South Aftcan Journal of Chemical Engineering 38 (2021) 9-20 SS South African Journal of Chemical Engineering journal homepage: wr. elsevier-comilocatelsajoe The recent progress in pitch derived carbon fibers applications. A Review 3 Chingis Daulbayev, Bayan Kaidar’, Fail Sultanov, Baglan Bakbolat, Gaukhar Smagulova, Zulkhair Mansurov Itai of Gus Problem Alnay, Reatsn ARTICLE INFO ApsTRAcT wort Intestin carbon fibers (CF) is due to thet chemical propestes, high eleeical conductivity ane mechanical strength, which takes them promising candies for vatious kinds of practical applications, The ed to flevelop Iow-cost technologies for prsucing CFs is a jor factor in research in this area, Current, the ‘widespread commercial ws of CFs inte by their high ost, hich primal depends on te pe of earbon feedstock. Conventional methods fo prodicing CFs use expensive aw mates sie as hydrocarbons a aphite, A possible solution co this problem the use of el, pete a oa a as an eetve precursor 0 Drotuce CFs. The review examines recent progres inthe sythess of CFs sing pete and coal tr and Getls te pospeets for thelr application inthe energy sector and as astral material forte asopton of ‘lait orgie compounds. in aeiton, methods fr improving the cencal a seta properties ofthese (Cs have ber eviewed ad described 1. Introduction Carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) such as carbon nanofibers (CNFS), ‘erbon nanotubes (CNTS), graphene (GP), graphene quantum dots (GQDs) and carbon quantum ds (CQDs) are widely used in varion ‘areas of bin life de other excellent mechanical, electrical physical and chemical properties (Batryshev etal, 20185 Mansuroy, 2020). They ‘ean serve as catalysts (Dayan, 2020) and sensors (Si and Loe, 20205 Li cr sl, 2019; Arde sl, 2020), widely used in targeted delivery of drugs (Pattaik et el, 2020), photoeatalyse decomposition of water (Daulbayer eta, 2021b), energy storage (Senthil et al, 2020; Yelenoy tl 20205 Abbas et aly 2019), as well a inthe actively developing direction of nanoelectronics (Marti Palma and Martinez Duart, 2017), However, despite an active use of CNMs, the development of inexpen sive and environmentally fiendly methods for their preparation is @ significant problem, Modem technologies for producing CNMS often require the use of expensive precursors and raw materials, which litectly affecting their price. This, the development or improvement of ‘methods for producing CNMS by using cheap raw materials i of great interes from the point of view of industrial orientation and is 9 priority task of many setemtific groups (ie et al, 2021; Sivet a, 20215 Rao etl, 2020), The use of petroleuas and coal tar pitel as ax inexpensive raw material to produce CNMS isa possible solution to this problem Lie, (20212); Siang eta, 2021; Hoang et al, 2018). Pitches are a mixture of ‘azomatic hydrocarbons and heterocyclic compouns obtained 28 a result of the distillation of petroleuan fractions and coal tar (Ws al, (2021); Let al, 2021s Zhov et al. 2019). AC the same time, depending on the way of their production, pitches are distinguished by composition and tverage molecular weight, which ean range from 200 to 400 g/mol, hile for individual components this value can reach up t0 2000 g/mol (Zander an Collin, 1993). As they are composed of polyeyelic aromatic hydrocarbon molecules, which inelude an romatie cre and side chains, they, when being slightly heated, ean form carbon sheets, and at higher temperatures ~ graphite, Simultaneously, CNMs obtained from pitches have a small number of defects and high electrical conductivity, this taking it possible to use them in the Geldof energy storage, At present, there area number of works devoted to the production of various CNMs such as Gr (Liu etal, 2020¢; Gubernat et al, 2018a; Wang eta. 2016), activated earbon (Gio etal, 2017), GQDS (Li etal, 20218), QDS (Li eral, 2021e), CNTs (Song eta, 2018), NFS (Tang etal, 2020), carbon nanoparticles and nanospheres (Guleriat eal, 2018; Yan eta 20205 Huet al, 2021), as well as porous earbon structures (xing etal, 2021; Lier a, 20215 Wi ets, 2024) by using pitches a5 raw materials. In addition, in recent years, the direction of obtaining CNF from isotropic hiybrid pitches synthesized from waste biomass and ligain has been actively developing, which is of gre interest from the point of view of| * Conesponding author at Adnes.172 Bogenbay Batyr str, Almaty, 050012, Republi of Kazakhstan, ‘Email addres: kb com (Kal), ll 2508. (Stan). spa /do.org/10.1016/Jsajoe.2021,07.001 Received 23 May 2021; Received in ievsed fm 29 June 2021; Accepted 4 July 2021 Availabe online 7 July 2021 10269185/© 2021 The Authors. Publishes by Elevet BW. on behalf oflstition of Chemical Fngnees. This san open seees ace under the GC BY.NCNDFig. 1. SEM images of col pitch derived casbon fibers. Repeated with permision ftom Jin et al, (202; Seca e al, (2021) the development of economical and highly efficient electrodes for supereapacitrs (Grsin etl, 20194 Lin eal, 20215 Li et al, 20204 Yin cet al, 2019; Baker and Rials, 2013; Vang et al, 2018). However, the presence of imputities of metal particles in piteh significantly affects the ‘quality ofthe obtained CNM and their properties. In (Liu ot al, 2020 Gubemat ets, 20188), fe shown thatthe presence of metallic im purities, seh as of Fe, Co, Ni, and Ma, in piteh negatively affects the ‘oxidizing and reducing properties of the obtained Gr. In ecent years, thee has been an increase in investigations aimed at developing new and improving the existing methods for producing CCNMs from different types of coal and thet application in varios fields (Leandeo eta, 20213 Zhang etal, 20208 Maria ea, 2020), Howeves the recent published review artiles (Li et al, 202195 Jiang et al, 2021; Hoang etl 2018; Ca et la 2020; Lin eta, 20209; OvsiN and Pin, 2018), devoted to theoretical and practical investigations ofthe prepa ration and application of CNM, aloe to consider the acute problems of the pitehes based synthesis process and the need t0 develop new oF Improve the existing technologies From this point of view, we believe that # detailed analysis of in vestigations med at obraining carbon fibers based on piteh (C—CFS) ‘and discussion of their potential applications in biomedicine, energy srorage and in optoelectronic devices ave requited. Therefore, in the ‘current review the latest advances in the production and use of CF fom petroleum and coal tar pitch, as well as mechanisms of formation of nanofibers and possible approaches co improve the methods of thelr production are analyzed, 2. synthesis and properties of pitch derived Crs In general, CFs are one-dimensional materials, the configuration of Which reflects hexagonal enrbon stretures, where each carbon atont is bound tothe four others with three of them having sp? hybridization with @ bond length of 1.415 A, and the fouzth one is linked by incr: rolecular bonds. Atoms with sp? hybridization are characterized by high thermal and electrieal conductivity due 10 the delocalization of their electrons In adition, these rato of diameter to length means that they have a high specific surface area allowing them to be used in & variety of applications, Today, CFs can be obtained by the following aethods: electrospinning (Dsulbaey etal, 2017; Seleaoy eta, 2015 Dulbayev eta, 20218), catalytic symthesis (Ghorbani Choghismsran ‘tl, 2021), vapor deposition (Lv et, 2021) and ate discharge method (Gachoun etal, 2019). Despite the fact thatthe theoretical an practical aspects of these methods have been investigated in detail in the following fundamental works (Liao etal, 20095 Ra eta, 20095 Isma giloy er a, 20095 i eral, 2000), afew of research groups are actively working to improve these methods, as well as to search for new alter native inexpensive precursors for obtaining CFS with improved phys cochemical properties (Onoriyekomwan et al, 2021; Lu et al, 2020; ‘ong etal, 2021) In Huang et a, (2019), the main problems of CFS production such as controlling porosity, improving mechanical strength find electrical conductivity, Increasing the specific surface area, and redhicing the cost of their synthests are described and discussed in det (One ofthe possible solutions to these problems isthe use of pitches as & precursor for CFs formation ‘The C—CFs obtained by electrospinning find their application inthe rmannfactare of supereapactor anodes, this giving the possibility not ro tse expensive binders and current collectors, Snag, in (ie etal 2016), the authors shone that « mature of coal tar pitch and poly ‘acrylonitrile (PAN) allows to obtain flexible C—CEs, which have been scoessfilly used as standalone anodes for supercapacitors, while demonstrating high eapscitance values. To synthesize C—CFs, iis necessary to use a properly selected pe: cursor for fiber formation, followed by their thermal stabilization and catboniztion, Due to the variety of preewsor, a numberof products are fvailable on the commercial carbon fiber market today, ineluding ‘various pith based carbon fibers, For example, commercial carbon bers based on soli pitch THORNELE P-25 (manufactured by Solvay), with excellent properties, aamely tensile strength of 1.56 GPa, thermal conductivity of 26 W/ai/K and electrical conductivity of 7-8/0 {shimanoe et, 2020). Traditionally, €—CFs (coal aro, coal based) fre produced by eleetrospinning and pyrolysis of synthetic polymers ig. 0. The properties of C—CFs are largely determined by the type of used pitch, For example, to obtain fibers necessary for theit widespread use isotrople pitches (coal and petroleum nust be transformed into meso phase pitch containing both anisotropic phase and graphite structure (Gusset al, 2015). To obtain mesophase pitch, various methods are used: pyrolysis (Yang eta, 2019), distillation (dreikov etal, 2016), solvent (Daucié etal, 1995) or eatalyst(Gao etal, 2018) extraction, the tse of which affects the cost of fibers. The resulting fbers-precursors from the mesophase pte should undergo thermal stailiation (in air fat temperatures from 250 °C to 350 °C) and carbonization at high temperatures (up 0 2000 °C) (in ets, 2021). kn (Liang et al, 2020), the authors show that an increase in carbonization temperature bas Positive effec onthe strength and miodolus of elasticity of the resulting ‘atbon bers. They discovered thar emperanize also exerts an fluence on the structure of fibers: at @ temperature of carbonization up to 10 °C carbon fibers have a structure of columns, while at a temper ture of up to 1700 °C, they have a ribbon wavy struecure A silar Investigation was carried out in (Pong etal, 2020), where i s shownSout fea Soar of Cm Exper 38 (2021) 9-20 eke cua in i it Oe Tempera! Temperatures c: zum] gohd re 5. 5 i a ? 7 Taupe Temperntue/C Fig. 2. Rheological properties curves of mesopias ith tht, at temperatures of up to 1900 °C, pitch-based carbon fers have straight carbon layers. Al tis indicates the importance of selecting ‘optimal parameters for fibers prodtion, sch as: selection of the initial precursor, temperature of thermal stabilization and carbonieation of precursor fibers, which largely determine thei structure and properties, ‘and, consequently, further practical aplication, 2.1. Mesophase cal pitch derived CFs As indicated above, all “CFs ae largely dependent on dhe type of pitch chosen as a precursor, either based on mesophase or isotropic pitches. The so-elled high-performance CFsean be obtained exclusively from mesophase pitch due to a higher degree of graphitization during ‘carbonization and thermal stabilization of fiber precursors. This is de to ‘high degree of molecular orientation, which makesit possible obtain precursor fibers from mesophase pitch inthe form of a certain shape. ‘Obsaining mesophase piteh is based on the process of ‘thermal Reprint with pernision from Zhang al, (2020 polymerization of petroleum or coal tar pitch (Huang etl high cost of mesophase piel in comparison with other pltclies inlts the scope of is application; however, a numberof works (lin eal, 2021 Shimanoe et al, 202095 Zhang et al, 2020b) indicate a significant improvement in the properties of CF based on mesophase piteh by creating composite structures, whieh opens up new prospects for their application. Thus, in (hing e9, 20200, es demonstrated thatthe Dropertis of CFs based on mesophase pil ean be improved by adding fraphene nanosheets, [ef shown that a small content of graphene nhanosheets (0.1 we.) leads Co sgnificant improvement in chermal and electrical conductivity, compressive and tensile strength (Hs, 2). This is explained by the fet thar the addition of graphene nanosheets reduces the formation of radial transverse defect stitutes, which affets the mechanical and conductive properties ofthe resulting composite. A the samie tite, the method of obtaining, proposed in the article, makes it possible to reduce the cost of Cs based on mesophase pith, and due co their improved properties, it wil expand the field oftheir application : > fl = “i : I [a | : a MPCF- MPCF-0S PCF. Fig. 5. (9) The tease suength of mesopase derived CFs; (b) Schemas of micreenstal structure evolution nthe boron-doped mesophase derived CF, Reprinted with petmisson fica Zhai 20190)Sout fea Soar of Cm Exper 38 (2021) 9-20 Fig. 4 (a) Surtace morphology of eubon Sets observed by SEM (overall sate of ETIOCF);(b) the suface and ess secon of single Ret). Reprinted with peision fon Lin eta, (2020 (On the other hand, Xinoling et al. Zhai sl. similar studies and showed that the creation of composite strctutes of ‘CFs based on mesophase pitch not only improved the mechanical ‘haracteristies, Dut also had a postive effect on elemieal resistance, The results obtained inthe work demonstrate that CFs based on mesophise pitch wid) the addivion of boron improve tensile strength, which increased by 19%, while the presence of boron contribites to a high ‘degtee of graphiszation and improves CFs burnout characterises. The proposed mechanism of the effect of boron on the properties of the ‘obianed composite deseribed in the work, demonstrates the fact that oriented and ordered crystals were formed due o the presence of boron Inthe structure, while a decrease in the distance and an increase in the ‘xysealite size hal a positive effect on the tensile strength of CFS (Pi. 9) Inaddition to coal tar and heavy petroleum fractions, pure aromatic hyeroearbons such as naphthalene and methylnaphehalene can be used aa piteh precursor (Jin et al, 2021; Yang etal, 1997). Mochi etal “Moca eral, (2000) have successfully demonstrated the synthesis of pitch that has «high molecular orientation, The essence of the method for pitch obtaining isthe hydrogenation of aromatic hydrocarbons in the presence ofa catalyst (HF-BFS) during heat treatment. The advantage of "his method is that there iS no need to use various organic solvents, ‘which has a postive effect on the economic component of this method 2.2. Isotropic coal pitch derved CPs (CFs based on isotropic pitches are charncterized as gener purpose fibers (Bermudez et al, 2018), while iis Delieved that CFs based on isotropic and mesophase pitches differ uot only in molecular orients tions, bur also in mechanical properties (Chol et al, 20195 Ari, 2016) nlke CFs based on mesophase pte, CFs fom istropie pitches have & rendom orientation of molecules (Aidoser! etal, 2020). However, in ‘order fo achieve the formiaton of sich miesophase pitches, the complex technical processes are required, which subsequently create additional ‘costs fd reduce the potential yield of CES for mass production (0 ‘eC al, 2016). Based on this, CFs from isotropic pitehes are of greater ‘economic interest chan CFs from mesophase pitches. Even though CFs based on isotropic pitches have moderate mechanical and electrical properties, several research atiles (He et al, 2020; Park et a, 2018) describe methors of using them ss components of composite materials With improved mechanical and electrical properties. Liu etal. in their work (Lin et al, 2020b) deseribe a method for ‘obcaning CFs rom isotropic pitch with moderate mechanical properties ‘and uniform fiber surface morphology. This result was achieved by browination dehydcobromination of the original pitch, Also in Kins rl, (2014), comparison of CFs with isotropic pitches obtained by bromination dehydrobromination and simple distiletion is demon- strated, as a result of which it is Found thatthe former have a higher tensile strength exceeding that of the latter more than 2 times (1500 MPa > 700 MPa). (63.0) ‘To date, the number of researches in which CFs based on isotropic pitches are used as the main components of composite materials with improved physicochemical and mechanical characterises is not wide sptead, in contrast to the number of researches in which CFs based on rsophase pitches are used. This fact is due to the difference in the physicochemical and mechanical characteristics of CES based on diferent types of pitehes. On the other band, the research group (Torchots etal, 2015) presented the results on preparation of activated catbon, including Crs based on isotopic pitches, As a resul, activated Cs possessed high values of specific surface area (~ 1400 and 900 11? 4 DT is noted that when CFS are activated with C02 vapors, the highest specie surface area is observed, while when they are netivated ‘with ammonia, the high functionalization is observed. Asa result, high values ofthe volumetric capacity were achieved, amounting to 124 and 7 Fer, Based om the presented data and analysis the literature, it can bee concluded that research in this direction has potential for develop ment, since isotropic pitehes are an alternative, economically viable precursor to produce CFs with specified characteristics, ‘The methods for producing CFs based on mesophase and isotopic pitches require revolutionary new approaches to improve their chemical 1nd physical properties. For example, the use of mesophase pitch leads {oa significant increase i price due o he extemtely complex process of its production and low yield (about 10 wet). Although modern methods of obtaining mesophase pitch, such as supercritical extraction with toluene and obtaining AR-mesophase piteh, ean significantly in ‘reuse the yield (abonst 20 98), the eos renin atthe same high level. Unlike CFs based on mesophase piteh, fibers based an isotropie pte have poor mechanical properties, A possible solution to the problenis described above is creation of complex composite structures based on (C—CFs, whieh will nor only positively influence the charaeteristis of fibers, but also significantly reduce thei est. Today, according to data from open sources of trading platforms, i an be noted that the cost of| piteh varies from $ 250 co $735 per ton of product. Prices depend on the Piri ofthe product, as well as on the nature of origin and the molec lla orientation ofthe pitch (sorrope or mesophase) should be noted that the price for 1 ton of mesophase pitch ean be 3 times more expensive than the cos of isotrape pitch 3. Application of pitch derived CFs According 0 Lieto, (20218), €—CRS could be subdivided into woFig. 5. (@) TEM image, () elemental mapping nage, (¢) XRD partes and (GTA ress neque from diferent PPL-Zn mat Reprinted with permission ftom Yun etal, (2019. ‘Table 1 ‘Comparison ofthe pacametes of various composites based oncasbon nanofibers to be red ava electrode for supeccapactor. 2021 Carbon fiber electrodes 122mWeh/kg (Sho eto Gepedpolvpmioes Fim? en nai) fber/soldeecualte Fon eon am200) 20m SDrenertscrion —SE/g SSWeR/¥g Clty lasses: CFs of general (obtained from Isotope pitch) and high (eb tained from anisotropic and mesophiase pitch) performance. General performance CFs find their application in such arens as water treatment, Sout fea Soar of Cm Exper 38 (2021) 9-20 sdsorpion, and as thermal insulation material. On the other hand, CFs of high performance, due to their excelleat electical conductivity, are used as an anode for supercapacitos, storage of various kinds of gases, to which several research works are devoted. Some of the main practical applications of pitch-based earhon nanofibers are discussed below 3.1, Energy storage Cs, like other carbon materials, are of great interest in the feld of design and construction of supercapacitors (rchenkova etal, 2020), batteries (Dsuché et aly 1998), and optoelectronic devices (Lo eal 2012) due to thelr excellent elettical conductivity and high specitic ‘seface aroa, To create electrochemical double layer eapacitors, the so-called superespecitors, C—CFs are used as an active electrode mate rial. Thus, in Yun el (2019), the authors demonstrated the use of carbon fibers based on polyacrylonitrile (PAN) / pte / lignin with ZO (PPL-Zi) for the development of an efficient supereapacitor, in which pitch was used as precursor for CFS, dis making it possible to reduce the cost and increase the content of earbon and electrical conductivity of| the resulting composite structure (Pig. 9) ‘The data obtained inthis work indicate a significant effect of pite based carbon fibers on the electrical conductivity of the obtained PPL-Zn composite 10 be used ns an electrode for supereapacicors, hile the maximum specific capacity was 165 F/g with en energy density of 22-18 Wh/kg. On the other hand, Cheol Min Yang et al. in their experimental work (¥en a Kim, 2018) show that C—CFsin the PAN / earbon nanofber / MnO (PPMn- CFs} composite aerate the access of tlecteolyte ons into micropores and significantly improve the efiiency lf their adsorption on the surface of electrodes in aqueous electrolytes. Even though for bot types of composites the maximum specifi ex pacites and maximum energy densities are comparable in the same range of specie power (400-10,000 W / kg), they are higher in com parison with oer materials used as electrodes for supereapaeitors (rable 0. The data in Toble 1 and analysis of literature in che feld of super capacitors indicate a wide range of carbon materials used as electrodes. This i explained by the following advantages: frsy, a high specitic surface area nnd a controlled hierarchy of pores have a positive effet on adsorption, increasing he energy density of supereapacitors, Secondly carbon materials promote diffusion of electrolyte ions and electron ‘wanspor, thls determines the energy density ofthe separator capacitors tnd recces eapacity loss at high current densities and high sean rates Thirdly, their excellent mechanical properties as well as chemical Incriness exclude side reactions of aetive substances thar negatively affect eyeic stability. These advantages are clearly demonstrated in the hovel work (Fg et =, 2020) In which the authors successfully used coal tar (o obtain composite material with ts subsequent wilzaton as 1 supercapacitor electrode, The proposed pitch-based method for producing carbon fibers made it possible to synergize an ecologically safe binary supercritical fuid system (PAN nanofibers and coal tar) and beneficial optimization of the process afierelectospinning by replacing oxygen with earbon di oxide for oxidative stabilization. al this allowed to achieve a high vale of the electrical capacity ofthe double layer 1408.9 yF/ent? (Fig. ©) ‘These and many other works demonstrate that pitch-based carbou fibers fate promising candidates for energy storage due to thelr high capacity tn high energy densiy 3.2. Adsorption of volatile organic compounds (C—CFs is also used as an effective material for adsorption of volatile organic compounds (VOCS), which are considered the main toxic re agents in soll water, and air (Zane al, 2021; Brown eta, 20215 Xw ral, 2021). Moreover, VOCs represent the main class of indoor pol lutants, and some of them are highly toxic and earcinogenie (benzene, formaldehyde). In recent years, there has been an netease in resesrch onSeu Aeon ara f Cea peg 38 (2021) 9.20 a» b * to] 0s0.0,cF so] 0sP-c0jcr » » » » Zw Z« a0. Sean] Saoave » Siem | 30 Soave 7 =e} Sows Poti (¥) Pose ¥) c * a so] 3088-0;cF ‘o| 3080-c0,cr Zw Zu 20 yom + so mvs ov Stems | oe Save ‘0 ~ Pose (¥) ' Pose V) Teenager —e—c0;F s a _pitto] a tesronce > tosecorcr “E10 e 14004 —+~30s0-0-cF ——08.00,-cF 5 geen i oe 3 Huw ococr B00 + Gpie ? ans i jo J tee oe | 0] soa : i oo Je cm) sae 200 mm] aie - SS : 2) i 2m wo 40050 Ce Sean Rate (mV) SEL:PAN rato ig. 6 CV profiles of the cabonized SEL-PAN fibers a vatous scan rats (100, 200,300, 400, and S00 mV/s). (a) OSP-Os—~CES. (0) O8P-CO>-CFs(c) 30SP-.0.—CFS (@) s0sb-c-is.(e) Curent density dependence on Sean vate. (9 Dependence of EDL capacitance oa SEL: PAN rato, Repinted with persion ay Tans aly (2020) the use of pltch-based carbon fibers for VOC adsorption (kim and Loe, 2018; Awad etal, 2021; Zang ea, 20175 Ligotski etal, 2021), Thus, in (Yoshikawa et al, 2021), the mechanism and structural changes of ‘VOC (for example, cloroform) inthe pores of ptch-based carbon fibers Were investigated, The effect of pore size on the sorption activity of pitch-based catbon Abers was suidied, The adsorption of chloroform molecules oceurs in the pores with the formation of elusters, which then tum into a liquid form (Pi. Wisnoteworthy that strong adsorption activity is observed in narrow areas located in intermediate posicons relative to the pores. This ‘esearch is ertieal in understanding the mechanism of VOC adsorption by pitch-based carbon fibers, However, the effectiveness of many porots materials for adsorbing VOC, including earbon bes, is high only at certain moisture levels. Dong Yeon Ruy et alin their experimental work yw etal, (2019) show that C—CFs impregnated with ures and nitric mechan acid have a high efficiency of VOC adsorption (for example, formalde. hyde) at both low and high humid suaterial exhibited a 110-time (rom 0.72 to 79.28 mg/g) improvement Inthe adsorption aetivity of formaldehyde compared to C—CNF without impregnation at a unity of 4096. this investigation the proposed formaldehyde adsorption at high ai red and described in detail. The assumed stages of adsorption are shown in ig. Sb, where itis seen that after formaldehyde is adsorbed by (C—GFs in its porous structure, chemical reactions of formaldehyde with impregnated urea and nitric acid take place. As result, the obtained saniple adsorbed all formaldehyde inthe environment at a humidity of 11-8896 and a temperature of 3-26.9°C during 24h, this demonstrating the high efficiency of apiteh based easbon fiber composite, Despite the active development, the commercial application of C—CFs is limited by their high eost associated primarily with the huge weight loss during Ac the same tin, this composite id. midi i comAB gece Fig. 7, (a luster asocated CHCl sorption mechanisn in pote within pore necks; (s) Schema illstation of HCHO ates reaction Reprinted with permission fiom Yoshikawa e a (2021) Ry ta, (2019) 207 T=22°C 200 ‘ACF-850-4, Cc Web, 1985 m’/g eq 8°] 63.4. wt%imin z \ = 160 ‘ 3 ‘ Kynole ACF-15, 2 40 Textile, 1500 m/g 120. o 12°34 5 67 8 9 Time (min) Fig. 8. (3) and (b)Typea mages of melblown isotope ptch Aber web; (=) Aésoxpeion curves of chlosofom vapor eompating the prepared ACF with comuetlal vets Kynol® ACF 15. Repsited sith permis font Yo ea, (2017 sctivation. However, the synthesis method proposed in Ye et sl, commercially available analogue (Kyuol® ACE-15, Fig. 8b). (2017) makes it possible to obtain cheap CFs based on isotropic pitch ‘The conducted research, as well as many others (Table 2), showed “The obtained samples demonstrate w higher adsorption activity an the chat che adsorption proces for the obtained simples is exothermic and