Chemistry in everyday life

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Sakshi Vora
IIT Roorkee

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SAKSHI SAKSHI
Chemistry in everyday life
#bOUNCEbaCk
CHEMICALS IN MEDICINE
Chemicals in Medicines
● Drugs are low molecular mass (100-500u) chemicals which
interact with macromolecular targets and produce a biological
response.
● When the biological response is therapeutic and useful, these
chemicals are called medicines.
● Use of chemicals for therapeutic effect is called chemotherapy.
● If taken in doses higher than those recommended, most of the
drugs used as medicines are potential poisons
CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS
Classification of Drugs
(a) On the basis of pharmacological effect
(Useful for doctors)
1. analgesics have pain killing effect.
2. antiseptics kill or arrest the growth of microorganisms.

(b) On the basis of drug action

1. all antihistamines inhibit the action of the compound,
histamine which causes inflammation in the body.
Classification of Drugs
(c) On the basis of chemical structure
sulphonamides have common structural feature

Same pharmacological
activity

(d) On the basis of molecular targets

Drugs usually interact with biomolecules such as carbohydrates, lipids,
proteins and nucleic acids. These are called target molecules or drug
targets.
DRUG TARGET INTERACTION
Drug-Target Interaction
1. Proteins which perform the role of biological catalysts in
the body are called enzymes.
2. Proteins which are crucial to communication system in
the body are called receptors.
3. Carrier proteins carry polar molecules across the cell
membrane.
4. Nucleic acids have coded genetic information for the cell.
5. Lipids and carbohydrates are structural parts of the cell
membrane.
CATALYTIC ACTION OF ENZYMES
Catalytic Action of Enzymes
Enzymes perform two major functions:
1. The first function of an enzyme is to hold the substrate for a
chemical reaction. Active sites of enzymes hold the substrate
molecule in a suitable position, so that it can be attacked by the
reagent effectively

(a) Enzyme (b) Substrate (c) Enzyme holding substrate

Catalytic Action of Enzymes
● The second function of an enzyme is to provide functional groups
that will attack the substrate and carry out chemical reaction.
DRUG ENZYME INTERACTION
Drug-Enzyme Interaction
● Drugs inhibit any of the above mentioned activities of enzymes.
● These can block the binding site of the enzyme and prevent the
binding of substrate, or can inhibit the catalytic activity of the enzyme
● Such drugs are called enzyme inhibitors.
Drug Action on Enzyme
Drugs inhibit the attachment of substrate on active site
of enzymes in two different ways
Drugs compete with the natural substrate for their attachment on the
active sites of enzymes. Such drugs are called
competitive Inhibitors.
Drug Action on Enzyme
Some drugs do not bind to the enzyme’s active site. These bind to a
different site of enzyme which is called allosteric site. This binding of
inhibitor at allosteric site changes the shape of the active site in such a
way that substrate cannot recognise it
Receptors as Drug Targets
● Receptors are proteins that are crucial to body’s communication
process.
● Majority of these are embedded in cell membranes
● Receptor proteins are embedded in the cell membrane in such a way
that their small part possessing active site projects out of the
surface of the membrane and opens in the outside region of the cell
membrane
Receptors as Drug Targets
Receptors as Drug Targets
● In the body, message between two neurons and that between
neurons to muscles is communicated through certain chemicals.
● These chemicals, known as chemical messengers
● These are received at the binding sites of receptor proteins. To
accommodate a messenger, shape of the receptor site changes
● This brings about the transfer of message into the cell
● Thus, chemical messenger gives message to the cell without
entering the cell.
Receptors as Drug Targets
AGONIST & ANTAGONIST
Agonist and Antagonist
● Agonists - Drugs that mimic the natural messenger by switching on
the receptor
● These are useful when there is lack of natural chemical messenger.
● Antagonists - Drugs that bind to the receptor site and inhibit its
natural function are called antagonists.
● These are useful when blocking of message is required.
ANTACIDS
Antacids
1. Drugs which reduce or neutralize acidity
a. Baking soda - Excessive hydrogen carbonate can make the
stomach alkaline and trigger the production of even more acid
b. Metal hydroxides mixture like Al(OH)3 Mg(OH)2 - Better
alternatives because of being insoluble, these do not increase the
pH above neutrality
Antacids
● These treatments control only symptoms, and not the cause.
Therefore, with these metal salts, the patients cannot be treated
easily.
● In advanced stages, ulcers become life threatening
● Histamine, stimulates the secretion of pepsin and hydrochloric
acid in the stomach.
● The drug cimetidine (Tagamet) was designed to prevent the
interaction of histamine with the receptors present in the stomach
wall.
● This resulted in release of lesser amount of acid. The importance of
the drug was so much that it remained the largest selling drug in the
world until another drug, ranitidine (Zantac), was discovered.
Antacids
Antihistamines
1. Histamine is a potent vasodilator.
2. It contracts the smooth muscles in the bronchi and gut and relaxes
other muscles, such as those in the walls of fine blood vessels.
3. Histamine is also responsible for the nasal congestion associated with
common cold and allergic response to pollen.
ANTIHISTAMINES
Antihistamines
● Histamine is a potent vasodilator
● It contracts the smooth muscles
● It is also responsible for the nasal congestion associated with the
common cold
Antihistamines
● Brompheniramine (Dimetapp)
● Terfenadine (Seldane)
Antihistamines
● These antihistamines do not affect the secretion of acid in stomach

● This is because antiallergic and antacid drugs work on different

receptors.
NEUROLOGICALLY ACTIVE DRUGS
Neurologically Active Drugs
These affect the message transfer mechanism from nerve to
receptor.
TRANQUILIZERS
Tranquilizers
● Used for the treatment of stress, and mild or even severe mental
diseases.
● Relieve anxiety, stress, irritability or excitement by inducing a sense of
well-being.
● Essential component of sleeping pills
Neurologically Active Drugs
● Noradrenaline is one of the neurotransmitters that plays a role in
mood changes.
● If the level of noradrenaline is low for some reason, then the signal-
sending activity becomes low, and the person suffers from depression.
● In such situations, antidepressant drugs are required.
● These drugs inhibit the enzymes which catalyse the degradation of
noradrenaline.
Tranquilizers
Mild Tranquilizers
● Mild tranquilizers chlordiazepoxide and meprobamate, are
relatively mild tranquilizers suitable for relieving tension.
● Equanil is used in controlling depression and hypertension
Mild Tranquilizers
BARBITURATES
Important points
● Derivatives of barbituric acid veronal, amytal, nembutal, luminal and
seconal constitute an important class of tranquilizers.
● These derivatives are called barbiturates.
● Barbiturates are hypnotic, i.e., sleep producing Agents.
Barbiturates
ANALGESICS
Analgesics
Analgesics reduce or abolish pain without causing impairment of
consciousness, mental confusion, incoordination or paralysis or some other
disturbances of nervous system
NARCOTIC & NON NARCOTIC DRUGS
Non-Narcotic (Non-Addictive) Analgesics
1. Aspirin and paracetamol belong to the class of non-narcotic analgesics.

2. Aspirin inhibits the synthesis of chemicals known as prostaglandins

which stimulate inflammation in the tissue and cause pain.

3. These drugs are effective in relieving skeletal pain such as that due to
Arthritis.

4. These drugs have many other effects such as reducing fever (antipyretic)

5. Because of its anti blood clotting action, aspirin finds use in prevention
of heart attacks.
Narcotic (Addictive) Analgesics
1. Used for the relief of postoperative pain, cardiac pain and
pains of terminal cancer, and in childbirth.

2. Morphine and many of its homologues, when administered in

medicinal doses, relieve pain and produce sleep

3. Morphine narcotics are sometimes referred to as opiates, since they

are obtained from the opium poppy.

4. In poisonous doses, these produce coma,convulsions and ultimately

death
Narcotic Drugs
ANTIMICROBIALS
ANTIBIOTICS
Antimicrobials
1. Inhibit the pathogenic action of microbes such as
bacteria (antibacterial drugs)
fungi (antifungal agents)
virus (antiviral agents)
parasites (antiparasitic drugs)
2. Antibiotics, antiseptics and disinfectants are antimicrobial drugs.
Antibiotics
● Produced wholly or partly by chemical synthesis
● In low concentrations inhibits the growth or destroys microorganisms
● Arsphenamine, known as salvarsan used for the treatment of
syphilis
● Although salvarsan is toxic to human beings, its effect on the bacteria,
spirochete, which causes syphilis is much greater than
on human beings.
Antibiotics
● Effective antibacterial agent, prontosil, which resembles in
structure to the compound, Salvarsan.
● In the body prontosil is converted to a compound called
sulphanilamide, which is the real active compound.
● Thus the sulpha drugs were discovered.
● One of the most effective is sulphapyridine.
Antibiotics

The structure of salvarsan, prontosil azo dye and sulphapyridine

showing structural similarity
Antibiotics effect
1. Cidal effect (Kill)

Bactericidal
Penicillin
Aminoglycosides
Ofloxacin
2. Static effect (Inhibitory)

Bacteriostatic
Erythromycin
Tetracycline
Chloramphenicol
Antibiotics effect
1. Broad spectrum Antibiotic
kill/inhibit wide range gram +ve & gram -ve bacteria

Ampicillin
Amoxicillin
(synthetic modification of penicillin)

2. Narrow spectrum antibiotic

Effective mainly against gram +ve or gram -ve bacteria
Penicillin-G

3. Limited Spectrum antibiotic

Effective against of single organisation or disease
Antibiotics
1. Chloramphenicol (Broad spectrum antibiotic)
It is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and
hence can be given orally in case of typhoid, dysentery,
acute fever, certain form of urinary infections, meningitis
and pneumonia.
1. Vancomycin and ofloxacin are the other important broad
spectrum antibiotics.
1. The antibiotic dysidazirine is supposed to be toxic
towards certain strains of cancer cells.
ANTISEPTICS & DISINFECTANTS
Antiseptics and Disinfectant

Drugs which are applied to the living tissues such as wounds,

cuts, ulcers and diseased skin surfaces.

Example: furacin, soframycin, dettol.

Antiseptics and Disinfectant
Dettol is mixture of chloroxylenol and terpineol.

Chloroxylenol Terpineol
Antiseptics and Disinfectant
Bithional(also called bithionol) is added to soaps to impart
antiseptic properties

Tincture of iodine is a 2-3% solution of iodine in alcohol,

which is a powerful antiseptic for wounds.
Iodoform (CHI3) is also used as an antiseptic for wounds.
Boric acid in dilute aqueous solution is weak antiseptic for
eyes.
DISINFECTANTS
Disinfectant
1. Disinfectants are applied to inanimate objects such as
floors, drainage system, instruments, etc.
2. Same substances can act as an antiseptic as well as
disinfectant by varying the concentration.
3. 0.2 % solution of phenol → antiseptic , 1% solution →
Disinfectants.
4. Chlorine in the concentration of 0.2 to 0.4 ppm
in aqueous solution and sulphur dioxide in very
low concentrations, are disinfectants.
ANTIFERTILITY DRUGS
Antifertility Drugs
1. Birth control pills essentially contain a mixture
of synthetic estrogen and progesterone derivatives.
2. Both of these compounds are hormones.
3. Progesterone suppresses ovulation.
4. Synthetic progesterone derivatives are more potent than
Progesterone low concentrations, are disinfectants.
Antifertility Drugs
5. Norethindrone is an example of synthetic
progesterone derivative most widely used as
antifertility drug.
6. The estrogen derivative which is used in
Combination with progesterone derivative
is ethynylestradiol (novestrol).
Antifertility Drugs
ARTIFICIAL SWEETENERS
Artificial sweetening agent
1. Natural sweeteners, e.g., sucrose add to calorie intake
2. Many people prefer to use artificial sweeteners.
Aspartame
1. Aspartame is the most successful and widely
used artificial sweetener.
2. It is roughly 100 times as sweet as cane sugar.
3. It is methyl ester of dipeptide formed from aspartic
acid and phenylalanine.
4. Use of aspartame is limited to cold foods and soft
Drinks because it is unstable at cooking temperature.
Saccharine
1. Ortho-sulfabenzamide, also called saccharin, is the
first popular artificial sweetening agent.
2. It is about 550 times as sweet as cane sugar.
3. It is excreted from the body in urine unchanged.
4. It appears to be entirely inert and harmless when taken.
5. Its use is of great value to diabetic persons and
People who need to control intake of calories
Sucralose
1. Sucralose is trichloro derivative of sucrose.
2. Its appearance and taste are like sugar.
3. It is stable at cooking temperature.
4. It does not provide calories.
Alitame
1. Alitame is high potency sweetener, although it is more
stable than aspartame.
2. The control of sweetness of food is difficult while
using it.
Alitame
Artificial Structural Sweetness value in
Sweetener formula comparison to
cane sugar

Aspartame 100
Alitame

methyl ester part

Saccharin 550
Alitame

Sucralose 600
Alitame

Alitame 2000
FOOD PRESERVATIVES
Food Preservatives
1. Food preservatives prevent spoilage of food due
to microbial growth.
2. The most commonly used preservatives include table
salt, sugar, vegetable oils and sodium
Benzoate, C6H5COONa.
3. Sodium benzoate is used in limited quantities and is
metabolised in the body.
4. Salts of sorbic acid and propanoic acid are also used
as preservatives.
ANTIOXIDANTS
Antioxidants
1. Compounds which are used to prevent oxidation of foods
such as potato chips, biscuits, breakfast cereals, crackers,
etc.
2. Butylated Hydroxy Anisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxy
toluene (BHT) are antioxidants
3. Addition of BHA to butter increases life from month to
years.
4. SO2 and Sulphite are useful antioxidant in beer ,wine
DETERGENTS & SOAPS
DETERGENTS & SOAPS
Two types of detergents are used as cleansing agents.
1. Soaps
2. Synthetic detergents.
Improve cleansing properties of water. These help in removal of fats
which bind other materials to the fabric or skin.
Soaps
1. Sodium and potassium Salt of long chain fatty
acids
Example - Stericacid ,oleic acid and palmitic acid
SAPONIFICATION
Saponification
1. Soaps containing sodium salts are formed by heating
fat (i.e., glyceryl ester of fatty acid) with aqueous
sodium hydroxide solution.
2. This reaction is known as saponification

Glyceryl ester of Sodium Sodium

Glycerol
stearic acid (Fat) Hydroxide stearate
Important points
1. The mixture of sodium stearate and glycerine is
called Spent Lye
2. Potassium salt are soft to skin than sodium salt
TYPES OF SOAPS
Types of Soaps
Different kind of soaps are made by using different raw
materials.
1. Toilet soaps : These are prepared by using better grade
of fat or oil and care is taken to remove excess
alkali. Colour and perfumes are added to make
these more attractive.
2. Floating soaps : These can be prepared by beating
Tiny bubbles into the product before it hardens.
3. Transparent soaps : These are made by dissolving the
in ethanol and then evaporating the excess solvent.
Types of Soaps
4. Medicated soaps : Medicated soaps are prepared by
some antiseptics like Dettol or bithionol.
5. Shaving soaps : These contain glycerol to prevent
drying. A gum called rosin is added while making them.
It forms sodium rosinate which lather well.
DISADVANTAGES OF SOAP
Disadvantages of Soaps

Why do soaps not work in hard water?

(i) Soaps cannot be used in hard water since Calcium
magnesium ions present in hard water produce curdy
precipitates of calcium and magnesium soaps.
Disadvantages of Soaps
These insoluble soaps separate as scum in water and causes
hindrance to washing because the precipitate adheres onto
the fibre of the cloth as gummy mass. Thus, a lot of soap is
wasted if water is hard.
SYNTHETIC DETERGENTS
Anionic Detergents
● Anionic detergents are sodium salts of sulphonated long
chain alcohols or hydrocarbons.
● Alkyl hydrogen sulphates formed by treating long chain
alcohols with concentrated sulphuric acid are neutralised
with alkali to form anionic detergents.
Anionic Detergents
ANIONIC DETERGENTS
● In anionic detergents, the anionic part of the molecule is
involved in the cleaning action.
● Sodium salts of alkylbenzene sulphonates are an
important class of anionic detergents.
● They are mostly used for household work.
● Anionic detergents are used in toothpastes.
Cationic Detergents
● Cationic detergents are quaternary ammonium salts of
amines with acetates, chlorides or bromides as anions.
● Cationic part possess a long hydrocarbon chain and a
positive charge on nitrogen atom.
● Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide is a popular cationic
detergent and is used in hair conditioners.
● Cationic detergents have germicidal properties and are
expensive, therefore, these are of limited use.
Cationic Detergents
 Non-ionic Detergents
(iii) Non-ionic Detergents: Non-ionic detergents do not contain
any ion in their constitution. One such detergent is formed
when stearic acid reacts with polyethylene glycol.

-H2O
CH3(CH2)16COOH + HO(CH2CH2O)nCH2CH2OH CH3(CH2)16COO(CH2CH2O)nCH2CH2OH
Stearic acid polyethyleneglycol
Non-ionic Detergents
Liquid dishwashing detergents are non-ionic type. Mechanism
of cleansing action of this type of detergents is the same as
that of soaps. These also remove grease and oil by micelle
formation.
PYQs
Example 1
Match the following drugs with their therapeutic actions

A. Anti-inflammatory

B. Antidepressant

C. Antihistamine

D. Analgesic
Example
The following molecule acts as an:

A. Antiseptic

B. Antidepressant

C. Antihistamine

D. Analgesic
Example
The following molecule acts as an:

A.
A. Antiseptic
B.
B. Antidepressant
C.
C. Antibacterial
D.
D. Antihistamine
Example
The mechanism of action of "Terfenadine" (Seldane) is :

A.
A. Activates the histamine receptor
B.
B. Inhibits the secretion of histamine
C.
C. Helps in the secretion of histamine
D.
D. Inhibits the action of histamine receptor
Main Sep. 04, 2020 (II)
Example
The antifertility drug “Novestrol” can react with

A.
A. ZnCl2/HCl; FeCl3, Alcoholic HCN
B.
B. Br2/ water; ZnCl2/HCl, FeCl3
C.
C. Alcoholic HCN; NaOCl; ZnCl2/ HCl
D. Main Sep. 03, 2020 (I)
D. Br2/ water; ZnCl2/ HCl; NaOCl
Example
Noradrenaline is a/an
Main 2019 (II)
A.
A. Antacid
B.
B. Neurotransmitter
C.
C. Antidepressant
D.
D. Antihistamine
Example
The predominant form of histamine present in human blood is
(pKa, Histidine - 6.0)

A.

B.

C.

D. Main 2018
Example
The reason for "drug induced poisoning" is

A.
A. Binding reversibly at the active site of the enzyme
B.
B. Bringing conformational change in the binding site of enzyme
C.
C. Binding irreversibly to the active site of the enzyme
D.
D. Binding at the allosteric sites of the enzyme Main 2017
Example
Which of the following is a bactericidal antibiotic ? Main 2016

A.
A. Ofloxacin
B.
B. Tetracycline
C.
C. Chloramphenicol
D.
D. Erythromycin
Example
The artificial sweetener that has the highest sweetness value in Main 2016
comparison to cane sugar is

A.
A. Sucralose
B.
B. Aspartane
C.
C. Saccharin
D.
D. Alitame
Example
The number of chiral carbons present in the molecule given below Main 2016
is _______.
Example
The number of chiral centres in penicillin is
Example
The number of chiral carbons in chloramphenicol is
Example
The number of sp2 hybridised carbons present in “Aspartame”
is
Example
Match the following drugs with their therapeutic actions

(i) Ranitidine (A) Antidepressant

(ii) Nardil (Phenelzine) (B) Antibiotic
(iii) Chloramphenicol (C) Antihistamine
(iv) Dimetane (D) Antacid
(Brompheniramine) (E) Analgesic

A.
A. (i)-(A); (ii)-(C); (iii)-(B); (iv)-(E)
B.
B. (i)-(D); (ii)-(A); (iii)-(B); (iv)-(C)
C.
C. (i)-(E); (ii)-(A); (iii)-(C); (iv)-(D)
D.
D. (i)-(D); (ii)-(C); (iii)-(A); (iv)-(E)
Example
A chemist has 4 samples of artificial sweetener A, B, C and D. To
identify these samples, he performed certain experiments and
noted the following observations:

(i) A and D both form blue-violet colour with ninhydrin.

(ii) Lassaigne extract of C gives positive AgNO3 test and
negative Fe [Fe(CN)6]z test.
(iii) Lassaigne extract of B and D gives positive sodium
nitroprusside test.
Example
Based on these observations which option is correct?

(a) A: Aspartame; B: Saccharin;

C: Sucralose; D: Alitame
(b) A: Alitame; B : Saccharin;
C: Aspartame; D: Sucralose
(c) A: Saccharin; B: Alitame;
C: Sucralose; D: Aspartame
(d) A: Aspartame; B: Alitame;
C: Saccharin; D: Sucralose
Example
Which of the following is an anionic detergent?

A.
A. Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide
B.
B. Glyceryl oleate
C.
C. Sodium stearate
D.
D. Sodium lauryl sulphate
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