

𝜕2 𝜕2 𝜕2
∇2 = + +
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 2

Reemplazando
 𝜕2 1 𝜕
= 𝑠𝑒𝑛2 𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜙 2
− 2 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜙
𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃
2
1 𝜕 1 𝜕2 1 𝜕
+ 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜙 + 2 cos 𝜙 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜙 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
𝑟 𝜕𝑟𝜕𝜃 𝑟 𝜕𝑟𝜕𝜙 𝑟 𝜕𝑟
2 2
1 𝜕 1 𝜕 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜙 𝜕
+ 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜙 − 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜙 + 2 2
𝑟 𝜕𝜃𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝜃 𝜕𝜙
2 2
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜙 𝜕 1 𝜕 1 𝜕
− 2 + 𝑠𝑒𝑛2 𝜙 − 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃 𝜕𝜃𝜕𝜙 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜙𝜕𝑟
1 𝑠𝑒𝑛2 𝜙𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝜕 1 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜙𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙 𝜕 2 1 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜙𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙 𝜕
+ 2 − +
𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃 𝜕𝜃 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃 𝜕𝜙𝜕𝜃 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑒𝑛2 𝜃 𝜕𝜙
1 𝑠𝑒𝑛2 𝜙 𝜕 2 2 2
𝜕2 1 2
𝜕
+ 2 +𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝜃𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝜙 − 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝜙
𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑛2 𝜃 𝜕𝜙 2 𝜕𝑟 2 𝑟 2 𝜕𝜃
2
1 𝜕 1 𝜕 1 𝜕2
+ 2 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑒𝑛2 𝜙 − 2 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜙𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜙 + 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜙𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙
𝑟 𝜕𝑟𝜕𝜃 𝑟 𝜕𝜙 𝑟 𝜕𝑟𝜕𝜙
2
1 𝜕 1 𝜕 1 𝜕
+ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃𝑠𝑒𝑛2 𝜙 + 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑒𝑛2 𝜙 − 2 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑒𝑛2 𝜙
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃
2 2
1 𝜕 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜙𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙 𝜕 1 cos 𝜃 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜙 cos 𝜙 𝜕2
+ 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃𝑠𝑒𝑛2 𝜙 2 − 2 +
𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑛2 𝜃 𝜕𝜙 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝜃 𝜕𝜃𝜕𝜙
2 2
1 𝜕 1 𝜕 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝜕
+ cos2 𝜙 + cos 𝜙 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜙 + 2
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜙𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃 𝜕𝜃
1 cos 𝜙 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜙 cos 𝜃 𝜕 2 1 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜙 cos 𝜙 𝜕 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜙 𝜕 2
+ 2 − 2 +
𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝜃 𝜕𝜙𝜕𝜃 𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑛2 𝜃 𝜕𝜙 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑒𝑛2 𝜃 𝜕𝜙 2
2
2
𝜕 1 𝜕 1 𝜕2 1 𝜕
+ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 2 + 2 cos 𝜃 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃 − cos 𝜃 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃 + 𝑠𝑒𝑛2 𝜃
𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝑟 𝜕𝑟𝜕𝜃 𝑟 𝜕𝑟
1 𝜕2 1 𝜕 1 𝜕 2
− 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃 cos 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃 cos 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑒𝑛2 𝜃 2
𝑟 𝜕𝑟𝜕𝜃 𝑟 2 𝜕𝜃 𝑟 2 𝜕𝜃
𝜕2 2 𝜕 cos 𝜃 𝜕 1 𝜕2 1 𝜕2
∇2 = + + + +
𝜕𝑟 2 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃 𝜕𝜃 𝑟 2 𝜕𝜃 2 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑒𝑛2 𝜃 𝜕𝜙
1 𝜕𝜓 2 𝜕𝜓 1 𝜕 𝜕𝜓 1 𝜕2𝜓
∇2 𝜓 = (𝑟 ) + (𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃 ) +
𝑟 2 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑒𝑛2 𝜃 𝜕𝜙
Reemplazamos a la ecuación de Schrödinger

−ℏ2 1 𝜕𝜓 2 𝜕𝜓 1 𝜕 𝜕𝜓 1 𝜕2𝜓 𝜕𝜓
[ 2 (𝑟 )+ 2 (𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃 ) + 2 2
] 𝑉𝜓 = 𝑖ℏ
2𝑚 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃 𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝜃 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝑡