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    Wewe

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    410112022 00:54 Limitations in EHV AG Power Transmission | Electricity Obrigado por experimentar o Leitura Avangada. Compartilhe seus comentarios conosco. © x Limitations in EHV AC Power Transmission Electricity Anshika R These limitations and design aspects are discussed below: 1. Stabiliy Considerations: Power transferred is expressed as: sin 5 watts per phase sfresitance and shunt eakance of the transmission line are neglected. For equa terminal voltages (ie. Ys Vg ¥) 2 P= <> siné watts per phase or voltage in kilovolts. (kv)? sin MW for 3 phases where kV is the line Maximum steady state transfer of power takes place theoretically for = 90° but in actual practice 8 is ep within limits of20°to 30" afl load. Taking X= 03475 Oikm and 3 = 30, we have, 2 2 P ci sin 30° = 1.43, a MW where / is the length of line in km. {17 the line opertes et natural lod piven by the expresion: ew)? P=VI=Vx © watts org Ze c L where Zg is surge impedance and is equal to = ohms. vy 248 x (KV)? _ (KV)? thor T 7 or 143 Z, kilometres Thus we sth the theoretical length of tranemisson line i km tha can be operated omits natural lad and load angle of 30° without loss of tabi only 143 times sarge ipedance (whick comes out tobe about 500 ae). The ransmision distance in EHV ac systems therefor, Hite. his Limitation is overcome by eof special equipment suck a series capecitors or shut reactor ‘ead:thtis_www.engineeringerotes.conv7urFhlips%s3A%2F%2F www engineeringenoles.com%42Felectical-engineering%2Fehv-vansmission%42Fl.... 17 410112022 00:58 Limitations in EHV AG Power Transmission | Electr 2. Current Carrying Capacity ‘The loading of overhead line conductors doesnot depend on the thermal considerations, However, for overhead transmission lines operating at voltage up 102204; the conductor sz is determined onthe bai oft continous and shore-term curen carrying capacity he, onthe basis of thermal consideration) ADVERTISEMENTS: Incase of underground cables, however, bth thermal curent limit and charging current are er important and that i wey the nderground cable ‘never operated bevond its natal oad Also the cox of cable i wey hgh in comparison to tha of en overhead Hn; therfore se of underground cables ie init in high voltage stems 2 Ferran Effect: ‘We kaow thas with he capacitive load on the ine the receving-end voltage higher than sending end vollage. Thi increas ofthe order af 5 pr cent {or 160 kn, 13 per cen for 500 km and 100 percent fr 960 km, Al thee i arisen sending end voltage whenever the lad onthe generator i thrown ‘of onideny, Care is lv betas from these aspect in cave of oc ireronission sehen. Voltage rise, due to Ferrante, x controled by sing shut reactors athe lad end 4. Surge Impedance Loading: Surge impedance loading (SIL) ofa ranamision ine i defined as he lad atthe receiving ond which is equivalent t LIC. The surge impedance loading for a tranamssion line given at Vl wats per phase SIL alto called the natural load. When he line carries natural load, the voltage along the entre lengohofine isthe same. ADVERTISEMENTS: However in practice ine i not always operated a its narra Toad. In such case there wil ba voltage drop along the lin for inductive Toad and voltage rie for eapactive load Although tke reactive volage drophice andthe natura oad do not impose any etriton om the distance over whic power may be tranomited ut fi he voltage that may be enploved forthe tranmission of certain amount of power Typleal values of surge impedance and natura load for overhead transmission line are piven below in tabular form: Voltage (Line)inkV | 182 [ 220 | 275 | 380 | 400 | 500 | 765 Surge impedance, 375 | 370 | 3a | 32 | 312 | 245 2, in ohms Natural Load in MW | 44 | 130 | 205 | 430 | 500 | 800 | 1,700 Current in Amperes | _190 340 430 655 72 92 | 1,280] 5. Mechanical Vibrations and Oscillations: ith the increase numberof sub-conductors in bundled conductor tronemision lines, there maybe a considerable eect on vibrations of conductors, nce the mechanical design ofthe system (ower dimensions, phase spacing sub-conductor spacing, conductor height et) needs modifications soa counter the problem of conductor vibrations, These modifications aft the electrical devin sch as wotage grain. ADVERTISEMENTS: (Other problem include Aeolian vibrations an galloping. The problem of glloing can, however is controlled by applying weight at different octions ofthe line span, ‘eab:thtips_www.engineeringerotes.com7urFhlips%s3A%2F%2F www engineeringenotes.com%42Felectical-engineering’2Fehv-ransmission%2Fl.... 2/7 410112022 00:58 Limitations in EHV AG Power Transmission |Eleirty 6 Enivonment and ‘The ological effect of electri fled of EHV lines and EH subsaion hasbeen sudled extensively during 1970s, The electrostatic and electromagnetic elds produced by EHVIUHY transmission line induce currents and volages i animals, bids and han beings. EHV'UHY lines are designed such that ‘maximum electrostatic field gradient doesnot exceed 9 KY m at mid span under the line near the ground eel. {thas been found that very low frequency magnetic fields even of weak intensities can affect certain celular processes. Induced current densities below 10 ine? have no significant biological effet. Curent 10-100 mA cauce minor biological ects. Curent densities exveding 100 mAn? cause heath hazard Safe ine to ground clearance of 211m at mid span i recommended for 400 KV lines and 24 m for 100 V lines This permits movement of vehicles afl 7 Audible Noise LEH tranemicion ines aed substations alto produce audible nove The sources of oie generation ar corona, humming of transformers, cling _pslems and mechanical and electrical aia ‘The audible nls (AN) generated by a transmission line ia function ofthe flloning (9 Stage gradient on the surface of conductor (i) Number of subrcondutors in a bundle. (i) Conductor diameter () Atmaspheric conditions. (0 tateal distance Bewven the lne and the pont of measurement of ase ‘The audible nisi caused by vibration produced i ar eto change inthe ar presse low SOY, audible nose (AN) levels do not excod the permissible nove but he lines of S00 AV ad above must be designed fora satisfactory audible mise level The width of ight of way forthe line corridr has a reference tothe decision about AN, Line geometry is based upon SO dB athe edge of ROW. ‘Radio Inerfrence and Televison Inerference: Operation of EHV transmission lines and subsiations ca couse radio interference. Since radio noise sasocated wit corona t mainly depends om the potential gradient atthe conductors 1 aio influenced by al hase factors hick influence corona, suck sai densi, humid, wind contaminants, Lmperfetions and preiptation. The radio note in bad weather is about 10-25 dB higher than the radio noise during flr weather The other causes for ‘radio interference ave partial discharges on insulators and spark across paps The noise due o corona in EH lines do not cause a serious problem for fequeney modulated (FM) radio-recevers or TV reclvers. However. the TV reception in the immediate vicinity ofa UHV tne may ge affected expecially during bad weather Radio iterfrenceand television interference is coused by electromagnetic waves in the frequency range of broad cas frequencies Radio imerforence 05-16 Mite Television interference: $4216 Me ‘Thelin is designed suck tha rad nose within the wd ofthe line corridor should be elow permis mis; say 404B at! Mil Radio interference ic more important factor inthe design of ine and in deciding right of wa. The radio nteference ean be eliminated andor minimised by appropriate read:thps_www.engineeringerotes.com7urlhlips%3A%.2F%.2F www engineeringenoles.com’2Felectical-engineering%2Fehv-ransmission%2FU.... 3I7 410112022 00:58 Limitations in EHV AG Power Transmission |Elecirty lesign of line conductor and hardware. By wing bundled conductors, surfocevollage ures, corona and radio interference con be reduced 9, Route Clearance ELVUHY tranamsion tines ore generally constructed ever diferent terrain including dense fret, Kily areas and agricaltural land, and clearance of, ‘minim ROW te very important, Generally the res arent taller than 10m. Only dry tees ned tobe cleared om the ROW of tunemision lines because alive ree is found to be well grounded tough ts sap, has small power loss and litle chance of burning, ‘thas aso been found thatthe dry tee burning can occur fan induced voltage exceeding 100K occurs and potential of 109 Y ean exist within a radius 2F 6m fom 765 RY line Soa minimum clearance of 6m from 765 AY line conductors is essential, 10, Conductor Matera ACSR conductor are universally employed for overhead transmission lines Necessary data about ACSR bundle conductors used for ac transmission lines sgven below in tabular form: Normal Highest Phase Sub-conductor | Number of voltage in kV | Voltage in Spacing Diameter | Sub-conductors WV in Metres in mm Per Phase 230 245, 6 25 1 345 365 83 2 500 550 uw 3 | 765 800 16.3 4 | 1,100 1,200 20 8 | 1, Span, Number of Cieuts, Conductor Configuration For ahigh voltage tne the economical vate of span is 20-300 m, whereas fr 400 RY ln i i 350-400 {290 tree-phase lines are on the same tower and are identical In constuction and electrically paral then hey have the same reactance X The Indwetve reactance ofthe single cquivalont circuit Becomes X72 and honce the power transfer capability is doubled. Double-crcit lines are in common ‘ue, They have addtional advanage tha contny of sui maintained over one line, though with reduced capability, while the other line is oof serie for maintenance o repair ach crit ofa double circ line usually designed for 78% ofthe line capacity In India, both single and double circa Hines eis nthe high votoge and exra high voltage class (6,132, 220 and 4003). The mamber ef crits is determined fom the SI Vertical configuration ha ben found the most economical for double iat ines. For single crcl lines, horizontal or L pe configurations are most suitable, 12. Insulation Coordination Tranemision lines and substations are subjected to overvoiages due to swtching. lighting, fol, resonance and ether causes. The surge areas are provided a sraegie locations to protet the line nelation and substation equipment from transient and temporary overolages In general there are hee npes of evervolage vie. switching vervliages, temporary overvltages and overvolages due to lighting Switching overnoltages are caused due to enenation of nes, reclosing fat merrapton, load throw: ou of phase switching and sudden swltch-of ofa ine. The ‘emporary vervoltaes at power frequency are due to sudden lass of lod, disconnection of ndutve loads, connections of capacitive loads, For EIWV and UHY transmission ines the switching overvoliages become the limiting actor i the design of insulation eels and arrester characteristic (Once she tne s designed adequately agaist swtchng overvotages, its capable of encountering temporary overvoltaes. thas alo een found hat ‘ead:thtis_www.engineeringerotes.com7urFhlips%s3A%2F ZF ww engineeringenoles.com’42Felectical-engineering%2Fehv-ransmission%42Fl.... 4/7 sai0112022 00:58 Limitations in EHV AG Power Transmission |Elecirty ‘vervoltages de to ighning ae not very important Jor BBY /UHY tranemision ies. The waveshapesof switching surges are practical init. Since the waveshape has a definite influence on the lash-over strength a standard waveshape has ben selected for analysing the line performance. This standard switching surge has acres te (Le. the time to aan the peak vale) of 175s, and tll dine (the time to attain half the peak value on the tal of 3,200 ns. Irhas Been fund desirable and possible to reduce the switching surges for BHT systems to aout 2.5 pu and insulation of EHY system is usally designed for this srength The temporary overvoages canbe limited 1 1.5 pu if shunt reactors are employed ‘The insulation characterise of various equipment is defined in terms of rated voltage standard switching impulse, standard lighting impulse, power frequency withstand voltage et, These are co-elted ith characteristic of surge arrester, ‘The inlation evel of various substation appara ad he tranosion line shouldbe coordinated with various surge aresters such thatthe overvoliages are dicharged to earth without casing damage othe equipment insulation 13 Series Compensation: Series compensation ian important method of improving the performance of EHV transmission lines It consists of capacitor comcted n serie with {he line at suitable locations and thas opposes direc the effec of series inductive reactance ofthe tne. ‘inereases the power handling eapaciy and reduces the vollage regulation as explained below: The power transfer capably ofa transmission ine I given as: Vs Vr P Xy sin 5 Refer to Eq. (18.1) ‘With he insertion of eapaclors having capactve reactance Ne thelne, the met reactance ofthe ne becomes (Xi, ~No) and the power tansfer capability ofthe ine is given as: sR sin 5 "Rok (13.2) P ‘From above Eqs. (131) and (13.2) itis obvious that for the same magnitudes of Vs, Vand d, P's much higher than P andthe increase in power transfor capil is pven ax: whore Ks he degre of compensation and equals Xe For example ihe lines compensated 1 an exten of 50% Le. K = 0.5, the power transfer capability ofthe le becomes 1/ (10.3) 1. double of that ‘thou series compensation. Economie Considerations The growing cost of ROW, aesthetic considerations calling fewer transmission lines, increase in the lengths of ransmision lines and in transmission voltages, decrease series capacitor cots, hav al contributed to an increase inte rat of ws of erie capacitor in India and other counties. Inview ofthe line cost, the effet of nes operating in parallel and problems o stem protection the economic degre of compensation is fund o bein the range of 0.410 07. ‘ead:thtps_wwwengineeringerotes.com7urthlips%3A%2F%2F www engineeringenoles.com’2Felectical-engineering%2Fehv-ransmission%2FU.... SIT 410112022 00:58 Limitations in EHV AG Power Transmission |Eleirty Improvement of Sytem Steiliy: From the power low equation ie evden tht forthe transfer of same amount of power and the same values of sendng-end and recetving- end voltages, sand Vp the power angle 3s lower for compensated line as compared to that in cate ofan uncompensated lite. A lower value of power angle means Deter system stabil Various measures have ben adoped for improvement of power sytem tail: Thee ince reducing the reactance of sehronous generator ad ransformer, creasing the numberof parallel lines, ue of bundled conductors ond serie compensation. Series capacitors usualy offer the mast economical solution with respect to both the steady state and transient stably, Location of Series Capacitors: Series eapactrs can be acted ether alang the line, in intermediate substations or awitching stations. Line locaton has many advantages such at Deter volage profil along the ine, reduced shorireult erent through ke capacitor daring afl. The small short-circuit erent combs 10a ‘muck simpler protection ofthe capacitor The capacitor stations ae generally weatended pe Installation of series capacitors in intermediate attended type substation or anitching station may appear advantageous, since staff for maintenance and service, auilary power ec are avilable. However thse advantages mst be weighed against the higher est for protection and control and sometines alo for the space required as well asthe increase of ransmisson losses. Capacitor Bank: A capacitor books bul up of « munberof capacitor writs connected i series and in paralel. The unis for series capacitor are designed, mamfacted «and tested with due regard forthe specific service conditions, such as high overvotages and capacitor discharge caret A capacitor unit consists ofa mumber of capacitor elements i a common container The wats are equipped with ues, wick may be either external ones for cach wi cinder inividl element ave. The capacitor wits are mene in spe frames, called the racks placa om sopparting ielatrs ond stacked ontop of each other. Problems Associated with Seres Campenstion: There are some major problems asocated with ete compensation These problems are summarized below: (Sub Synchronous Resonance: ‘The series capacitor itoducesasub-schronous frequency; proportional othe square root ofthe compeneation nthe yom. In some caes thie frequency may interact with turbo. generator shaft ard develop high torsional testes. The risk of sub-snchronous resonance in ydro-geerators i ‘pte small athe torsional frequencies ar about 10 He or ven les. (i) Rerroresonance: When aighly loaded transformer is energized through a series compensted line, feroresonance may occur This can be suppresed by sing shun resis {ors across the capacitors oy short-creling he capacitor temporarily throug an isolator or bypass Breaker (il) Moloperation of Line Protection Series compensation may lad to maleperacon ofthe protection sytem leading to unnecessary tripping. (0) High Recovery Voltage: igh recovery volage may develop oor the circuit beaker contacts duet series compensation ‘ead:thps_wwwengineeringerotes.com7urihlips%.3A%2F%2F www engineeringenoles com’ 2Felectical-engineering%2Fehv-ransmission%2FU....6!7 410112022 00:58 Limitations in EHV AG Power Transmission | Electr 14 Shunt Compensation {In EHV tranamisson systems, shunt compensation i tvarably essential Shunt compensation with capactive VARS i used to inject reactive power and control the receivingend voltage whereas shunt reactor compensation i sed to netralize the Ferran effect. For shunt compensation, sale compensation employing capacitor and reactors or synchronous compencation using synchronous phate modifier may be employed. ‘Static compensation is being preferred tothe synchronous compensation because ofits ineent advantages of higher sped of response absence of fault indeed tthe system, lower maintenance, lw cos, greater reliably and simpler erection. In addon to shun capacitors, hunt reactors and phase ‘modifiers a thyristor conrad static shun compensator to met reactive power genration and absorption demand has appeared in recent ears (One primary reason for using shunt reactors or reactive contol device on EHV line is to control steadstateoservotages when energising the long EHV lines or when operating under ight load condions, Ihe shun reactor are not employed, the reactive power generated y the capacitance can ‘cae high volages atthe receiving end of he lin. To restrict insulation sresescaued by overvoage following sudden load rejection a substantial pet ef he shat reactive compen is ally left permanently connec. {should be noted that with shunt reactors the power transfer capability ofthe lin is reduced owing 0 increase of transfer reactance X. Ths fale Toad when stably & mast important the shunt compensation reduces the maximum power limit of he long ine Incase ine shunt reactors are switched-out under heavy load conditions, the maximum power transfer capably can be considerably increased, but voltage variations due 0 sudden load town off are lel 0 be unaceptably high In actual practice some ofthe shunt reactors are kept connected ‘permanently 20 as to avoid voltage increase de to sudden fll i oad from heavy load conditions 15, Series and Shunt Compensation: {In EH long transmission lines both series capacitors and shun reactor are provided. The purpose of providing series capacitors i artfcaly reduce series reactance ofthe line, 50 as to improve stability and efciency of ansmission. The shut reactors are provided to artcially reduce the susceprance ofthe tine so sto improve voltage regulation under light oad conditions Practical and economical reasons lad to concentration o the compensating elements taf poits along the line. Fara given total MYARs of series and shunt compensation ofa renemision stom, marina power transfer capailio, voltage control conditions and efciency of power transmission

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