St.

Therese of The Child Jesus Kidz Academy

20 Sto. Rosario St. Karuhatan

Valenzuela City

HIGH LEVEL
PROGRAMMING
LANGUAGE

Submitted to: Ms. Mary Josephine De Jesus

Submitted by: Eunice Jewell B. Brillantes

 COBOL
COBOL or also known as Common Business-Oriented Language is a high-level programming
language for business applications. It was the first popular language designed to be operating
system agnostic and is still in use in many financial and business applications today. COBOL
was designed in 1959 by CODASYL and was partly based on previous programming language
design work by Grace Hopper, commonly referred to as "the (grand)mother of COBOL". It was
created as part of a US Department of Defense effort to create a portable programming
language for data processing. Intended as a stopgap, the Department of Defense promptly
forced computer manufacturers to provide it, resulting in its widespread adoption. It
was standardized in 1968 and has since been revised four times. Expansions include support
for structured and object-oriented programming. The
current standard is ISO/IEC 1989:2014. The features of COBOL has an English-like syntax,
which is used to describe nearly everything in a program. For example, a condition can be
expressed as  x IS GREATER THAN y or more concisely as  x GREATER y  or  x > y. More
complex conditions can be "abbreviated" by removing repeated conditions and variables. For
example,  a > b AND a > c OR a =d  can be shortened to a > b AND c OR = d. As a
consequence of this English-like syntax, COBOL has over 300 keywords. Some of the keywords
are simple alternative or pluralized spellings of the same word, which provides for more English-
like statements and clauses; e.g., the IN and OF keywords can be used interchangeably, as
can IS and ARE, and VALUE and VALUES. COBOL also has a format. It can be written in two
formats: fixed (the default) or free. In fixed-format, code must be aligned to fit in certain areas (a
hold-over from using punched cards). Until COBOL 2002, these were:
Name Column(s) Usage
Sequence Originally used for card/line numbers, this area is ignored by the
1–6
number area compiler
The following characters are allowed here:
*  – Comment line
/  – Comment line that will be printed on a new page of a source
Indicator area 7 listing
-  – Continuation line, where words or literals from the previous
line are continued
D  – Line enabled in debugging mode, which is otherwise ignored
This contains:  DIVISION ,  SECTION  and procedure headers; 01
Area A 8–11
and 77 level numbers and file/report descriptors
Area B 12–72 Any other code not allowed in Area A
Program name Historically up to column 80 for punched cards, it is used to
73–
area identify the program or sequence the card belongs to
In COBOL 2002, Areas A and B were merged to form the program-text area, which now ends at
an implementer -defined column.
COBOL 2002 also introduced free-format code. Free-format code can be placed in any column
of the file, as in newer programming languages. Comments are specified using *>, which can be
placed anywhere and can also be used in fixed-format source code. Continuation lines are not
present, and the >>PAGE directive replaces the  /  indicator.
 BLAISE PASCAL
Mathematician Blaise Pascal was born on June 19, 1623, in Clermont-Ferrand, France. In the 1640s he
invented the Pascaline, an early calculator, and further validated Evangelista Torricelli's theory
concerning the cause of barometrical variations. In the 1650s, Pascal laid the foundation of probability
theory with Pierre de Fermat and published the theological work Les Provinciales, a groundbreaking
series of letters that defended his Jansenist faith. Pascal is also widely known for his body of notes
posthumously released as the Pensées. He died in Paris on August 19, 1662.
Pascal is an imperative and procedural programming language, which Niklaus Wirth designed in 1968–69
and published in 1970, as a small, efficient language intended to encourage good programming practices
using structured programming and data structuring.
A derivative known as Object Pascal designed for object-oriented programming was developed in 1985,
later developed into Delphi. Pascal, named in honor of the French mathematician, philosopher and
physicist Blaise Pascal, was developed by Niklaus Wirth. Before his work on Pascal, Wirth had
developed Euler and ALGOL W and later went on to develop the Pascal-like languages Modula-
2 and Oberon. Initially, Pascal was largely, but not exclusively, intended to teach students structured
programming. A generation of students used Pascal as an introductory language in undergraduate
courses. Variants of Pascal have also frequently been used for everything from research projects to PC
games and embedded systems. Newer Pascal compilers exist which are widely used.
Pascal was the primary high-level language used for development in the Apple Lisa, and in the early
years of the Macintosh. Parts of the original Macintosh operating system were hand-translated
into Motorola 68000 assembly language from the Pascal sources. The typesetting system TeX by Donald
E. Knuth was written in WEB, the original literate programming system, based on DEC PDP-10 Pascal,
while applications like Total Commander, Skype and Macromedia Captivate were written in Delphi (Object
Pascal). Apollo Computer used Pascal as the systems programming language for its operating systems
beginning in 1980. Object Pascal (Embarcadero Delphi) is still used for developing Windows applications
but also has the ability to cross compile the same code to Mac, iOS and Android. Another cross-platform
version called Free Pascal, with the Lazarus IDE, is popular with Linux users since it also offers write
once, compile anywhere development. CodeTyphon is a Lazarus distribution with more preinstalled
packages and cross compilers. To propagate the language rapidly, a compiler "porting kit" was created in
Zurich that included a compiler that generated code for a "virtual" stack machine, i.e., code that lends
itself to reasonably efficient interpretation, along with an interpreter for that code – the Pascal-P system.
The P-system compilers were termed Pascal-P1, Pascal-P2, Pascal-P3, and Pascal-P4. Pascal-P1 was
the first version, and Pascal-P4 was the last to come from Zurich. The version termed Pascal-P1 was
coined after the fact for the many different sources for Pascal-P that existed. The compiler was
redesigned to enhance portability, and issued as Pascal-P2. This code was later enhanced to become
Pascal-P3, with an intermediate code backward compatible with Pascal-P2, and Pascal-P4, which was
not backward compatible. The Pascal-P4 compiler/interpreter can still be run and compiled on systems
compatible with original Pascal. However, it only accepts a subset of the Pascal language.
Pascal-P5, created outside the Zurich group, accepts the full Pascal language and includes ISO 7185
compatibility.UCSD Pascal branched off Pascal-P2, where Kenneth Bowles utilized it to create
the interpretive UCSD p-System. The UCSD p-System was one of three operating systems available at
the launch of the original IBM Personal Computer UCSD Pascal used an intermediate code based on
byte values, and thus was one of the earliest "byte code compilers". Pascal-P1 through Pascal-P4 was
not, but rather based on the CDC 6600 60 bit word length.
A compiler based on the Pascal-P4 compiler, which created native binaries, was released for the IBM
System/370 mainframe computer by the Australian Atomic Energy Commission; it was called the "AAEC
Pascal Compiler" after the abbreviation of the name of the Commission. In the early
1980s, Watcom Pascal was developed, also for the IBM System 370. Into the 1990s, Pascal was still
running on VAX terminals at George Mason University to teach computer programming.
 C++
C++ is a general-purpose programming language. It has imperative, object-
oriented and generic programming features, while also providing facilities for low-
level memory manipulation. It was designed with a bias toward system
programming and embedded, resource-constrained and large systems, with performance,
efficiency and flexibility of use as its design highlights. C++ has also been found useful in many
other contexts, with key strengths being software infrastructure and resource-constrained
applications, including desktop applications, servers (e.g. e-commerce, web
search or SQL servers), and performance-critical applications (e.g. telephone switches or space
probes). C++ is a compiled language, with implementations of it available on many platforms.
Many vendors provide C++ compilers, including the Free Software Foundation, Microsoft, Intel,
and IBM. In 1979, Bjarne Stroustrup, a Danish computer scientist, began work on "C
with Classes", the predecessor to C++. The motivation for creating a new language originated
from Stroustrup's experience in programming for his Ph.D. thesis. Stroustrup found
that Simula had features that were very helpful for large software development, but the
language was too slow for practical use, while BCPL was fast but too low-level to be suitable for
large software development. When Stroustrup started working in AT&T Bell Labs, he had the
problem of analyzing the UNIX kernel with respect to distributed computing. Remembering his
Ph.D. experience, Stroustrup set out to enhance the Clanguage with Simula-like features. C
was chosen because it was general-purpose, fast, portable and widely used. As well as C and
Simula's influences, other languages also influenced C++, including ALGOL
68, Ada, CLU and ML. Initially, Stroustrup's "C with Classes" added features to the C compiler,
Cpre, including classes, derived classes, strong typing, inlining and default arguments. In 1983,
"C with Classes" was renamed to "C++" (++ being the increment operator in C), adding new
features that included virtual functions, function name and operator overloading, references,
constants, type-safe free-store memory allocation (new/delete), improved type checking, and
BCPL style single-line comments with two forward slashes (//). Furthermore, it included the
development of a standalone compiler for C++, Cfront. In 1985, the first edition of The C++
Programming Language was released, which became the definitive reference for the language,
as there was not yet an official standard. The first commercial implementation of C++ was
released in October of the same year. In 1989, C++ 2.0 was released, followed by the updated
second edition of The C++ Programming Language in 1991. New features in 2.0 included
multiple inheritance, abstract classes, static member functions and protected members. In
1990, The Annotated C++ Reference Manual was published. This work became the basis for
the future standard. Later feature additions included templates, exceptions, namespaces,
new casts, and a boolean type. After the 2.0 update, C++ evolved relatively slowly until, in 2011,
the C++11 standard was released, adding numerous new features, enlarging the standard
library further, and providing more facilities to C++ programmers. After a minor C++14 update
released in December 2014, various new additions are planned for July 2017 and 2020. As of
2017, C++ remains the third most popular programming language, behind Java and C. The C++
language has two main components: a direct mapping of hardware features provided primarily
by the C subset, and zero-overhead abstractions based on those mappings. Stroustrup
describes C++ as "a light-weight abstraction programming language designed for building and
using efficient and elegant abstractions"; and "offering both hardware access and abstraction is
the basis of C++. Doing it efficiently is what distinguishes it from other languages". C++ inherits
most of C's syntax.
 FORTRAN II
Fortran is a general-purpose, imperative programming language that is especially suited to numeric
computation and scientific computing. Originally developed by IBM in the 1950s for scientific and engineering
applications, Fortran came to dominate this area of programming early on and has been in continuous use for
over half a century in computationally intensive areas such as numerical weather prediction, finite element
analysis, computational fluid dynamics, computational physics, crystallography and computational chemistry. It
is a popular language for high-performance computing and is used for programs that benchmark and rank the
world's fastest supercomputers. Fortran encompasses a lineage of versions, each of which evolved to add
extensions to the language while usually retaining compatibility with prior versions. Successive versions have
added support for structured programming and processing of character-based data (FORTRAN 77), array
programming, modular programming and generic programming (Fortran 90), high performance Fortran (Fortran
95), object-oriented programming (Fortran 2003) and concurrent programming (Fortran 2008). The initial
release of FORTRAN for the IBM 704 contained 32 statements, including:
 DIMENSION  and  EQUIVALENCE  statements
 Assignment statements
 Three-way arithmetic IF statement, which passed control to one of three locations in the program
depending on whether the result of the arithmetic statement was negative, zero, or positive
 IF  statements for checking exceptions ( ACCUMULATOR OVERFLOW ,  QUOTIENT OVERFLOW ,
and  DIVIDE CHECK ); and  IF  statements for manipulating sense switches and sense lights
 GO TO , computed  GO TO ,  ASSIGN , and assigned  GO TO
 DO  loops
 Formatted I/O:  FORMAT ,  READ ,  READ INPUT TAPE ,  WRITE ,  WRITE OUTPUT TAPE ,  PRINT ,
and  PUNCH
 Unformatted I/O:  READ TAPE ,  READ DRUM ,  WRITE TAPE , and  WRITE DRUM
 Other I/O:  END FILE ,  REWIND , and  BACKSPACE
 PAUSE ,  STOP , and  CONTINUE
 FREQUENCY  statement (for providing optimization hints to the compiler).
The arithmetic  IF  statement was reminiscent of (but not readily implementable by) a three-way comparison
instruction (CAS – Compare Accumulator with Storage) available on the 704. The statement provided the only
way to compare numbers – by testing their difference, with an attendant risk of overflow. This deficiency was
later overcome by "logical" facilities introduced in FORTRAN IV.
The  FREQUENCY  statement was used originally (and optionally) to give branch probabilities for the three
branch cases of the arithmetic IF statement. The first FORTRAN compiler used this weighting to perform at
compile time a Monte Carlo simulation of the generated code, the results of which were used to optimize the
placement of basic blocks in memory – a very sophisticated optimization for its time. The Monte Carlo
technique is documented in Backus et al.'s paper on this original implementation, The FORTRAN Automatic
Coding System: The fundamental unit of program is the basic block; a basic block is a stretch of program which
has one entry point and one exit point. The purpose of section 4 is to prepare for section 5 a table of
predecessors (PRED table) which enumerates the basic blocks and lists for every basic block each of the basic
blocks which can be its immediate predecessor in flow, together with the absolute frequency of each such basic
block link. This table is obtained by running the program once in Monte-Carlo fashion, in which the outcome of
conditional transfers arising out of IF-type statements and computed GO TO's is determined by a random
number generator suitably weighted according to whatever FREQUENCY statements have been provided.
Y statement had no effect on the code, and was treated as a comment statement, since the compilers no
longer did this kind of compile-time simulation. A similar fate has befallen compiler hints in several other
programming languages; for example C's register keyword. The first FORTRAN compiler reported diagnostic
information by halting the program when an error was found and outputting an error code on its console. That
code could be looked up by the programmer in an error messages table in the operator's manual, providing
them with a brief description of the problem.
 VISUAL BASIC. NET
Visual Basic .NET (VB.NET) is a multi-paradigm, object-oriented programming
language, implemented on the .NET Framework. Microsoft launched VB.NET in 2002
as the successor to its original Visual Basic language. Although the ".NET" portion of
the name was dropped in 2005, this article uses "Visual Basic [.NET]" to refer to all
Visual Basic languages releases since 2002, in order to distinguish between them and
the classic Visual Basic. Along with Visual C#, it is one of the two main languages
targeting the .NET framework. Microsoft's integrated development environment (IDE) for
developing in Visual Basic .NET language is Visual Studio. Most of Visual Studio
editions are commercial; the only exceptions are Visual Studio Express and Visual
Studio Community, which are freeware. In addition, .NET Framework SDK includes a
freeware command-line compiler called vbc.exe. Mono also includes a command-line
VB.NET compiler. VB.NET uses statements to specify actions. The most common
statement is an expression statement, consisting of an expression to be evaluated, on a
single line. As part of that evaluation, functions or subroutines may
be called and variables may be assigned new values. To modify the normal sequential
execution of statements, VB.NET provides several control-flow statements identified by
reserved keywords. Structured programming is supported by several constructs
including two conditional execution constructs (If … Then… Else … End If and Select
Case ... Case ... End Select ) and three iterative execution (loop) constructs
(Do … Loop, For … To, and For Each) . The For … To statement has separate
initialization and testing sections, both of which must be present. (See examples below.)
The For Each statement steps through each value in a list.
In addition, in Visual Basic .NET:
 There is no unified way of defining blocks of statements. Instead, certain
keywords, such as "If … Then" or "Sub" are interpreted as starters of sub-blocks
of code and have matching termination keywords such as "End If" or "End Sub".
 Statements are terminated either with a colon (":") or with the end of line. Multiple
line statements in Visual Basic .NET are enabled with " _" at the end of each
such line. The need for the underscore continuation character was largely
removed in version 10 and later versions.[2]
 The equals sign ("=") is used in both assigning values to variable and in
comparison.
 Round brackets (parentheses) are used with arrays, both to declare them and to
get a value at a given index in one of them. Visual Basic .NET uses round
brackets to define the parameters of subroutines or functions.
 A single quotation mark ('), placed at the beginning of a line or after any number
of space or tab characters at the beginning of a line, or after other code on a line,
indicates that the (remainder of the) line is a comment.
 VISUAL BASIC PROGRAMMING
Visual Basic is a third-generation event-driven programming language and integrated
development environment (IDE) from Microsoft for its Component Object Model (COM)
programming model first released in 1991 and declared legacy during 2008. Microsoft intended
Visual Basic to be relatively easy to learn and use. Visual Basic was derived from BASIC, a
user-friendly programming language designed for beginners, and it enables the rapid application
development (RAD) of graphical user interface (GUI) applications, access
to databases using Data Access Objects, Remote Data Objects, or ActiveX Data Objects, and
creation of ActiveX controls and objects. The final release was version 6 in 1998 (now known
simply as Visual Basic). On April 8, 2008, Microsoft stopped supporting Visual Basic 6.0 IDE.
The Microsoft Visual Basic team still maintains compatibility for Visual Basic 6.0 applications
on Windows Vista, Windows Server 2008 including R2, Windows 7, Windows 8, Windows
8.1, Windows Server 2012 and Windows 10through its "It Just Works" program. In 2014,
some software developers still preferred Visual Basic 6.0 over its successor, Visual Basic
.NET. In 2014 some developers lobbied for a new version of Visual Basic 6.0. In 2016, Visual
Basic 6.0 won the technical impact award at The 19th Annual D.I.C.E. Awards. A dialect of
Visual Basic, Visual Basic for Applications (VBA), is used as a macro or scripting language
within several Microsoft applications, including Microsoft Office. Visual Basic 1.0 was introduced
in 1991. The drag and drop design for creating the user interface is derived from a prototype
form generator developed by Alan Cooper and his company called Tripod. Microsoft contracted
with Cooper and his associates to develop Tripod into a programmable form system
for Windows 3.0, under the code name Ruby (no relation to the later Ruby programming
language). Tripod did not include a programming language at all. Microsoft decided to combine
Ruby with the Basic language to create Visual Basic. The Ruby interface generator provided the
"visual" part of Visual Basic and this was combined with the "EB" Embedded BASIC engine
designed for Microsoft's abandoned "Omega" database system. Ruby also provided the ability
to load dynamic link libraries containing additional controls (then called "gizmos"), which later
became the VBX interface. Like the BASIC programming language, Visual Basic was designed
to accommodate a steep learning curve. Programmers can create both simple and
complex GUI applications. Programming in VB is a combination of visually
arranging components or controls on a form, specifying attributes and actions for those
components, and writing additional lines of code for more functionality. Since VB defines default
attributes and actions for the components, a programmer can develop a simple program without
writing much code. Programs built with earlier versions suffered performance problems, but
faster computers and native code compilation has made this less of an issue. Though VB
programs can be compiled into native code executables from version 5 on, they still require the
presence of around 1 MB of runtime libraries. Core runtime libraries are included by default
in Windows 2000 and later, but extended runtime components still have to be installed. Earlier
versions of Windows (95/98/NT), require that the runtime libraries be distributed with the
executable. An empty form in Visual Basic 6 Forms are created using drag-and-
drop techniques. A tool is used to place controls (e.g., text boxes, buttons, etc.) on the form
(window). Controls have attributes and event handlers associated with them. Default values are
provided when the control is created, but may be changed by the programmer. Many attribute
values can be modified during run time based on user actions or changes in the environment,
providing a dynamic application. For example, code can be inserted into the form resize event
handler to reposition a control so that it remains centered on the form, expands to fill up the
form, etc. By inserting code into the event handler for a keypress in a text box, the program can
automatically translate the case of the text being entered, or even prevent certain characters
from being inserted.

INVENTORS

Inventor Grace Murray Hopper was a curious child.

At the age of seven, she dismantled her alarm clock to
figure out how it worked, but was unable to reassemble it.
By the time her mother figured out what she had been up
to, the young Grace Hopper had gone through seven
clocks in the house.

Bjarne Stroustrup is a Danish computer scientist,

most notable for the creation and development of the
widely used C++ programming language

John Backus invented Fortran II.

Alan Cooper (born June 3, 1952) is an
American software designer and programmer.
Widely recognized as the “Father of Visual Basic,"
Cooper is also known for his books About Face:
The Essentials of Interaction Design and The
Inmates Are Running the Asylum: Why High-Tech
Products Drive Us Crazy and How to Restore the
Sanity. As founder of Cooper, a leading interaction
design consultancy, he created the Goal-Directed
design methodology and pioneered the use
of personas as practical interaction design tools to
create high-tech products. On April 28, 2017, Alan
was inducted into the Computer History
Museum's Hall of Fellows "for his invention of the
visual development environment in Visual BASIC,
and for his pioneering work in establishing the field

Blaise Pascal was a French mathematician,

physicist, inventor, writer and Catholic
theologian. He was a child prodigy who was
educated by his father, a tax collector in Rouen