Prof. Yousif Alshumaimeri MA TESOL 2009 King Saud University CI 582
A lecture by Prof. Y. Alshumaimeri 2009
What do we mean by ‘methodology’? Aims: In this session we will explore the meaning of ‘methodology’ , and consider different methodological frameworks for TESOL. We will look also at the Post- method condition and what effects does it have on language teaching?
A lecture by Prof. Y. Alshumaimeri 2009
Methods, Approaches, Procedures Task 1: What does ‘methodology’ mean to you? What words, images, and ideas come to mind when you think of methodology? If someone asked you to describe your own preferred methodology, what would you say? In groups of 3-4 discuss your ideas for few minutes, then we will take some feedback as a whole group.
A lecture by Prof. Y. Alshumaimeri 2009
Methods, Approaches, Procedures These terms are miss-used in the literature. (Pennycook, 1989) These terms are somewhat vague. Prabhu (1990) thought of a method as both classroom activities and the theory that informs them.
A lecture by Prof. Y. Alshumaimeri 2009
Anthony (1963)concept of method Approach: a set of Approach assumptions dealing with the nature of language, learning, and teaching. Method: an overall plan for systematic presentation of language based on a Method selected approach. Techniques: specific classroom activities consistent with a method, and therefore in harmony technique with an approach as well.
A lecture by Prof. Y. Alshumaimeri 2009
Richards and Rogers (1986) They revised and extended the original Anthony’s method and technique. A method is theoretically related to an approach, is Method organisationally determined by a design, and is practically realised Approach Design Procedure in procedure. Method is seen as an umbrella term to capture redefined approaches, designs, and procedures .
A lecture by Prof. Y. Alshumaimeri 2009
Methods, Approaches, Procedures Approach: refers to theories about the nature of language and language learning which are the source of the way things are done in the classroom and which provide reasons for doing them. Method: is the practical realisation of an approach. Procedure: is an ordered sequence of techniques
A lecture by Prof. Y. Alshumaimeri 2009
Popular and traditional methods Grammar-translation method. Audio-lingual method. Communicative language teaching. Task-based language learning. Lexical approach
A lecture by Prof. Y. Alshumaimeri 2009
Failing Methods Despite their diversity, all methods have one thing in common. They all assume that there is a single set of principles which will determine whether or not learning takes place. Thus, they all propose a single set of precepts for teacher and learner classroom behaviour, and assert that if these principles are faithfully followed, they will result in learning for all.
A lecture by Prof. Y. Alshumaimeri 2009
Why are methods no longer the milestone? Brown (2002, p. 10) 1. Methods are too prescriptive, assuming too much about a context before the context has been identified. 2. Methods are quite distinctive at the early stage and rather indistinguishable from each other at later stages 3. One cannot determine which one is best through empirical research 4. Methods are often the creation of the powerful center and become vehicles of “linguistic imperialism”
A lecture by Prof. Y. Alshumaimeri 2009
The Post Method Era Kumaravadivelu (1994, 2006) suggests what is needed is not alternative methods, but ‘an alternative to method’ He suggests 10 macrostrategies as broad guidelines, based on which teachers can generate their own situation-specific, need-based microstrategies or classroom techniques.
A lecture by Prof. Y. Alshumaimeri 2009
Post Method Era 1. Maximize learning opportunities 2. Facilitate negotiated interaction 3. Minimize perceptual mismatches 4. Activate intuitive heuristics 5. Foster language awareness 6. Contextualize linguistic input 7. Integrate language skills 8. Promote learner autonomy 9. Raise cultural consciousness 10. Ensure social relevance
A lecture by Prof. Y. Alshumaimeri 2009
Next week Frameworks for TESOL , 3 Ps Reading from J. Willis (1996) challenge and change in language teaching CLT, Reading from Richards and Rogers (1985) And Stephan Bax , the end of CLT (2003) These will be available on the website