✓ Javed Ali H2064054

✓ Aamir Ali H2064002

✓ Aamir Hussain H2064003

✓ Abdul Qayoom H2064011

✓ Aamir Iqbal H2064004

✓ Awais Ahmed H2064032

✓ Babar Ali H2064038

✓ Abdul Baqi H2064007

✓ Abbas Haidar H2064005

✓ Faqir Abdullah H2064040

 Annexation of Sindh by the British

Abstract:

The British rule out Indian sub-continent had been increasing. More and more Indian states
were being conquered by them. The diversion of British control interest towards western
boundaries affected them into Sindh (now a province of Pakistan), wherever numerous tribes
lived. To mention the names of some, Kalhora, Talpur, Soomro, Bhutto, Laghari, Zardari,
Jatoi etc. were some of the highly notable tribes. This study is targeted on one amongst the
mighty ruling tribe, the Talpurs. The study may be a critical appraisal of the mutual
agreements and treaties between British people east India Company and Talpur Rulers. The
role of those agreements in British-Talpur relations and reasons for later annexation of Sindh
by British people in 1843 is additionally studied. The mutual treaties established to be
unsuccessful in avoiding the annexation. The

Political instability, further division into freelance territories, feeble status, and strategic
importance of Sindh diode it to British people annexation in 1843. British people tried to gift
betrayal of the treaties on the part of Talpur as AN excuse to annex Sindh. However, British
people strategic and military policy within the landmass needed the management of Sindh.
British people wished to use Sindh as a military base to fight with Punjab and Asian country
in continuation of their imperialist policies in the Indian landmass. Unrestricted use of Indus
system for the transportation of military supply and commodity was additionally primarily
needed by British people. Therefore, neither treaties nor their betrayal was a reason for
British annexation of Sindh.

Introduction:

The Muslims from Arab conquered the Sindh within the starting of eighth century. They took
over the Sindh from Hindu Hindu rulers. Within the eleventh century Mahmood Ghaznavi
captured the Sindh and made it a part of Ghaznavi Empire in 1026 AD. The Mughal Emperor
Akbar took over Sindh in1591 and annexed it into Mughal Indian Empire. Nadir sovereign
attacked Sindh in 1740 and Sindh again became a part of Afghan rule. Nadir sovereign levied
an annual tax of two million rupees on the local chieftains of the Sindh. The Durrani folk of
Asian country condemned the management of Sindh after the assassination of Nadir
sovereign. During the table tennis game of power between Mughal and Afghans, the Kalhora
become rulers of the Sindh. Noor Muhammad was recognized as initial ruler of Sindh,
belonged to Kalhora. Ghulam sovereign, brother of Noor Muhammad succeeded him power.
British Company created a trade agreement with Noor Muhammad. As a result of that
agreement, in 1758, the Company established its factories (trading posts) in sovereign Bandar
and Thatta. An officer order was issued by Ghulam sovereign, legitimizing institution of
commerce posts and authorizing some commerce edges to British archipelago Company. A
revision of the order was issued in 1761. Sarfaraz khan became ruler of Sindh once his father
Ghulam Shah.

The group action between Kalhora and Talpur peaked throughout his rule. The political
circumstances, law and order scenario and interference in trade became therefore intensive
that in 1775, British Company was forced to stop working their factories in Sindh. (CIE,
1883) The political scenarios in Sindh stay violent throughout the rule of Srafraz Khan
Kalhora, who ordered the assassination of 3 chieftains of Talpur tribe. The death of 3
Talpursocial group chiefs ultimately diode to downfall of Kalhora folk in Sindh. The Balouch
tribe of Talpurvowed to require revenge of the death of their leaders and revolted against
Kalhora. In 1786, the last ruler of Kalhora folk Abdul Nabi was overthrown by the Talpur.
Mir Fatah Ali KhanTalpur became the ruler of Sindh. The rule of Talpur in Sindh was
additionally jam-packed with internal conspiracies. Mir SohrabTalpur and Mir Thora cons
pirated against Mir Fatah Ali Khan, fled and established their own authorities in Khairpur and
Shahbandar.

The Sindh was divided into 3 parts, every diode by Mir Sohrab, Mir Thora and Mir Fatah Ali.
Lower Sindh with its capital in Hyderabad was dominated by Mir Fatah Ali, higher Sindh
with its capital in Khairpur by Mir Sohraband Mirpur by Mir Thora Khan. Mir Fatah Ali
Khan together with his 3 brothers shared the rule of Hyderabad. All four brothers area unit
notable in Sanskrit language history and remembered as four friends due to their rceptible or
ostensible unity. Mir Fateh Ali Khan of Hyderabad made an agreement with British East
India Company, which led to revival of British trade in Sindh. In 1799, an order was issued
by him to grant certain trade rights to the East India Company. However, annexation of
Bengal and subsequent British advancement brought speculations and rumors about British in
Sindh. The people and rulers of Sindh felt insecure which ultimately led to withdrawal of
British representative from Sindh. Mir Fateh Ali Khan died in 1801.

According to his will, the lower Sindh was divided between his three brothers in a way that
50% of territory was left to Mir Ghulam Ali and remaining to Murad Ali and Karam Ali. The
annual liability of 13 lacks to the Ruler of Kabul was also divided among his brothers in
similar way. The son of Mir Ghulam Ali was not given any share in power, and after the
death of Mir Ghulam Ali in 1811 his territory was divided between other two brothers. Mir
Karam Ali died and had no children, so in this way Mir Murad Ali became sole ruler of lower
Sindh in 1828. After the death of Mir Murad Ali in 1835, the rule was again divided in two
sons of him along with their two cousins. The four sons of four brothers shared the power in
lower Sindh till the annexation of Sindh by the British in 1843. (Lari, 1994) In the
meanwhile, the Upper Sindh (Khairpur) and Mirpur were ruled by and succeeded by single
rulers. In Khairpur the power was transferred from Mir Sohrab to his son Mir Rustum in
1830. Sher Muhammad son of Mir Thora Khan succeeded the throne in 1829. Both Sher
Muhammad and Mir Rustum remained in power till the annexation of Sindh by the British in
1843.

Literature review:

The available literary resources available on the history of Sindh during and before the
British era can be classified mainly into two categories. British National Archives, documents
from India office London and archives of Sindh Government are the factual data collected,
drafted and preserved by the British administrative setup in the sub-continent. Second
category comprises of the books and articles written by various English and local writers. The
majority of the literature of second category is based upon the data collected by the
documents of the first category. The British administrative services of India had developed a
system of gazettes as source of feedback for the future administrative officers and from
Indian Subcontinent for the policy makers at the top level. The gazette of each district was
compiled and updated on early basis.

The gazettes also act as guide for new administrative beaurucrates of all districts. The
gazettes comprise of topographical, geographical, economic and cultural information of
aspecific districts. They also contained detailed maps and photographic illustrations of every
district under British administration. For the sake of research on history of Sindh, particularly
during the British era, the importance of gazettes cannot be overlooked. The present research
also depends on those documents for the historical data part of the research. However, for the
sake of analysis, viewpoints of both British and local writers have been considered.

The lexicon of Sindh, revealed in 1876 could be a nice supply of knowledge on Sindh
consists ofalmost thousand pages. In includes the geographical knowledge, boundaries,
climate and soilconditions, crops created, economic potential, roads and infrastructure, urban
and ruralsociology, casts and clans of Sindh. The history of Sindh alongside transient
introduction ofprevious rulers are delineated within the 1st chapter. The Kalhora and Talpur
dynasties havealso been mentioned within the context of historical events. the executive
services and monetary knowledgeof every district is compiled from 1843 to 1875. The
introduction of each district, tehsil andtown is obtainable within the cultural and social forms.
Even the distinguished folks of each city havebeen mentioned. (Hughes, 1876)

A great work titled as History of Sindh was written by Mir Muhammad Masoom within
thePersian language at the top of sixteenth century. The manuscript was obtained from Mir
Ali MuradKhan Talpur by British Major Saint George Grenville Malet, deployed at Khairpur,
and translatedinto English in 1846. The manuscript than became official a part of the
“Records of the city Government No XIII”. Chapter one narrates the time when the Arab
Muslim conquest of the Sindh in8th century. The second chapter is concerning rule of Indian
emperors in Sindh like Soormah andSummah. The following chapter discusses
Urghooneeyuhs rule Asian country. The last chapterdescribes the rule of Ameer’s appointed
by the Mughal emperors. The texts concerning Sindh,originated by British conjointly quote
historical events from this book. it's the transient narration ofthe events of Indian history
normally and History of Sindh especially. It’s conjointly a chronicle ofMuslim rise and fall in
Sindh. (Masoom, 1846)A book titled as “The Historical Background of Pakistan and its
People” conjointly presents ahistorical perspective concerning the land and folks of Sindh.
The author’s name is Ahmed Abdullah, and the book was revealed in 1973.

The book typically describes transient historical background ofall four provinces of Pakistan.
but a selected chapter is selected for the transient account ofhistory of Sindh. The rulers of
Sindh are delineated in a very written account order ranging fromMuhammad Bin Qasim,
NasiruddinQabacha, the Soormahs and therefore the Summah to the dynasties ofThe
Kalhoras and Talpurs. The competition between Kalhoras and Talpurs is additionally in short
delineateduntil the conquest of Sindh by British. the time of British rule Sindh is but
notprovided with abundant details. (Abdulla, 1973)As for because the British policy towards
Sindh before its annexation thinks about, a book written byP. N. Khera in 1941 is of nice
importance. the author was a search scholar of the Universityof Punjab. The book has
delineated the connection between British Indian Government and therefore therulers of
Sindh (The Kalhoras and Talpurs). The fundamental measure such is from seventeenth
century to theBritish annexation of Sindh in 1843. the author has not tried to narrate
elaborated history ofSindh. He has analyzed the documents from the Letter Books of the
Punjab Government’sRecords workplace city and British Parliamentary Papers touching on
Sindh. the author has triedgreatly to clarify British policy towards Sindh, particularly within
the context of colonialeconomic interests of British authorities.

The treaties between British and Ameers of Sindhhave conjointly been analyzed from a
perspective of native Indian. He has criticized British policytowards Sindh however
succeeded to unbroken intellectual disposition. He has conjointly highlighted theimpotency
of Ameers of Sindh. He conjointly finished that their rule wasn't helpful for thepeople of
Sindh. The annexation of Sindh was inevitable for the most part because of their own
inability. (Khera, 1941) A collection of treaties between British-Indian government and rulers
of Sindh has been compiled by Sani Hussain Panhwar in variety of a book and on the market
on-line as a web resource. it's a set of varied economic and political agreements, treaties,
engagements, grants and Sanads passed off from 1752 to 1842. The texts area unit in original
kind still as intranslations from native language. a brief historical background of Sindh has
been declared by theauthor. The treaties and alternative contracts area unit conferred in
written account order within the footnotes of the historical narration of the events. The
agreements area unit reproduced in their original text and format.

The agreements area unit more classified per their natures, either political or economic. The
second half is selected for translations of varied orders and permission letters of economic
nature, issued by government of Sindh. Those orders and letters contain varied trade, tariff
and duties connected matters handling British East Indies Company. (Panhwar) Various
alternative historians have additionally contributed to the history of Sindh, significantly
within the context of British rule out India. several contributions originated from British
writers and veterans of British army and civil services. The works of M. Elphinstone (1815),
A.W. Huges (1876) and J. Martineau (1895) area unit price mentioning. Some notable native
writers embody K.M.S. Rahimdad(Janatul Sindh 1958), H. Mujtaba (Rise and Fall of
Hyderabad, 1998) and Mir Atta Muhammad Talpur (The Vanishing Glory of Hyderabad).
within the recent years, the work of Muhammad Hussain Panhwarcannot be unnoticed. He
has tried to compile varied literary resources regarding Sindh within the variety of rare books,
articles, documents, images, maps and varied alternative information. All the resources area
unit simply on the market on a web site dedicated to Muhammad Hussain Panhwar.

The beginning of British change Sindh, the quest for trade destinations, brought several
European nations to Indian Sub-continent at the Beginning of sixteenth century. The Dutch,
French and Portuguese were among the initial Europeannaval powers, United Nations agency
landed on the shores of India for trade. the British joined them later within the 17th century.
theeu mercantilism corporations competed for higher trade opportunities in India, at several
occasions they came face to face in conflicts and even wars. On thirty first Dec 1600, the
British Royal Order was declared through that trade with jap countries was created legal and
formally licensed. The Royal Order was publicized consequently through "The Governor and
Merchants of London mercantilism to East India". Hence, the British traveler, Anthony Starr
was officially sent to Sindh in 1612 A.D. to accumulate data on the mercantilism procedures
and realize Out varied opportunities of future trade. However, before accomplishing his task,
Anthony Starr and his partners, together with some Indian associates died. it had been later
disclosed that some Portuguese traders from Sindh had poisoned them.

During the reign of the Mughal Emperors in Delhi, Sindh was additionally underneath their
rule. Thomas Roewas formally appointed as Ambassador within the Royal Palace of the
Mughal in urban center. Through hisEfforts, in 1612 A.D. Thomas Roe succeeded in
reaching associate agreement with Mughal Emperor, Jahangir, for permission to hold on
change Sindh. On eighteenth Dec 1635 British vessel ‘Discovery' reached LahariBundar,
Richard Moullay, John merchandiser and John freewoman came to India as representatives of
British government. Once staying there for a few days, the members of the cluster counseled
to shop for garments from Naseerpur. Throughout the reign of Mughal Emperor, Aurangzeb
Alamgir, a famine bust comes in Sindh in 1658.

It additionally had a negative impact on the Company's mercantilism activities and it had to
close up its mercantilism business in Sindh within the year1662 A.D. (Masoom, 1846)The
British exchange Sindh throughout Kalhora period:The British condemned a chance for
revival of exchange Sindh once the Kalhora folk cameinto power. British commerce posts
had been finish off since 1662. A representative of theEast India Company, Robert Syten in
person approached the ruler Ghulam Shah of Iran Kalhora andsucceeded in reaching a trade
agreement with him. The Kalhora ruler was himself interested tobe in sensible terms with
British, as iron, copper, and brass was needed by him to manufacturearms and ammunition
for his army. Therefore, to facilitate international exchange Sindh, the Kalhora ruler made the
port of Shah of Iran Bundar. In 1760, Robert Steyn was appointed as a resident of British
archipelago Company in Sindh.

Meanwhile, the facility struggle between Kalhoras and therefore the Talpurs heightened in
Sindh. The wars between 2 tribes not solely burdenedthe economy of Sindh however law and
order condition was conjointly detoriated. The economic lossesbecame unendurable for
archipelago Company and in 1775, the corporate was forced to finish offits commerce
activities in Sindh. (Lari, 1994)British relation with Talpurs folk of SindhIn 1783 AD, the
Talpurs defeated Kalhora when a decisive battle at the place of Halani and arranged down the
foundations of their rule out Sindh. throughout the Talpur rule the lawandorder state of
affairswas repaired in Sindh. To avail another chance of exchange Sindh British
archipelagoCompany sent an envoy to the Talpurs. (Postans, 1843) British archipelago
Company appointed Mr. Nathan Kru, an administrative official of Mumbai officialdom, as its
representative toGovernment of Sindh. Mir Fateh Ali Talpur worthy British representative
and accordedpermission to make initial trade post in city. In 1799, initial British product
shipped arrived inKarachi Mr. Nathan sent a letter to the archipelago Company on the
importance of Sindh. He expressed that British presence in Sindh would draw attention of
monkey pod Shah of Iran, the ruler of Kabul. Friendly relationship with Talpurs would profit
British in close of war with the Kabul. The defeat of Kabul would conjointly open the trade
routes with central Asia.

The rulers of Sindh, the Talpurs were annual tax remunerator of the Kabul Empire. The
agreement between Talpurs and therefore theBritish created them angry. They vulnerable the
Talpurs to instantly take away British interests from Sindh. Mr. Nathan had spent few years
in Sindh and Mir Fateh Ali Khan Talpurordered him to depart the Sindh among ten days on
Oct twenty nine, 1800. Apparently, the pressure from Afghanistan and growing rancor
regarding British imperialist styles had forced theTalpurs to step back. (Sorley H. T., 1938)
This unilateral violation of agreement casted a loss of Rs.196590 to British
archipelagoCompany. When being expelled from Sindh, Mr. Nathan Kru reached Mumbai
and given hisreport. He was asked to gift a concept to attack Sindh. He urged that if British
need to attackSindh, they must land their forces together with tiny artillary10 miles wanting
city. The routfrom city to Thatta is nice for transport of artillery. From Thatta, when crossing
the streamIndus, British forces may attack Hyderabad. they might get facilitate from 2 native
tribes, the Jokhiya and therefore the Nomriya.

These tribes had resentments against Talpur rulers. British werevery upset with the expulsion
of their representative from Sindh and therefore the economic loss incurredby the violation of
agreement. British military engagement with the Marhattas in central half of Asian nation
created them delay the journey in Sindh for the nonce. Mir Ghulam Ali Khan Talpur became
the ruler of Sindh, UN agency had served as an overseas ministerwith Mir Fateh Ali Khan.
He wished a relationship with British and find obviate economic burden obligatory by the
Afghan Empire. On the opposite hand, British wished the same keeping seeable any hostility
with the Kabul in future.

Mir Ghulam Ali Khan most well-liked his friendly relationship to country to disembarrass
himself of the power of self-sufficient, as a result of country had crammed the pro-
government to disembarrass the Afghan slavery.Mir Ghulam Ali Khan Talpur wished to
induce eliminates liabilities obligatory by Afghan rulers. He anticipated that British
government is going to become final ruler of Asian country. Sensible relationship with
country would facilitate him get eliminate Afghan economic and political interference.
International exchange Sindh would conjointly promote the economic scenario within the
Sindh. He sent anambassador to city to formally apologize for the expulsion of British
resident of Sindh. He also invited British East India Company to resume its trade activities in
Sindh. Countryaccepted the invite of Talpur keeping visible French and Russian involvement
in Iran andcentral Asia. Country united to send a representative of East India Company to
Sindh terribly soon. (Panhwar) First British-Talpur treaty: Captain David Stein arrived in
Hyderabad as a representative of East India Company in 1808. An agreement was reached
between British East India Company and Talpur rulers of Sindh on eighteenthJuly 1808.

The agreement was signed between the parties on the terms as explicit below. Both the
governments would maintain friendship with one another.Military cooperation would be
provided to every different if needed.Criminals of either aspect wouldn't tend asylum.The
military acquisition from East India Company would even be allowed by the means that ofon-
the-spot payment.An attorney of the East India Company would be stationed within the
Talpur palace to strengthenfriendly relations.Expulsion of Nathan Kru from Sindh and loss
caused by that event wouldn't becompensated.

The British manufacturing plant of Thatta would even be reinstituted. This initial agreement
between country and also the Talpur doesn't appear to be a significant loss to Talpur rulers.
However, the question here is that once the East India Company’s representative Nathan
Crow was ordered to go away Sindh by Talpur. In an exceedingly short notice of 10 days,
people tradersclosed the corporate and went back to city. Country, UN agency had suffered
the loss, left thatloss unmarked within the agreement. In line with that time, nearly 1,000,000
rupees was a largeamount and in line with the agreement, no doubt this cash from country
aspectwould not be raised once more. It clearly indicates that anticipating an even bigger
attempt to counter Russiaand France country rulers, country wished conclude associate
degree agreement at any price, evenunconditional from their aspect. Country wished no
hurdle in their access to Sindh for the sake of their business and broader agenda.

However, they'd not forgotten their loss in the slightest degree. The second treaty/ agreement.
After being stabilized in Sindh, they referred to as back Captain David Stan to city.
Anotherdelegation headed by adult male bishop hankie Smith was sent to Sindh. As before
long because the delegationreached Karachi, the pinnacle of the delegation received a letter
from the Governor of city. Hewas schooled to barter with Talpur and create them feel that
British had the facility insubcontinent. The delegation arrived in Thatta on tenth June 1809.
Mr. Smith gathered somenecessary info regarding the Court of Talpur and touched towards
Hyderabad. He campedoutside the Fort at the side of his delegation. The meeting was regular
for next day, Mr. Smithasked for chairs within the court for sitting. The gesture indicated that
meeting would be command at equallevel. On twenty second August 1809, second agreement
was signed by the parties on following terms:East India Company can have friendly relations
with Talpur rulers.No enmity would prevail between the parties.

Permanent representatives of each party would be stationed in every other’s capitals. The
Talpur wouldn't collaborate with French at any level.Keeping visible the strategic importance
of Sindh for land, it absolutely was additionally being thought thatBritish wouldn't annex
Sindh. The fourth condition of the agreement was evident of secondpoint of read. Meantime
thebusinessmen and intellectuals of Sindh were suspicious regardingBritish styles. Land
imperialist strategy in Asian nation was not a lot of a story. The reportpresented by the
delegation when terminal the pact with the Talpur was a transparent evident ofBritish
ambitions regarding Sindh. The delegation rumored to city presidency that Sindh issettled
territory and no a lot of below the influence of capital of Afghanistan. The representative of
Sindh isstationed in capital of Afghanistan only for a formality. The annexation of Sindh and
when some reforms, theBritish may generate affordable quantity of revenue from here.

Third agreement/ Treaty:

Afte the death of Mir Ghulam Ali Khan Talpur in 1811, his brother Mir Karam Ali Khan
become ruler of Sindh. At that point, some tribesmen accustomed spoil peace and harmony
within the space, which included Khosa tribe. The Khosa tribes accustomed live like
Romany. They accustomed move onwith their placental within the barrens of Sindh.
additionally, they were aware of pillaging. Once they empty the town of Roman deity, fifty
miles aloof from Bahusk space. This incident became a superbreason for land to attack Sindh.
Bombay's administration talked with Talpur rulers on the issue of Khosa tribe. In order to
attack Sindh, they might need permission from the Supreme British Councilstationed at
Bengal. The council denied the permission and schooled for a replacement trot out
theTalpurs.

Keeping visible the choice of Supreme British Council, land created the thirdagreement with
the Talpur rulers on ninth Nov 1816, on the subsequent conditions:Both the Malay
Archipelago Company and also the Talpurs would maintain relationship.The matter of mutual
interests would be resolved through resident representatives of everyother.No Yankee or any
western subject would be allowed to reside in Sindh. they might even benot allowed to
interfere within the internal affairs of Sindh.The Talpur would refrain Khosa tribes from
interference within the British administratedterritories.The third agreement resembled its
predecessors in terms and conditions. Land feared ofany other colonial power’s interference
in Sindh. Each agreement tried to refrain Talpur rulersfrom cooperating the other
international power. The strategic importance of the Sindh couldn'tbe underestimated by land.
The Sindh had the potential for best ocean ports within the Indiansubcontinent. Sindh
accustomed be a entrance to Asian nation, central Asia and China.

Later land engineered ocean ports in Sindh and additionally made railway line from Karachi
port torest of Indian landmass. The Indus system additionally had the potential for inter-city
transportation from north to Sindh in south. Land additionally establish a corporation named
as ‘theNavigation of Indus’.In 1840, nation wished to check the Indus River transportations
system. They wished to deliversome horses as gift to the ruler of geographical region, Raja
Ranjit Singh through Indus River system. TheBritish resident commissioned military officer
Henry Pottininger was answerable of the expedition. He wrote a letter tothe Talpurs asking
permission for the expedition. The Talpur were reluctant to allow freenavigation of British
vessels across the Sindh. it had been like giving free pass to nation to achieve any a part of
Sindh handily. The reluctance of Talpur was dealt by the threats of Britishannexation of
Sindh.

Meanwhile, the ruler of geographical region additionally wished to beat Sindh, keeping
inview feeble political condition of Talpur rulers and growing British-Talpur tensions. Raja
RanjitSingh moved his army as regards to border of Sindh. The Talpurs were bent to the twin
pressure ofBritish and Ranjit Singh. They allowable nation to freely navigate through Indus
River. TheBritish came one step nearer to the annexation of Sindh. 2.8. Fourth accord the
British military service vessels entered in Indus River through Thatta and traveled up north.
The people of Sindh was defeated with individuals. Threats to induce permission of Indus
traveling. They thought of it as violation of treaties. The Talpurs were additionally not proud
of the developments within the Sindh. Meanwhile, keeping seeable political needs, nation
triedto re-establish sensible relationship with the Talpurs. They created them in agreement to
conclude another mutual accord. Nation voyages of Indus additionally according the potential
money edges of Indus river system. Talpurs rulers were ruling different elements of Sindh.
Nation formallyrecognized every of them as sovereign leader of their individual territories.
Nation over different treaties with every ruler keeping seeable their economic interests.

Commissioned military officer Henry Pottininger was given responsibility to conclude

associate agreement with the Talpurs in Hyderabad. The agreement was reached in 1832 on
the subsequent terms. The British government requested permission to meet up with the
routes of the stream Indus and Sindh's general roads and trade with the encompassing areas.
No British military exercises or military gathering are going to be allowed. No English are
going to be allowed to measure in Sindh. No Combat or deadly weapons would be brought in
Sindh or transported through Indus. The fourth agreement clearly indicated the soft tone of
British East India Company to realizepermission of transportation through Indus River
system. Indus River system is combination offive major and several other tiny rivers,
following from mountains of North into the Indian Ocean inSouth. The system had a possible
to produce most cost-effective and quickest transportation of products from Kabul to the
shores of Sindh.

Nation in agreement to the conditions of Talpur to avail the opportunity to trade on the far
side the borders of Sindh. The Sindh was more divided into many states once the death of 4
brothers. The Talpurs had lost their many thanks to these divisions. Brits didn’t need to lose
the chance to rule the Sindh. Lord port asked Talpurs to review the conditions of fourth
written agreement. Perhim, the potential threats from Punjab and national capital were
dangerous for British interests in Sindh.The Talpurs ought to grant permission to use river
routes for military transportation. Thecondition of British military non-presence in Sindh was
additionally to be reviewed. The Talpur werenot united to the stress of East Indies Company.
Brits need to construct military basesin Sindh to more move towards national capital and
Punjab. The Talpur ruler of Khairpur additionally united tohand over some fortresses to Brits.
The circumstances ultimately light-emitting diode to British conquest of Sindh in 1843.
Economic reasons:

Sindh was conquered by the Afghans and dominated by the native Kalhora rulers. The Sindh
was considered as a vicinity of national capital regime and also the rulers of Sindh had to pay
annual tribute of one 5 million rupees to the national capital. The Talpur rulers (successor to
Kalhora Dynasty) divided the Sindh into 3 main and a number of other little freelance
territories. No single a part of Sindh was able to paythe burden of annual tribute. The annual
tribute was now not being paid properly to the national capital. As a result, national capital
wants to send incursion troops to warn the rulers of Sindh. Those frequentincursions had left
devastating effects on the economy of Sindh. additionally, to it, internal warsof succession
between Kalhoras and Talpurs additional misery to folks of Sindh. The loss within theterms
of human life additionally settled the productivity of Sindh.

The population of cities were declined speedily. Thatta was once a town of 300 thousand
(300000) folks declined totwenty thousands (20000) in 1809 and 7 thousands (7000) in 1851.
(Sorley H., 1968) Thatta wasn't solely an entree to Republic of India, a ocean port set at the
intersection of Sindh water course and Indian Ocean however additionally an economic hub
of the Sindh. The decline of population indicates theeconomic downfall of Sindh. town of
Sukkar additionally met same fate. Another massive trade centerof the Sindh was Shikarpur
was nearly deserted by its population. The Gazteers of Sindh additionallyindicated decline in
annual financial gain of Karachi from zero.6 Million rupees in 1793 to zero.1 Million in1808.
The economy of Sindh was in the main agriculture primarily based. The export of
commodities was mainsource of revenue generation.

The agriculture sector in Sindh additionally met the same fate, due tocontinuous incursions
by Afghans, chaos caused by civil wars among Sindh, and exploitation bylandlords. The
devastation in agriculture is anticipated by the actual fact that total space ofcultivation was
nearly small to five hundredth among a century. The increasing military expenditurefor
thedefence of Sindh beside burden of annual tribute to national capital more accumulated
theeconomic inequality. The economic downfall and political instability light-emitting diode
the Sindh, ultimately to collapse of Talpur s and its annexation by Brits.

Political and strategic reasons:

The year of 1942 brought 2 major changes within the political administration of British East
Indies Company, notably within the context of Sindh. In January 1942, Sir Charles Napier
had reached India and in March, Lord Ellenborough replaced Lord port. Brits strategic state
of affairsin Republic of India was flooded by the failure of Afghan journey. The Sindh and
Punjab hadreceived the news of British series of disasters in Afghanistan with obvious
satisfaction. Themisadventure in Afghanistan started by the Lordport was being compared to
Frenchinvasion of European nation by the Napoleon Bonapart. The morale was at lowest and
name of BritishArmy was at stake. The Kabul capital of Afghanistan national capital regime
had additionally lost its management over varied components of Afghanistanand Balochistan.
The Kakar, Kujjak and MurriBoloach tribes were at war against one another.The British
political envoys in Quetta and Kellat were in essential state of affairs. Moreover, the Bolan
Pass, an entree to Afghanistan was additionally not secure.

Major Clibborn was sent to alleviate theKahun outpost from Muree tribes, he additionally
met with serious resistance from the tribes.The governor of Multan deputed by the govt of
metropolis had additionally allegedly helped andinstigated Dodi Khan to capture Bolan Pass.
per reports received to British, theGovernor of Multan Dewan Saawan Mall additionally
prompted Baloch red gum tribes against East IndiesCompany. Moreover, the Dewan had
doubted correspondence for strengthening ties with Ameersof Hyderabad. Lord Ellenborough
and Charles Napier set not sit silent and demonstrateweakness to the enemies. on balance
Brits had incontestable undefeatable military power inthe conflicts of geographic area and
lots of different Indian states. They set to hold out offensivestrategic policy just in case of
Sindh in part of reconciliation and negotiations.

The British claimed that the Talpurs had betrayed them. the most allegations or reservations
collected by Major Outram against Talpur rulers of Hyderabad were as underneath (Outram,
2012) .The suspected correspondence between Governor of Multan and Talpurs was
intercepted andconsidered as violation of mutual treaties that forbid them to speak with
enemies ofeach other. The Talpurs had allegedly referred to as Brohi and Murri Baloch tribes
for Jihaad against Britishforces. The alleged communication between Talpurs and Sikhs of
Punjab and monarch of Persia. Major Outram additionally rumored suspected character of
Fatteh Muhammad Ghori, who wasminister of Mir Rustum Ali.

He was Associate in Nursing open critic of British role in Sindh. However, MirSobdar and
Mir Ali Murad of Khairpur were declared as devoted to their commitments with
theBritish.The offensive policy of Lord Ellenborough and Charles mathematician had twin
objectives. On the onehadthey wished to amass military power on each side of river, whereas
on the opposite handthey needed to occupy Bukkur and Sukkur for maintenance of effective
military route fromIndian Ocean to the banksof Satluj stream and to Kandhar via river. The
policy mayisolate Talpur rulers of Hyderabad from military purpose of read and economic
edges of freetransportation through Indus may even be achieved.According to British the
treaties, that were allegedly betrayed by the Talpurs had not beenin fact a free expression of
the desire. On the contrary, the agreements gave the impression to be unwillingly signed by
the Talpurs.

The determination of Talpurs to travel against the treaties was itself evidentof their
disposition to join forces with British. The dynamic strategic conditions when theBritish
defeat in Asian country provided the Talpurs with the chance to free themselves fromthe
pressure of each British and Afghans. British occupation of Japanese elements of India and
their compulsion on the matters of exploitation river for military functions had already
afraidthe Talpurs regarding their future. British demands of non-cooperation with the
neighbors as depicted within the Treaties were additionally against the sovereignty of a
state.Keeping in sight the imperialist British styles in Republic of India and policy dead by
the Lord Ellenborough and Charles mathematician for Sindh ultimately needed its
annexation. that the British allegations of betrayal by the Talpurs were no over Associate in
Nursing excuse to justify annexation of Sindh. On the opposite hand, the Talpurs had no
significant economic or military would possibly to resist British annexation.

Conclusion:

No single issue or reason light-emitting diode to the failure of treaties, fall of Talpur kinsfolk
and annexation of Sindh by Brits dominion in 1843. The mutual agreements or treaties
between Talpur and British were additionally ineffective to save lots of the Sindh. Brits and
Talpur defendant one another for the failure of treaties. However, a detailed analysis of
historical events instructed a scarcity of can from each side. The mix of political, strategic,
and economic conditions of that amount light-emitting diode the Sindh to its destiny of
British occupation.
References:

Abdulla, A. (1973). The historical background of Pakistan and its people. Karachi: Tanzeem
Publishers. Retrieved from https://panhwar.com/Books_By_Sani/The-People-and-the-Land-
ofSindh.pdf CIE, D. R. (1883). The land of the five rivers and Sindh. Chapman and Hall.

https://panhwar.com/Books_By_Sani/The%20Land%20and%20Five%20Rivers%20and%20
Sind h.pdf Hughes, A. W. (1876). A Gazetteer of the Province of Sind. G. Bell. Retrieved
from http://www.panhwar.com/rarebooks/A_gazetteer_of_the_province_of_Sindh.pdf Khera,
P. N. (1941). British policy towards Sindh upto the annexation in 1843.