Wag P Bali lyengarCONTENTS A Chapters 1.__Complex Numbers z 2.__ Theory of Equations and Curve Fitting _ 85 Partial Differentiation 2 Multiple Integrals Vector Algebra Vector Calculus Infinite Series Fourier Series Differential Equations of First Order 12.__ Applications of Differential Equations of First Order 13, _ Linear Differential Equations 14. _ Applications of Linear Differential Equations 15. _ Special Functions and Series Solution of Differential Equations 16. _ Partial Differential Equations 17.__ Applications of Partial Differential Equations 18. The Laplace Transforms 19, _ Functions of a Complex Variable 20,_ Integral Transforms 21, _ Statistics and Probability Bo piso ia BERSeskeaRSaRHEBES 23. The Z-Transforms ~ 1264 ‘Numerical Solution of Ordinary Differential Equations ~ 1292 25. Numerical Solution of Partial Differential Equations we 1333 Curvilinear Co-ordinates ~ 1359 27. Tensor Analysis ~ 1374 28.__Virtual Work 1397 Appendices oe 1417Greek Alphabets A a Alpha 1 1 Tota P p Rho B Bo Beta kK ok Kappa Za Sigma r y Gamma A % Lambda TO OF Tau A 8 Delta M 4 Mu Yo» Upsilon E € Epsilon Nov Nu ® 9 Phi Z Zeta Bg Xi x x Chi Hon Bt oo Omicorn wooy Psi © 6 Theta no Pi Q2 © — Omega 3 there exists ¥ forall Metric weights and Measures LENGTH CAPACITY 10 millimetres = I centimetre 10 millilitres 10 centimetres = I decimetre 10-centilitres 10 decimetres = [metre 10 decilitres 10 metres = Idecametre 10 litre 10 decametres = Thectometre 10 decalitres iO hectometres = [kilometre 10 hectolitres VOLUME AREA 1000 cubic centimetres = 1 centigram 100 square metres 1000 cubic decimetres = I cubic metre 100 ares 100 hectares WEIGHT ABBREVIATIONS 10 milligrams = I centigram kilometre km tonne t 10centigrams = I decigram metre m kilogram kg 10 decigrams = 1 gram centimetre cm gram g 10 grams = 1 decagram millimetre mm are a 10 decagrams = I hectogram litre Kl hectare ha 10 hectograms = I kilogram 1 centiare ca 10 kilograms = I quintal millilitre mi 10 quintals 1 metric ton (tonne)1 Complex Numbers 1.1, REAL NUMBERS ‘A number which is either rational or irrational is called a real number. Thus the union of the sets of rationals and irrationals is the set of reals, denoted by R. Since every point on the number line represents either a rational number or an irrational number, every point on the number line represents a real number. Thus there is one-one correspondence between the real ‘numbers and the points on the number line. 1.2. BASIC PROPERTIES OF REAL NUMBERS (All these properties hold good for rational numbers also) 1. Closure Laws ¥a,be R,a+b,a-b, a. b, © (6 #0) are real numbers. Thus R is closed under the four funda- mental operations (excluding division by zero). 2, Commutative Laws ¥a,be Ra+b=b+aa.b=b.a 3. Associative Laws ¥a,b,ce Rat(b+c)=(a+b)+c,a(b.c) =(ab).c 4, Additive Identity ¥aeR,30¢ Reuchthta+0=0+a=a Qis called the additive identity in R. 5. Additive Inverse Mae R,Jbe R such that a+b=b+a=0, the additive identity b =~a is called the additive inverse or negative of a. 6. Multiplicative Identity ¥aeR.3leRsuchthata.l=l.asa 1 is called the multiplicative identity in R. 7. Multiplicative Inverse ¥ae Ras 0,3 be R such that a.b=6b.a=1, the multiplicative identity. b= dora s called the multiplicative inverse or reciprocal of a. 8. Distributive Law. (Multiplication distributes over addition) ¥a,b,ce Ra(bt+c)=a.b+a.c9. Trichotomy Law a,b R, exactly one of the following is true : @a>rb 10. Transitivity of Order Wa,b,ceR,a>bandb>c = arc 11. Monotone Law of Addition VabceRa>b = atc>bt+c 12, Monotone Law of Multiplication ¥a,b,ceR, 1.3, COMPLEX NUMBERS (a=b a>b => ac>be ife>0. ‘A TEXT BOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS. Gii)a C represents the complex number G1 +42) + Ort yo) = Gi + 1) + Gat) = 21 +e Thus, if two points A and B represent the complex numbers z; and z; in a complex plane, then their sum z; + Z) is represented by the end C of the diagonal OC of II gm OACB.COMPLEX NUMBERS. 7 Cor. 1z)1=0A,12:!= 0B, Iz; +221=0C Since OCSOA+AC=OA+OB 2. Iz talSigltlal Article 2. Geometrical representation of the difference of two complex numbers In the complex plane, let A and B represent two complex numbers 2; =x; + iy; and zp =.x3 + iy. Subtraction of z; from 2, is equivalent to addition of -mtozy Produce BO to B’ such that OB’ = OB. Now, Cartesian co-ordinates of B are (x2, y2)- Co-ordinates of B’ are (~ x2, ~ y2). B’, therefore repre- sents the complex number =~ i2=-( +i) =-2 Complete the ligm OACB’. Then C represents the sum of the complex numbers z; and - zp i.e. C represents the complex number Bi-22) 'Y atCa)ea-% Cor, 1.12)! = OA, 1 z21= OB, | zy ~221= OC =BA Since OB + BA2 OA laltly-2l2layl = 1zy-212Igt-lel. Cor. 2. Geometrical Meaning of | 2; - 231 If two complex numbers z; and z, be represented by the points A and B on the complex plane, then 12)~2:1=10A- OB 1=1BA |= BA = AB ‘Thus A(z;) and B(z;) => 12;-2;!=AB=BA. Article 3. Product and Quotient of Complex Numbers in Modulus Amplitude Form Let 21 =n (Cos @ +i sin 8,) and zz = 12 (cos @2 + sin @) ‘. £122 = rir (Cos @ + i sin 8,\cos 8, + i sin 8,) = rral(cos 8, cos 8; — sin ®; sin 82) + i (sin ®, cos 8, + cos 8; sin @2)) = nry [cos (@, + 6;) + sin @, +83). ‘Thus Fazal = ry ela llzt and amp. (z)z2) = 8, + 6) = amp. z; + amp. z 2 _ r(c0s 8, +isin@)) _r, cos®,+isin®, cos ®,—i sin @, Bizz) Ale 1% * Fy (Cos 0, +i sin 8;) ~ ry "cos 6, +75in Oy * cos Oy—T sin Oy” 1, (08 8; 608 ©, + sin Oy sin 0) + isin 0, cos 8, ~ cos, sn 0) n cos? 8, + sin? B [cos (8, ~ 62) + isin (@, - @3)) lal ‘Thus igi sstane (E )=0,-0 = amp. z)-amp. z3. «cig B eci cis Cor. cis ocisB=cis(a+B): SER =cis (-B). Article 4, Geometrical representation of the product of two complex numbers If 21, 23 are two complex numbers, prove geometrically that {zy.z21=12;1.12q]and amp. (2. z,) = amp. (z;) + amp (2,).a You have either reached 2 page thts unevalale fer vowing or reached your ievina tit for his book.(COMPLEX NUMBERS “9 +. represents the complex number (cos (6 ~03)+ isin (6, ~03] = HEED [» cis (a o-s4 | -op-2 Si ata! 2 lal a = }= ZXOP = @; - 0; = amp. 2; - amp. 22. Article 6. If and 23 are two complex numbers, then @lx 421s layl+lzy! (i) ay —mg12 [1241-1291] (iii) Vay + 2 P +1 2y 2, P21 ay P+ 212,17 (Calicut, 1988) Sol. (/) Let 21 = 1 (cos ®; +i sin ®,) and zp = r2 (cos @2 + i sin @3) lay + zal =I 71 (Cos @; + isin 8) + 79 (cos By + i sin @,) 1 =1(F 05 8 + 7205 8,) + ir; sin 8, + 72 sin 83)! = V(r, cos 0; + Fr; cos 63)? + (rj sin 0; +r, sin 64)? [eo ifzex+iy, then z= Ve+y"] Vn? (cos? © + sin? 8,) + r3? (cos? @; + sin? 8,) + 2rr3(cos @, cos 8, + sin ©, sin 8.) = ViP+ 1? + 2nr 00s (8, - 0) sVibtrit2nn [cos (8-83) <1) ie, Igtalsntn But n=l land 2 =1z1 le tzghStgl+lzal In words, The madulus ofthe sum of two complex numbers cannot exceed the sum oftheir modu Extension. The modulus of the sum of any number of complex numbers is at most equal to the sum of their moduli. latte tin telelyt@tat Slyltlat (at. Shalt lel tl zy tine Slayl+lzleteyl+l+ Let 21 = 7 (Cos B; +i sin 8,) and zy = r (cos @, + ésin @3) 121-221 #17 (60s 8; + sin @,) — ro(c0s ®, + { sin @,) = 1 (ry cos @ — r2 cos 83) + f(r, sin O, — r sin ®) 1 = V(r; cos 6; — ry cos 03) + (r sin 8, — ra sin 8? t ifz=x+iy then! zl=Vie+y"] = Vii? (Cos? 6; + sin? ©,) + 73? (cos? 8; + sin? 8,) — 2r,73(c0s 0, cos @, + sin 6, sin @3)a You have either reached 2 page thts unevalale fer vowing or reached your ievina tit for his book.COMPLEX NUMBERS i 1.8, Effect of rotation, in the anti-clockwise direction, through an angle 0: on the complex number 2=1 (cos 6+ 1sin 8). y Let P represent the complex number = r(cos 6+ i sin @) Q Rotate OP through an angle a. in the anti-clockwise direction, \ occupying the position OQ, then Y 0Q=OP=r Pp 2X0Q = ZXOP + ZPOQ=8+a fe 2 The point Q represents the complex number ricos (8 + a) +i sin (@+)) 8 = r(cos @ +i sin 8)(cos a + i sin @) = 2(cos a +i sin a) x Hence the effect of rotation of OP representing the complex number z through an angle ©. in the anti-clockwise direction is to multiply z by (cos «+ i sin @). Example 1. Find the locus of P(z) if 2) and z2 are two given complex numbers such that Iz-zlelz-al Sol. Let A and B represent the complex numbers z; and 2, and P represent the complex number z. Now lz-glslz-21 (given) 10b-OA1=10b- 681 or \AP1=15B1 or AP=BP The point P moves such that its distance from two fixed points, A and B always remains equal. Alzy) Biz) Hence the locus of P is the right bisector of AB. Example 2. a and b are two given points and z is a variable point in the Argand plane. Prove that or =k, the locus of zis a circle if k # ! and a straight line if k = 1. z-b (i) iflz-al+lz-b1=21a—b1, the locus of z is an ellipse of eccentricity +. Sol. Let A and B represent the complex numbers a and b and P represent the variable point z. @ (given) or iz-b17* AP or BP™ ‘A (Constant) The point P moves so that its distances from two fixed points A and B always bear a constant ratio k, If k # 1, the locus of P is a circle called the Appollonious circle. If k= 1, AP = BP and the locus of P is the right bisector of AB. Note. For different values of K+ 1), | 72 | =k, represents a family of circles any two members of which have the same radical axis, Thus -k represents a system of co-axial circles for different values of k.12 ‘A TEXT BOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS w Iz-al+lz-bl=2la-b1 (given) = AP+BP=2AB Pmoves so that the sum of its distances from two fixed points A and B is always twice the fixed distance Locus of P is an ellipse with points A and B as its foci. [+ if SP +S'P = 2a = length of major axis, locus of P is an ellipse} =2AB_ and ‘2ae’ = distance between foci = AB de 2AB.¢=AB.Hencee=+. Example 3. and P are two points inthe complex plane representing the numbers z, and z respectively. Prove that the locus of P is a circle if\2— 2) 1= k Sol. le-glek (given) ~ APek Piz) . Pmoves such that its distance from a fixed point A is constant. Hence the locus of P is a circle with centre A and radius = k. Note. Iflz—2) 1<&, then AP & represents the exterior of the circle with centre at A and radius k. Example 4. If A(z;) and B(zz) be two points in the Argand plane, prove that the point which divides AB in the ratio m, : mz is PEE (my >0,m2>0) Sol. Let A and B represent the complex numbers z, and 2) respectively. Let P(z) divide the join of A and B in the given ratio mim oP = Thenwehave gpg, OF Mm AP= my PB In vector notation, we have ing Ab =m #8 1m, (OP - OA) = m, (GB - Tb maz - 21) = m2 -2) gg or (m+ m)z= myn + my or rs . Mz + m2, server 58) Cor. Mid. point of A(z) and BL, is represented by =="? Example 5. Show that the centroid of the triangle formed by A(z,), B(z2), C(23), is $ (ey +22 + 2).‘COMPLEX NUMBERS 13 Sol. Let D be the mid-point of BC. Alz,) att If G is the centroid of AABC, then G divides AD in the ratio 2:1 G represents the point nts 2.45"e1.4 aa, 1. Bizz) OO Ciz3) 21 de. 3itete) Example 6. Show that the equation of the ellipse whose foci are the points S(z;) and S'(z2) and 2a the length of the major axis, can be written in the form | z—z)1+\z~231= 2a. Prove also that the eccentricity of the ellipse is =! i teeal Sol. Let S(z;) and $'(z3) be the foci ofthe ellipse in the complex plane and let P(z) be any point on the ellipse. Let ee Obe the origin. ( Now, we know that the sum of the focal distances of any point on an ellipse is equal to the major axis. : SP +S'P=2a old Siz) But SB =Ob-O8=2-2 s : sP=!SPietz-21 ot Similarly, SP=lz-z1 from (i), we have 1z=z1+1z-z,.1=2a oO which is the required equation of the ellipse. Again, in an ellipse, distance between the foci = 2ae, where eis the eccentricity. Also, distance between foci = SS’ *. 2ae = SS’ 2ae =12, 21 Example 7. Show that the necessary and sufficient conditions that the three points P(z,), Q(z2), R(z3) + lie on a line are az, + bz + C2, = 0, a + b + ¢ = 0, where a, b, care real numbers, not all zero. Sol. The conditions are necessary. Let P,Q, R lie ona line, then R divides PQ in a certain ratio, say b : a, (a #0) az, + bz; ge —e or az +be- (a+b)2=0 Putting a +b =—c, we get az + bzy + czy = 0, where a +b+c=0 The conditions are sufficient. Let az + bz, +02) =0, wherea+b+c=0 az, + bz a+b which implies that R divides PQ in the ratio b : a and therefore, R lies on PQ. Hence, P, Q, R are collinear. then az, + b2,=-czy=(a+b)zy or B=14 A TEXT BOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS Note, Taking a =a ~a3, b= ay—a),¢ =a, — az $0 that a + b +.¢=0 the condition can also be written as (az ~ a3)zy + (a3 ~ 01)22 + (a) — a2)23 = 0. Example 8. Prove that the points x + iy and at iy le ona straight line through the origin. Sol. Let yextiy td ney =m zy RS ty oath —x-y ee y Fe ot my Let O be the origin. Let z; and zz be represented by A and B. Then the coordinates of A and B are tenant E55. ere respectively. 0 0 I el =f) 49, |. Area of AOAB= 5] x y ol Al A775] 0 = a ar Rey ty ‘The points O, A, B are collinear. Example 9. if the point represented by a complex number z moves round the circle | z\ = J, find the tocus ofthe point © at. So Lt? epost comple une Izlel ow Ve+y 21 = P+ytel wl) Let 2+ be represented by the point Q(X + /¥) x zt] xtiytl (tity mI -ly +i¥= x z-1 x+hy-1 (1+ *@-l-y +y+ 1)-ya4+D) _@+y- = 2iy | = 2iy test t ry Depa loke 2-2 using (1) X20 ¥e Te =x x-1 ++ Q represents a purely imaginary number (’." real part X = 0) and hence lies on Y‘OY, the imaginary axis. Example 10. Prove that ifthe vertices. eo triangles represent the complex number a, b, c and 0. B, 1 ‘y respectively, then they will be similar if | a é e |-« ap | Sol. Let ABC and PQR be the two triangles whose vertices represent the complex numbers a, b. ¢ RI) and a, B, yrespectively. The two triangles will be similar if KB =200, BC=2. ORCA = ARP ie, if b-a=MB-a),c~b=My-B), a-c=Ma-y) Bl) PI) Qi al Cte)(COMPLEX NUMBERS 1S, ‘Taking any two members, say first and second, we get (b-aXy- B)=(c- 6\B-@) road or (by- cB) + (ca-ay)+(aB-ba)=0 or Ja b cl} =O. a BY Example 11. (i) If P;(z;), Px(zz) and P42,) be any three points, then ZP;P3P; = amp. (3) (id) Also prove that the points P), P2, au (Gli) PsP) A PaPy if 2 is wholly imaginary. 2 Sol. (i) Let O be the origin and P;(z,), P2(z2) and P,(z3) be the three given points in the complex plane. Join OP,, OP; and OP;, Let PP; and PsP; when produced meet X’OX in A and B respectively making angles , and ct, with if 2PP:P)= ZAP;B = 0-01 Pp, } 5 = amp. (PiB,) - amp. es) = amp. (i I [» wo (2 Jee @)- ono) | eal unk (i If P), Pz, Py are collinear, then ZP;P2P3 = amp. ( }: Oorn g =r (cos @ +i sin 8), 8 being O orn Co amp.(@)=@ => z=7(cos@+ isin 8) where r=12z1) =+rwhich is wholly real, unk (iii) If P:Py LPP), then are=amo[ 8 o23)-5 unm) 2 {cor rian Je irwtich ty mai, Example 12. /famp. bs Jeoro (B23 ow tars sa & gare concyclic. Sol. Let A, B, C, D represent z1, 22,2» Za respectively. mest16 ‘A TEXT BOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS amp.{ 2 oe = amp. B- ob ob OA-0C OA-OD tz . c 4 - amp. = amp. bb v3) DA = ZACB = ZADB. Since AB subtends equal angles at two points C and Don the a same side of it. 8 @) (Z2) ‘The points A, B,C, D are concylic. Hence 2;, 22, 23, Zs are concylic. Example 13. /fA(a) and B(b) are two fixed points in the Argand’s plane, find the locus of the variable point P(2) if amp. (Es 3) = k (constant). Sol. snp-( 55) =# = ono | $= sk = om [3 ]-# = ZBPA=k (constant) Hence the locus of P is the segment of a circle which passes through A and B for all positions of P. Example 14. ifthe complex numbers 2» 2» 23 be the vertices of an equilateral triangle in the complex plane, prove that (ap +23 +27 = 22) +e + BR (Poona, 1990 ; Andhra, 1986) L 1 1 Om ky * yn% (iit) 27 + 2; + 27 = 3z¢?, where zp is the circumcentre of the triangle. Sol. Let A(z;), B(2:), Cz) be the vertices of equilateral AABC. ( Since BA = BC and BA makes an angle 60° with BC =0 BA = BC cis 60° He 1-2) C60" + sine (29 (5479 | => 2zy = 2p = 23-2 + IVT (25 -: = 22, -2-2 = iV5(%5-2) au) Squaring both sides, v ay? + 27? + 24? = eyzy + Lozes — 42yz = -3(@s? +2, — 292s) > 42,2 + 42g? + 42g? = Aziz, + Arazy + Azz, a ay +27 2s? m2 + 2385 +252 (Let 2-2350,2-7=8,4-m=y thenat+B+y=0 = a+pry=20 a+p+y=0 oD) 60° Since A ABC is equilateral, Beech uA Blza) Clz3) - la-alela-alela-a) = |2-zl=]zs-21=12-z21 = lal=|Bl=ly1 = laPelBP=lyP= 00 = BB = yy=k, say => k FromO.wehme Seg +tn0 of ota tang (iti) In an equilateral triangle, the centroid, the circumcentre, the incentre and orthocentre all coin- cide. Since za is the circumcentre, za is also the centroid of AABC. tat ao itets > BaP=G tate? = Gagh = ay? + 2p? + 23" + 2 2ye9 + 2085 + 292)) = 3G)? +2" +29") be ge tam tae = 22 +2' +27 Hence afta +a? = 3c. Example 15. Two opposite vertices of a square are represented by complex numbers 9 + 12i and 5 + 10i, find the complex numbers representing the other two vertices of the square. Sol. Let A(9 + 12), Blea), C(- 5 + 100, D(z) be the vertices of 9.) Cr 54+101) square ABCD. Let the diagonals AC and BD intersect at M. ey, Ac=1At1=100-OAI =1(-5+ 10)- (+ 12)1 x =1-14-2i1= VE 14)? +(- 2)? = 1002 Since the diagonals of a square are equal and bisect each other ar right angles at the point of intersection. 7‘ MA =MB =MC =MD=5¥2 AI+12Zi) Biz2) Aso te point M is represented by © 2D+CS*10) 29 4 14) Now MB is rotation of MA through 90° n Mi = MAA cis 90° = OB - OM = (A - OR = 2-24 1) = (94 12) = 24 1D = =(2+1l)+(i-1)=1 + 18! Similarly ME cis 90° = Ob-0% = Ob- Oi = 4-24 Ml) =(C5+10)-2+ Nl > w= (2+ ll) + Ti+ I =3 +41 Hence the other two vertices of the square are represented by complex numbers 1 + 18/ and 3 + 4i. Example 16. The centre of a regular hexagon is at the origin and one vertex is given by (N3 +i) on the Argand’s diagram. Determine the other vertices. Sol. Let ABCDEF be the regular hexagon with centre at the origin and vertex A representing (V3 + i). Let YB + i= (cos 0 +i sin 6), then reos = V3 ,rsin@=1. Squaring and adding, P=4 2 r=2ZXOB = 90°, ZXOC = 150°. ‘A TEXT BOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS Ww 1 2 ssin@=>. 8=.0° Thus OA =2 and ZXOA = 30°, ‘The figure being a regular hexagon, OB = OC = OA = 2 and ‘The vertex B represents 2 (cos 90° +i sin 90°) = 21 The vertex C represents Bi 2 (cos 150° +i sin tsoye2(- P45 fe Now O is mid-point of AD and A represents (V3 +). => D represents - V3 ~i. O is mid-point of BE and B represents 2i. => Erepresents ~2i. O is mid-point of CF and C represents (- V3 +i). =F represents V3 — i. Example 17. The points B, P, Q in the Argand’s diagram represent the complex numbers 2, z, 2 respectively. If P describes a circle on OB as diameter, find the locus of Q, O being the origin. which is the polar equation of the circle described by P. Sol. Let P represent the complex number z=r(cos 6+ isin 8). ‘The point B representing 2 lies on the real axis. Since OP =r, OB =2, ZXOP=6 In right-angled triangle OPB, OP=OBcos@ or r=2cos0 () Let Q represent the complex number r, (cos 8, + i sin 0). 1; (cos 8, +i sin @) =z? =F (cos @ +i sin 8)? =P (cos 20+ isin20) => r=PandO,=20 Now, squaring (1), we get 7 = 4 cos?@ or 7 =2(1 +.cos 28) or 7, =2(1 +c0s 8)) Hence locus of Q is r= 2(1 + 60s 8) which is a cardioid. TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE Show that the points representing the complex numbers ~4 + 3i, 2—3i,~ are collinear. A.B, C represent the complex numbers | + 6,2 + 4i, 4+ Si in the Argand plane. Show that the triangle ABC is right-angled at B. A.B, C represent the complex numbers 1 + i, equilateral A, B.C, D represent the complex numbers 7 +3i,3,~4i,4~ inthe complex plane, Show that ABCD is a rhombus. P, A, B, C represent the complex numbers | i, 4 + 3i,~ 2+ 3i, 6 ~ iin the complex plane. Show that P is the circumcentre of triangle ABC. Also find the area of the circumeircle, in the Argand plane. Show that triangle ABC is (a) Two fixed points A and B and a variable point P represent the complex numbers 2,23 and z respectively. Find the locus of P iCOMPLEX NUMBERS 19 % 10, 1. 12 13. 14. 18. 16. 1 18. 2. (6) If zis an arbitrary complex number, where does it lie in the Argand diagram under the constraint @lz-1-i14 z+2- 2544 A,B,C, D are four points in the complex plane representing the complex numbers a, b,c, d respectively, taken in order. Prove that ABCD is a parallelogram if'a+c=b +d. (ii) [241+ ils 1z-3-Sil w) =5. Fin the centre and radius ofthe circle given by | 2 ‘Show that the equation | z~ 2) ? +122) |? = & represents a circle. Find the centre and radius of the circle. ‘Show that the area of the triangle on the Argand diagram formed by the complex numbers z, iz and z + iz is $12. Ifz=.+ iy and moves on the circle 121 1 find the locus of If zis. variable complex number subject tothe condition | z= 1 and if = 2e +1 show thatthe point ofthe ‘complex plane corresponding to « describes an ellipse. fz, and 2, are two complex numbers, prove that | zy +2) P= Izy Pty ifand only fis purely imaginary. Iflz+ 1 1=¥2lz—11, prove that the point z describes a circle. Ift zy |= Hz, and amp. (21) + amp. (22) = 0, then show that 2; and zp are conjugate complex numbers. (Gorakhpur, 1991) If} zy +zp1=12 ~ 221 prove thatthe difference of the amplitudes of 2 and zp is 3. (Andhra, 19908) What are the loci given by iz—31=kIz +1 Ifork= 1 and 2 (Andhra, 1986) ) the four points representing 2), 22,23, z4 in the Argand diagram, lie on a circle or a straight line, If-y, 2,25 2 are four points on a circle, prove that ( so, = Jos 28 a If zy, 29, z3 are the vertices of an isosceles triangle, right-angled at the vertex zp, prove that 217+ 2eq" + 25" = Daley + 2). (Gorakhpur, 1991) If the complex numbers z;, zz, z3 represent the vertices of an equilateral triangle such that | z; !=1.zp1=1z3 |, then show that 2; + 2) +z; =0. Ifa pair of opposite vertices of a square be represented by the complex numbers | + 2/ and 3 + 44, show that the other pair is represented by 3 + 2/ and 1 + 4i. Find the complex numbers representing the vertices of a square if one vertex represents 3 + 3i and the centre of the square is at the origin. ‘The centre of a regular hexagon is at the origin and one vertex is given by 1 +i on the Argand diagram. Find the remaining vertices. (Andhra, 1990) ‘What domain of the z-plane is represented by iz + I1+iz—11<4, (Andhra, 1990) Answers 25 m sq. units 6. (a) Circle (6) (@ the set of all points in the interior of the circle centred at the point 1 + i and having radius 5. (Ga) the set of all points in the exterior of the circle centred at the point ~ Si and having radivs 4. i ficular bi joining the points ~ 1 - i and 3 + 5i.20 ‘A TEXT BOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 8% 0-3 ‘4 9. Mid-poin of tine segment joining 2, and zy: 1 ~ Mi r+y=4 17. Fork= 1, right bisector ofthe lin joining the points z= 3 and z= ~ 1. For k= 2, cirle through the points 2 = 3 and z=~ 1. 2. -343i,-3-3i,3-34 yw, Sat, et, Bor a1, 5-1, . 2 7 "2 2 2 2 2s. Region within the elipse 2+ 2 1.9, DE MOIVRE’S THEOREM Statement. (i) [f'n is any integer, positive or negative, then (cos 8 + i sin 8)" = cos n® + isin n® and (ii) If nis a fraction, positive or negative, then one of the values of (cos 0 + i sin 8)" is cos n0 +i sin n®. Proof. Case L. When n is a positive integer. ‘We shall prove the theorem by induction on n. When n= 1, the theorem becomes (cos @ +i sin @)' = cos 18+isin1@ = cos 0 +/sin@ =cos@+isin@ which is true. Let us suppose the theorem is true for n = m ie, let (cos @ + i sin 8)" = cos m0 + isin m0 (1) Now, (cos @ + sin 8)"*' = (cos 0 + i sin 8)" (cos @ + i sin @) = (cos mO + isin m@)(cos 8 + i sin 8) using (1)) = (cos m0 cos 8 - sin m8 sin 6) + i(sin m 8 cos 6 + cos m@ sin 8) = C0s (m0 + 0) + i sin (m+ 8) = cos (m+ 1)8 + isin (m+1)0 => The theorem is true for n =m + 1. Hence by the Principle of Mathematical Induction, the theorem is true for all positive integers 1. ‘Case II. When n is a negative integer. Let = —m, where m is a positive integer. (cos 0 + i sin 6)" = (cos 8 + i sin 8" {by Case 1] = Gos mb +7 sin mO * cos mO— i sin mO cos m0 ~isinm®__ cos m0 — i sin m ~ cos? m0 —# sin? mO— cos? mO+ sin? mO = cos m — i sin m@ = cos (~m)@ + isin (— m)0 [cos (~ 8) = cos @ ; sin (8) =— sin 8) = cos nO + isin n0. [te -m=n) Case IIL When n is a fraction, positive or negative. (te Ps-1) Letn =f. where qs. positive integer and p is any integer, positive or negative. It follows from case rae (cnS+ian 2] acu(e. 2s «2 eoneecaneCOMPLEX NUMBERS 21 Taking qth root of both sides, cos 2 + i sin is ane of the values of (cos 0 + i sin 0)" qo 4 » Raising to pth power, (ess 4 + isnt) is one of the values of (cos 0 + isin 0" or cosa + isin 0 sane of the values of (cos 0 + i sin 0°. Since a. ‘in, cos nO +i sin nO is one of the values of (cos 0 + i sin 0)" Hence De Moivre’s Theorem is completely established. Cor. 1. (cos 0 + i sin 0) = cos (~n0) + i sin (— m0) = cos n0 — i sin 0 Cor. 2. (cos 0 —i sin 0)" = [cos (— 0) + i sin (—0)}" = cos (—n0) + i sin (~n8) = cos n8 —i sin n® Cor. 3. (cos 0 i sin 8) = [cos (—9) +i sin (-0)J" = cos nO + i sin nO Cor. 4. Seo any = 08 0 + isin BY = cos O— isin Caution, For the application of De Moivre’s Theorem 1. Real part must be with cos and imaginary part with sin ie. De Moivre's Theorem can not be directly applied to (sin 0 + i cos 6)". Procedure : (sin 0 + icos 6)" = cos 3-0} +isin( $0) eosn (5-0) +isinn (5-0) 2. The angle with sin and cos must be the same i.e. De Moivre’s Theorem cannot be applied to (cosa + isin By. Note. (cis 0;)(cis 03)... (cis @,) = cis (0) + 8) +... 4 8.) _— (cos 30 + i sin 30)"(cos @ - i sin 0) LS : : Example 1. Simplify: 750 + isin 50) (cas 20 ~i sin 20° (cos 30 + i sin 30)*(cos 0 - isin 0)° _ [(cos 0 + i sin 0)°}°{(cos 0 + isin 8)" * (cos 50 +i sin 50)" (cos 20 - isin 20)° ~ {(cos 0 + isin 0)'}'{(cos 0 + i sin O° = {o08 0 + isin 0)'%(cos 0 + i sin 0)? (cos 0 + isin 0)*"(cos 0 + i sin 0)" = (cos 0 + i sin 8) = cos 130 ~isin 130. cos O+isind \’ sinO+icos0 } * = (cos 0 + i sin 0y!5+35"0 Example 2. Simplify : ( (Kerala, 1986 ; Rewa, 1986) cos 0+ isin 0 7° (cos 0 + isin 0)* sin +i cos 6 | ~ z - [==($-°}+s0(3-°)] - (cos 0 + i sin 6)* : (cos 0 + i sin 6)* cona($-0] inna (3-0) ‘cos (2x ~ 40) + isin (2 - 40) "i . = Gosden ESTER = (008 0+ isin 9 = c08 80+ nin 80.2 A TEXT BOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS a-p >: Example 3. [fx = cos a + i sinc, y = cos fi + i sin B, prove that sium Sol Lis. = 272 « {£0s.a+ isin a) (cos B + isin f) ey * (cos c+ i sin «) + (cos f +i sin B) _ (cox ct ~ cos fi) + isin a ~ sin fi * (cos a + cos B) + i(sin a + sin B) Bain GP in GF ia con FP in 2 Example 4, If ‘a’ denotes cos 2c. + i sin 2a. with similar expressions for b, c, d, prove that ( Vabed + Zafer = 2 cos (a +B +149) VS VE ~2c0s (0s p-y-9. Sol. (i) a= cos 2 + isin 2a, b = cos 28 + isin 2B, = cos 2y +isin2y, d= cos 2 + isin 28 abed = (cos 2a + i sin 2a)(cos 2f + i sin 2B)(cos 2y + i sin 2y)(cos 26 + # sin 28) = cos (2 + 2B + 2y + 2d) + isin (2a + 28 + 2y + 2) abed)'? = [cos (2a + 2B + 2y +2) + i sin (er + 28 + 2y + 2)]'? = cos (a+ f+y+d)+isin(a+ PB +y +d) Vabed Yepeg = Wabedy* = [cos (a+ P+y+d)+isin(a+P+y+d)P" = cos (+ i+ y +0) isin (a +P +y +0) vabed d+ Fees = Dos (at B+ +8). (cos 2a + isin 2aXcos 26 + isin 28) _ cos (2a + 2B) +i sin Qar + 28) ae (cos 2y + i sin 2y)(cos 28 +7 sin 25) ~ cos (2y + 26) + f sin (2y + 28) = cos (2a. + 2 — 2y ~20) + i sin (2a + 2B —2y — 20) Ve aby Qu +2 28) + i sin (2c 2y—20)]'? SF =| Sp] = loos (2a+ 28 -2y~26) + isin (2a. + 28 -2y-28)] = cos (a+ B-y—d)+ isin (a+ B-y—4) va -[y@ } = [cos (a+ B-7-8) + isin(a+ B-y-d)" = cos (a + B—y—d) -isin(a + B-y-d)COMPLEX NUMBERS: 3 ve + 2 =2cos(a+B-y-9). Example 5. /f sin « + sin f+ siny = cos a+ cos B + cos y =0, prove that (i) cos 3a + cos 3 + cos 37 = 3 cos (A+B +Y) (id sin 3cx + sin 38 + sin 3y = 3 sin (4+ B+) (iii) cos (B+ y) + cos (y +a) + cos (4+ B)=0 (iv) sin (B +) + sin (y + a) + sin (H+) =0 (W) cos 2a + cos 2B + cos 2y =0 (vi) sin 21 + sin 2f + sin 2y = 0 (vii) ¥ cos dar = 2E cos 2(B + y) (ili) Z sin 4a. =2E sin 2(6 +y). Sol. Let a= cosa + isina;b= cos + isin ; c= cosy +isiny. a+b +c = (cos.a+ cos f+ cosy) + i(sin & + sin B+ siny) = (0) + i(0) [From given conditions} atbec=0 = @+b' +c =3abe => (cos + isin at)* + (cos B + isin B)’ + (cosy +i sin y)> = 3(cos u + i sin a)(cos B+ => (cos 3a + isin 3c) + (cos 3p + i sin 3B) + (cos 3y +i sin 3y) = 3fcos (c+ + y) + fsin (a+ B+ yD] => (cos 3a + vos 36 + cos 3y) + i (sin 3a + sin 3f + sin 3y) = 3 cos (a+ B+ y) +i. 3sin (+B +y) Equating the real and imaginary parts on both sides, cos 3c + cos 38 + cos 3y = 3 cos (+ +) } sin 3a. + sin 3p + sin 3y =3 sin(a+B+y) Pants (i) and (ii) are proved. ligt Now (+5 + Ae btect = (cos a +i sina)” + (cos B + isin BY" + (cos y + i sin y) = (cos a ~isin a) + (cos fi sin f) + (cosy —i sin y) = (cos a + cos B + cosy) - i(sin a + sin B + sin y) =0-i(0) [From given conditions} dehete0 + bercatab=0 or Bhe=0 => X(cosf + isin B)(cosy+isiny)=0 => Ecos (P+y)+isin(B+y]=0 Equating the real and imaginary parts on both sides Ecos (B+y)=0 | Lsin@+y)=0 Pants (ii) and (jv) are proved. Since atb+c=0 Squaring a? + b? +c? + 2(ab + be +ca)=0 But ab + be + ca=0 [Proved above] = => X(cos2a + isin 2a) =0 Equating the real and imaginary parts on both sides Zoos 2a=0 Zsin2a=0‘A TEXT BOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS Parts (v) and (vi) are proved atb+c=0 * atb=-c Squaring @ ++ 2ab=c? or a+b =-2ab ‘Squaring again a+ b+ ch + 20h - We - 20a = 4ab® = Lat = 2Eb4* => L{cos a +i sin a)* = 2E(cos f +i sin BY(cos y+ / sin 7)? => cos 4a + / sin 4x) = 20(cos 2B + / sin 2B)(cos 2y + / sin 2y) => Lcos 40 +f sin 40) = 2E[cos (2B + 2y) + isin (2B + 21] Equating the real and imaginary parts on both sides, Ecos 4er=2 Ecos 2 (b+) Esinda=2ZEsin2GB+y f° Example 6. Find the general value of 8 which satisfies the equation (cos @ + i sin 8) (cos 38 + i sin 38)... (cas (2r— 1)8 + i sin (2r— 1)8) = I. Sol. (cos @ + i sin 8)(cos 30 + i sin 36)..... [cos (2r— 1)8 + sin (2r~1)8) =1 = cos (6 +30 + (2r~1)0) +i sin (6 +30 +..... + (2r— D8) =1 = 608 [143+ one + r= 1B +i sin [1 +3 + nn + Qr— 11 B=1 => 608 5 (I+ 2r—1)8+ isin 5 (1 +2r-1)0=1 e ,2r—1 form an A.P. with r terms. Teirsum = NUBBES SEEMS item + Latte | = cos (7? 8) + isin (77 @) = 1. Equating the real and imaginary parts on both sides, cos (77 0)=1 7 ees 3 PO=2nn Hence 0 = 255, where is any integer. Example 7. Ifx, = cos 5,+ 1 sin 5, prove that EPR oe = 1, (Calicut, 1988) Bian ® Sol. r= 008 5, +i sin 5; Putting r= 1,2,3,.... we have x1 = 008% + isin x)= cos % + isin 1 = 608 5 F172 = 08 35 + sin aq= 00s 5 + Usin 5 and soon. YEN on 10.00 = [sme frtsn§ (sos risin (co 5 +0 &: wn SrbeStane pia ( Fede we) =cosn+isinn=~1. Example & ifx+ = 2 cos 8, y+ =2.cor6, prove that one ofthe values of OF + Hie? cos nd —n9) (i ay + gt 2con (md +, (Coimbatore, 1991 ; Marathwada, 1990 S) Sol x 4=2c0s 8 => w2+L=2xcos® => x-2rcos@+cos*@+sin?8=0 => (x—cos@)'=~sin?@ = x-cos@=tisin® = x =cos@+isind + One of the values of x is cos @ + i sin 8. Similry co ofthe aloes oy nen 9+ tng (i) One of the values of 2 = {608 0+ isin 6)" _ cos m@+ isin me _ 25 mg ng) + i sin (m0 ~n0) Y Cos+ising)* cosmo +i sin md 1 One oft aes of ie,{ = [c0s (mO — nd) + i sin (m0 —n9)J" = cos (mO~ no) — isin (mn). Hence one ofthe valves of + 2 is 2.60 (md — nt). (ii) One of the values of x*y* = (cos 8 + i sin 8)" (cos 9 + i sin 6)" = (cos mO + i sin mB) (cos no + i sin nd) = 0s (m0 + nd) +i sin (m0 +6) ‘One of the values of - she cry'y! = [cos (m0 + np) + isin (m0 + nd)}" = cos (m0 +n) ~isin (m0 +16). Hence one of the values of "+ i 20s (m0 + n6). Example 9. Prove that (I+ .cos 0 +i sin 8)" +(I + cos @—isin@)* = 2" cos" Geos. (Mysore, 1987S ; Mangalore, 1985) Sol. (1 + cos 0 + i sin 8)" + (1 +cos @ - isin 8)" 9 412 sin 2 cos? 29 19 sin ® cos = zoo +e2sinScn§ +200 7 ‘aan geos$) a2 coe {coh tang Jorerg (= Soran)A TEXT BOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 8 0 20 8 nd nO =o {con sin )2rcar§ om nO sin } 1 cost? =2 cos" Example 10. Prove that Sol. (sin @ + i cos 6)(sin ® — i cos 8) = sin® @— i? cos @ =sin? @ + cos*@ te #=-1) =I A) sangsten eT sin 8 + i cos @)(sin 8 ~ i cos @) jandeteoneT + sin @—icos 6 1+ sin 8 —icos @ rol 1+sin @-icos® [=()os(J--(F- +) Example 11. Prove that (a+ ib)" +(a—ib)" ~[ Snecnucin fen [reins scosor (Marathwada, 1990 S ; Poona, 1986 S) r=Na+e 1b a Sol. Let a = ros @ and b= rsin® Squaring and adding, =? =a? +b? Dividing tn o=2 2 O=tan = & a = (a+ ib)” + (a ib)” = [r(cos 0 + i sin 0)]” + [r(cos @~ isin 0)]" =r" (cos 0+ isin 6)" +r” (cos 6 —i sin @) =r [onZorisin go +e"{cos0-isintt0) s 2 27" [2eosfo Jace tom ( Sear?) = b =262 +) coo uw? nme Example 12. [f (ay + ibj)(az + iby) .... (Aq + iby) = A + iB, prove that GP + BPG? + By?) soe. Gy? + By?) = A? + B. n tO tay t B bi b; a a (Coimbatore 1991 ; Kerala 1985) i + tan (i) tax ai ag Sol. Let a; + iby = ry (Cos 0; + i sin 6). Equating real and imaginary parts on both sides rj cos ®;=a;; 7; sin, =b,COMPLEX NUMBERS: 27 Squaring and adding, Dividing, Similarly 2 by rosa? + be, 8, = tan? — Now itis given that (a, + iby)(a2 + ig) ous (dq + 1,) = A+B => ry(cos B, + i sin O)) ry (COs Oy + f Sin 3) wane Py (COSO, + isin B,) = A + iB 22 Pry vn Pal(€OS 0 + i Sin B,)(CO8 82 + isin 03)... (cos O, + isin O,)] = A+ iB [008 (8) + 03 + sve + Oy) +i sin (0) +02 + nue + O,)] = A+B. Equating reai and imaginary parts on both sides, = nn Py nee Fy COS (O; +03 + sone + O,) =A =) 1g woe Fy Sit Oj +02 + ose +04) = B (ii) Squaring and adding (i) and (i), PP coosne Fa [COS*(O, + Oy + ons +04) + sin? (B; + > +...... + 8,)] = A? + B® ~ TPP? son ty APB? = (0? + By?) (@2? +.B?) one (Gy? + By?) = A? + BP ~(l) Dividing (ii) by (), tan (0; + 02 +... + 8) => 0; +0) 4... +0, = tant B 1 b aan iB 1b be 1m tag B. = tant ta a ta? = an (iN) Example 13. 1f (1 +x)" = po + pix + pr? + Pye? + any show that ©) Po ~ Pa + Py om =2? cost (8) py ~ Py + Ps wns =2? sin ae Sol. (1 +3)" = po + pix + px? + poe Putx ion both sides, (1+ i)" = po + pri t pol? + pai? + pal’ + psi + on = Pot ipi ~Pr~iPs * Pat ips Ps-1,2 | * (1+ = Po~ Pot Pg) + 1@i—Ps + Ps oO Let 1+i=,r(cos 0+ isin 0) Equating real and imaginary parts. r cos 0 = 1, rsinO= 1 fii) ‘Squaring and adding, Psl+l=2 pad28 A TEXT BOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 1 1. 1. From (i), cos Oma sina a Both these equations are satisfied when @ = Z yicin® tetera (em Frisn§) = csr =r (conf etaing J 228 con Ent | From, 2 cn Fant Jaunted +e Dat Equating real and imaginary parts on both sides, Po-Pa+Ps we 22 005 PU=Ps+ Ps ne = 2? sin vow vow cos 5 + sin cos + sin or (os 8 + i sin 6)(cos 0 + isin ®)=|—Jp—e | oF cos + sin @=—F—s cos 5 ~sin 5 cos —sin > Dividing the numerator and denominator on RLHS. by cos ¥ I+tan> cos 0+ isin B= gem i+3 e 1~tan> 1. Provethat (cos 30-+ isin 30)*(cos 20 -tsin 28) 5 (iy (COSG+1SiN OD sin c4erg 5B) — 1005 (40+ SP). ae i ecartoe Sal dase? 46+ 48) "(cos 56 +i sin (sin B+icos (040 + isin 407% isin 50) (sin B+ ios BY? (alysore, @COMPLEX NUMBERS 29 2. Ifa =cisa, b = cis B and c= cis, prove that s Fags 2s oa tah +n) 2 Mpnentnatgeen ppont VEE tite 4. Ifcosce +2cos f +3 cosy = 0, sina +2.sing +3 siny =0, prove that (0) cos 3c + 8 cos 36 + 27 cos 3y = 18 cos (a+ B+¥) (ii) sin 3ex + 8 sin 3, + 27 sin 3y = 18 sin (a+ B+) (Gili) cos (24 — B ~9) + 8 cos (2B -y— a) + 27 cos (2y-a-f) = 18. S. [feos ct + cos f+ cosy = 0 = sin a + sin f+ siny, show that =2cos (a +B-1) (i) POE + ab art io? 0+ sin? B+ sin? y = cos? + cos? i+ cos?y = 3. yand.x +) +20, then prove that atey tered, (Kerala, 1987) 7. Prove that the general value of @ which satisfies the equation 6 fxs cosa +isina,y = cosp + isin fz cosy +i (cos 0 + isin 0) (cos 20 + / sin 20)... (cos n0 + isin nO) © 1 is. where m is any integer. n+)" Jm[(-5]] % (a) W2o0=a+4, 2eus $= + 7, prove that one of the values of 8 xy = cos & + isin & show that xy xD 3 Hence show that Lim x x2.x3 si. 6 ab + Fis 20081044) (i) 6% + 1 is 2 cos (p0 + 99) 1 x1 cos nf (8) IF 2e08 0 =x +, prove that Syme (Madras, 1993) (0) fx = 2r cos 0 +1 = 0, show that x7" —2x" cos n +1 = 0. (Madras, 1996 S) 10, Prove that (9 [(c08 0 + cos ¢) + Hsin 0 + sin g)I" + [(c0s 0 + cos 6) ~ {sin 8 + sin g)f" =2"* cos" os M08) {id [(cos 0 ~cos @) + i(sin 0 - sin g)f" + [(cos 6 —cos ) - i(sin 0 sin gf" = 2"! sint 258 ong MEO 8) (S. Gujarat, 1990) (ii (1 44in@ ico f+ (1+ sind cy" «2 cos (§ Ltcos + on (eee 11. Find an equation whose roots are the nth powers of the roots of the equation x? ~ 2x cas 6 +1 = 0. 12, Prove that +1 Oasitea-ated ons (Poona, 1989 ; Kerala, 1985 ; Marathwada, 1990) (id WE +H 45-2! cos,30 A TEXT BOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS, 18, (alien = A+B, prove that P ViccX oye ot | eaten? AZ tant 25 tant 2 1B ore] iog [eg] eeeat aatbomrtfonetts net 14, If.x=cos@+ isin @ and V1 ~c? =nc—1, show that ‘recog san [ ts 15, If, B be the roots of — 2¢+2= 0, then prove that p Eta = + BY sinng (e+ ay" + (r+ BY" _ cos nd ie OB i. Ceres surg wemezt tmeath 16. Ife, B de the roots of x” - 2x +4 =0, prove that af + p= 2"! cos. (Hamirpur, 1996 S : Gulbarga, 1987) 7. Wamcisa, b= cis and c= cis, prove that P*+XEAKE# PD 5 § c95 B= coy 18 cog =P, 2 . > = 18, Ifx=cos «+4 sina, y=cos B +/ sin B, show that givin) mare. Answers 1. —2xcosn8+1=0. 1.10. ROOTS OF A COMPLEX NUMBER: Article 1: srw fiat there are gone cniy ilttec vlan cf (ine 0+ ita 6)8 -q bsdnga puitve integer. 5 By De Moivre’s Theorem, we know that os $+ isn ioe of the values of (cos @ +i sin 9 Let ws find all the values of cos 8 + isin oa (cos @ + isin 8)4 = [cos (nn +6) +i sin (2nn + 8)} 8 isin q~ 1 in succession, we obtain the following q values of (cos 6 +i cos 2 + isin ® when 1 =0 q q Putting n =0, 1, 2 cos 289 4 ; gin 22+ when n=1 cos 42 +9 5 j gin 4848 when n=2 moll cos MANES 4 sin Md DE*O when n= Since no two of the angles in the q values in (I) are equal or differ by a multiple of 2x, therefore, their sines and cosines cannot be equal simultaneously. All the g values obtained in (1) are distinct. If we put n =q, we get £05 22848 4, gin 20848 _ cos an 2 eisin{ an +8 \ncos isin ® q q q eg reg IG