FUNDAMENTALS OF TOWN PLANNINGContents Chapter Introduction Growth of Towns. History of Town Planning in India Elements of City Plan Surveys Zcning Housing Slums Parks and Playgrounds Public Buildings and Town Centres Industries Communication and Traffic Control Urban Renewal and Replanning the Existing Towns Master Plan Planning Law and Legislation Village Planning Page 10 34 42 61 66 era 78 82 an 4 121 134 141 143Preface to the First Edition it and cities. i c hamlets, villages, towns an: . Homey ince memorial, man has been living in t uns, sin ranch iesthese have been developed according tothe changing weed of one Beneration Siher The needs which were once modest have undergone sufficient changes em of tin, other. The nee e ' and at present the needs have been multiplied to a large extent. ‘Though efforts havebecn made from time to time atvarious levels tosatisty the ising cardio, Yet these, in majority of the towns and cies are most deplorable. The inenshy of te arblen i ben aggravated die (othe temendous growth of wiban population all over fie comtry Which be produced all sorts of evils such as overerowding, congestion, shortage of housing, High rise in lang cost encrcachment of indusries on residential units, ack of lily services, inadequate recreation facilities, traffic problems and many more to mention, as a result that the living conditions in th. towns and cilies are fast deteriorating to an alarming degree. Hence large scale efforts are necessary 10 provide a healthy environment that would ensure fuller, richer and happier life. These is therefore an urgent need for a comprehensive planning of th: towns, with suitable measures of a long term nature, This poses a major problem and its solutior| calls forthe active services of the Town Planners. Itis therefore necessary for them, in this difficu} task, Io bave full understanding of the problems and thorough knowledge of the principles of Towa Planning, its Laws, Technique, Methodology and also Land Acquisition Acis as well as Vatuatio: of the properties ete. In this book attempt has been made to bring out to the knowledge of thestudents, the true concep of Towa Planning and its fundamentals in bold relief and at the same time to contain the full aspect of the syllabi of various Indian Universities. Attempt has also been made to enlarge its scope so a to make it useful to the Councillors, Local Bodies, Legislators, Civic Officials and Communit Development Authorities A farther noteworthy feature of this book is that it deals thoroughly with the Village Planrtin which will be found very valuable for those interested in Rural Development work, thereby makin, the book self-contained, up-to-date and complete in every sense. ‘The subject-matter is treated in a lucid manner and presented in the form which could be easil understood by even the lay reader. Further emphasis is given on self-explanatory and neatly drew sketches and lay-ouls. ILis therefore hoped that the Bonk will be found useful not only for the studen! of Town Planning but also to every alert citizen who has a civic sense anu spirit of local services i the improvement of his town, {urke this opportunity to express my thanks o all those who gave me impetusand encouragement in bringing out this book, Lastly, Ihave to thank Sri O.P. Kapur of Dhanpat Rai & Sons, Delhi for his hearty co-operatios and for making every effort tobring : ‘ ut this publication to my entire satisfaction with decent priatin and altractive get-up in a short time.INTRODUCTION 1.1 Planning Age. Never in the history of man, planning has been so much in the forefront today. The whole world is now succeeds, itis passing through the planning age. Without planning, nothing So we have Defence Planning at national level, Regional Planning, Urban and Rural Planning at siate level so on and so forth to Family Planning at domestic level. Our India has So-far already implemented its Seventh Fiv. x 'e Yeat Plan (1985-90) for the development of the country inal its fields, 1.2 Concept of Planning. Planning means inking and pre-arranging things bef an event takes place so as to achieve good resulis in health, convenience, comifort and happiness of all living _,.1 beings. By careful planning, we can eradicate the mistakes of the past and be wiser in the future. 1.3 Concept of 2 Town & Town Planning. Town or city is a place of urban living. Urban means an environment in which natural surroundings have been dominated by art Surroundings, which man builds for himself —for his living, working and recr of India, a pl ‘ion. AS per census "¢ becomes urban if it has more than 5000 population, more than 75 peFcent of which are engaged in non-agricultural occupation and the density is more than 1000 persons per s However there are exceptions. eae: A city also means a place, in which citizens with rights of citizenship, live a civil life, The words citizenship, civic, civilised, denote the most advanced state of social organisation and behaviour that man has now attained, and it is against this background that the word ‘city’ or ‘civic’ is understood. Town planning is considered as an art of shaping and guiding the physical growth of the town creating buildings and environments to meet the various needs such as social, cultural, economic and recreational etc. and to provide healthy conditions for both rich and poor to live, to Work, and to play or relax, thus bringing about the social and economic well-being for the majority of mankind. Aristotle once said: “A city should be built to give its inhabitants security and happiness” while Plato describes it as “a place where men bad a common life for a noble end”. ‘Though the term applies to planning of new towns, cities on virgin land, it also equally takes into account their development, improvement of the existing towns and their extensior 1.4 Aims and Objectives of Town Planning. The planner before taking up any planning work}, must have definite aims and objectives with regard to the town planning. wratelsagh notesTomo, ‘Acts, the main objectives of the ¢ “mi Convenience and Beauty, own pi i Town Planning ceoning vo whe Town PLOY eed in diree words Viz Health, - sum ah : (i) To create and promote healthy con itions and environments O reper (ve, to work, fo play or Flax. ‘ —rieh ie ight use of the Tand for the righ purpose by prope vision aang (i) te venta, commercial, Industrial, Institutional and Recreational ec. n ong esidential, such gent of ‘one zone upon ‘other forsmooth and orderly developmentol the town sr ‘causing future contTicis- (2) Convenience: The object of ‘as social, economic, ep of the fannin, ny iy or agg f convenience is meant in the form of various neaq ~~ cultural and recreational amenities etc. Pypjie ut ket citizens include water supply, sanitation, elecyicj required ee ee wie for industrial, commercial, business enterprises Lo en cea ~ intade . Bas ep power, xanspor services, drainage Ck. a ecreal ities i , gardens and playgrounds, for chi sonal amenities include open spaces, parks, gar Si Si soa als vedio, ‘community centres, cinema houses, theatres for adults. ee ay (3) Beauty: ()) To preserve the individuality of the town by developing it on is mat, natura} conditions. (i) To preserve the astheties in the design of all elements of town or city plan, which a preservation of tees, natural greenery, improved types of domestic buildings and buildings fem, tignity and beauty, architectural contro! on public as well as semi-public buildings, aga, architectural buildings, temples, churches, mosques and buildings of cultural aid fixe) importance, ~ - 1.5 Principles of Towa Planning. The main princi (a) There should be no haphazard (laissez faire) method in planning process. ‘b) Housing accommodation to various classes of people should be allowed to devel slums are existing, they should be pulled down by making some alternate arrangeasi accommodation in transit camps for dishoused persons. (6) Civic amenities like shopping centres, dispensaries, schools, nursery elc. should & ~ provided wo all the residents. (d) Adequate open spaces should be reserved for public recreation centres and also for ume expansion of the Lown. &) Prblicandsempubicbilings should be grouped and distributed neatly throughot! qT . (0) The system of zoning should be strictly followed. The town should be divided intosit* zones such as ° Zan tesidential zone, commercial zones, industrial zone and recreali iples of Town Planning are as below: The . ® operon fe sn Should be controlted by the provision of green bell shies onbolthe cy. rent Be tw or ity reserved for special purpose of ise - Hisprimarily meant for intensive cultivation of vegetables, isproduction 3 industry like poultry farms, dalrics etc, Ialsa provides sites for recreational ameatth ik parks, playgrounds and picnic spots ete, It also serves as a sanitar, ron to preven the formation of slums, Atleast it keeps is growth away from ihe ony ee Most of the evils oF urban Planning lic in the gigantic size of the city due to iremendous growth nme population ‘The remedy lies in limiting its continoous growth, The amare purpose of green belt jstoprevent urbanisation beyond its outer periphery and alsotoaliow: for extension during emergency | Isherefore probibits conurbation (con = together and urb = city) ie. linking upof urban scene ‘The snach stone of what constitutes planning isthe matter of proper relationship and Provision of several units to make 8 barmonious Whole. The words of Aristotle, who summarised all principles of ety planning may be quoted here “A city should be buil to give its inhabitants security and happiness”. ‘Tomake the town a pleasant place of li, Unity in Diversity; Nip in the bud; Preventi Convenience und Beauly are its watchwords. 1.6 Necessity of Town Planning. The ‘Industriat Revolution’ that took place in 1760-1820 is an important epoch in the history of growth of towns and cities. No country is free from the gallop multiple crises of our time, due to over-crowding in the towns and cily areas in particular. This has resulted in the haphazard (Jaissez faire) development, chaos and disorder in the town - Some of the evils from which the town suffers in absence of taw the authorities of the town should follow these dicta; fon is beticr than cure are its catchwords. Health, 0 onning are as below: (1) The suburban spraw! has entirely engulfed every own and city. The li be se Lo being snuffed oul completely. The people therefore have lo got: ‘open air, breeze. _ (2) The people will have to take long uncomfortable journey from place of residence to the place of work: As such there is waste of time, money and energy. — ~~ @) Every road has become highway, increasing the traffic congestion, resulting in accidents. (4) Noisy traffic has almost disturbed the peace of the city dwellers, —~ (5) Indiscriminate siting of industries in the heart of the city has resutted in producing smoke, dangerous gas, bad smell, cic. Improper disposal of industrial waste has caused pollution of Water, airete ~ inex ate. ed industrial population has given rise to the formation of squatter settlements, slums ~ (7)Insutlicient open spaces, parks, playgrounds have caused unhealthy conditions of living. (8) Lack of public amenitics such as water supply, drainage, sanitation, electricity etc. An short the present picture is gloomy and dull. We have therefore to put tremendous efforis for be proper shaping of towns creating buildings to meet the various needs such as socia), cultural, economic and recreational thus bringing general welfare of the majority of mankind, Winston Churchill once said: “We shape our buildings and then our buildings shape us”, The: ‘buildings should bebuilt in good environment which will influcace to build up of good character, civic consciousness and elvic ideas or the making of good citizen and citizenship. Good environment is essential for theTo Pay * 4 - 5 il] collectively contribute to th for they in turn will col y being ofthe . ple erly: “Hf you are planning for one year, 8 waren of roe Chinese ee a ienaing fora hundred yenre oe a Tp i hat the plansing i not done fora period orp, py, “erticism of vaffering, it has resulted in heey lnbiliies. To aVOIN these in 7 sich puto HTN ST peare a comprehensive planning taking ino sccoyn ound extremly Oe etopment of towns and county as 24 Mole, “years for an over i s Teamwork Even as recently in the beginning of the Lew cans jplenning tea pauning of town: 1. i ecrs, architects Who paid attentioy ‘UY, toy, 7 Town Planning #5 2 by civil engineers, architects w) Only tg ‘ pane were prepared ge ly amin general 10 the beauty and pander of buildings, sects, be etherh: ed then we require a team of experts in differe tobe prepar Diners " Nl Fields, Hay wets Arctct (i) Landscape Architect (jv) Sociologist) cease aleam consi ; i (vii) Administrator. wi) pares : necessary to design the buildings, roads, bridges, water supply and dein A Gil system elc. ‘An Architect will advise on aesthetics of the town such as buildings of architectural asp, ‘A Landscape Architect is necessary to fix up the location of the sites considering the landscape ‘ofthe country, and to lay out the parks, gardens, wees: and stirab etc. lo create eheerlit environmen, A Sociologist is necessary to give report on social ang cultural Stalure of the city dwellers. y, is also useful to prepare the ‘socio-economic’ or ‘civic-survey". ‘A Geographer is necessary to give report on the natural configuration and natural resourcese, Now-a-days an Ecologist is also required to study the total environment—ecology—aai influences people's life, work and play. An Administrator will have to look after the proper and orderly development of the town. Heis usually assisted by ua Economist and a Legal Adviser to help solving the economic and leg: problems. 1,8 Dutles and Powersof Town, Planning Officer, The various duties of the Town Planning Office are: wuts rape the survey and collect the data for carrying out development schemes inside oi ils of the towns and cities, (2)t0 demarcate the boundaries (3) to allot the constituted plots (4)10 prepare detailed estimate (5) 0 determine the compensat of the land reserved for public purpose. among the original owners. and to wark out the cost of any proposed schemes. ‘on to be paid to the owners for acquisition of their propetY (6) 10 determine the bet es wh we benefited with the developmen itn to be recovered from the owners of the land (O)10 act as expert val luer and Ging ‘ser i , (8) guard the ‘ilcern, ind Financial adviser in land acquisition cases.saseaction tanners of Modern “ Great Town P a Age. The social concept af th ‘ 19 ofits progress started in the early days of 204 Thee ee or ity maths the fit airck Geddes, Sir Rbevezer Howard, Lewis Mumford entered the field of Town Plan in i Sift ime. Olher eminent Town Planners who deserve mention ae Le Corbusier, Griftak Teka ce Sicin, Henry Wright, Sit Patrick Abercrombie, Charles Corea and many olhers. (a) Sir Patrick Geddes: fie well-known town planner, sociologist of Scotland, Sir Patrick aes (1854-1932) came to India in 1915 at the invitation of Lord Pentland, the ther & Madeas. He gave his expert advice for the impravem ‘en Governor of ent of about S Margaphasison ‘Survey before Plan’, diagnosis Cighicen major towns in India. He before treatment to make a correct ter ous ills (rom which the town suffers and then prescribe the correct remedies for ils ane thee : These -al and social economic surveys, He was the firs i eat re the physical an y vas the first man who introduced th Poncapt in the town planning, Before coming to India, he had successfully overcome ‘nc honeber Edinborough SIUMS. ‘The principles of planning enunciated by Sir Patrick Geddes are as below: 5 h century 1) Tye town planning primarily meant establishing organic relatios 4 wow which corresponds to triad (Geddesian triad) of reais, Foncticn aaa Eavironment Folk organism (social aspect); Place (physical aspect); Work (economical aspect), Accordingly the city came tobe looked upon, as a physical utility, for collective living and a living organism which like allother living creatures, is governed by definite laws of growth and where Environments played a great part. (2) The city is no longer a mere physical structure but it is now meant the people, their families and communities they formed, their places to live, to work and to play. Hence here human needs are ‘most important than physical aspects. This epitomises the essence of planning, (b} Sir Ebenezer Howard: The another well-known sociologist was Sir Ebenezer Howard (1850-1928) who after studying the industrial evils in Britain gave the concept of ‘Garden City’. It soan became the landmark in the history of town planning. He had an idea which he set forth in a litle book entitled To-morrow’, published in 1898 which later republished under the litle of "Garden City of To-morrow’. He explained his idea of ‘Garden City’ by an impressive diagram of The Three Magnets showa in Fig, 1.1, namely the town magnel, country magnet with their advantages and disadvantages and the third magnet with attractive features of both town and country jife. Naturally people prelerred the third one namely Garden City. It made a deep impression in the field of town planning. Letchworth, Welwyn and many other cities were planned on this principle. ‘The main (eatures of Garden City principles are: (i) The dwellings for all classes of people should be distributed about a large central court in which the public buildings would be located. (ii) ‘The shopping centre to be located on the edge of the town, (iii) The employment facilities for all the people to be provided by staring a variety of industries. (iv) The industries to be located on the outskirts of the town.Town Planning TOWN COUNTRY mo ATTRACTIVE FEATURES oF TOWN LIFE AND COUNTRY LIFE Fig. 1-1 Garden City Painciple (v) The city should have a maximum population of thirty to thirty-five thousand people in an area of one thousand acres. (vi) The city should be surrounded by a permanent belt of agricultural land of three to five thousand acres. (vii). The city should have the advantage of both rura! life such as fresh air, gardens, play‘elds, cottages etc. and amenities of urban life such as schools, thealres, hospitals, recreation centres etc. (viii) To eliminate the private ownership and whole of the land to be brought under ca-operative basis or held in trust for the community in order Uo have the control on finance and the profit gained thereby be utilised (ur uplifting te community itselt. (c) Clarence Stein: He is an American architect and plinner. He was much influenced by the concept of Garden City of Sir Ebenezer Howard. He alongwith Henty Wright, also an American architect and town planner, prepared the town plan {or a city Radburn in New Jersey in 1928. See Fig. 1.2. The principles of planning advocated by Stein are as below: (i) No grid-iron road pattern be provided in the road system. In his dictum, it is the greatest enemy of traffic and road users,nrodoction ; ji) Planning not in term of single block (0 Neghbourly are oF super bese S810" ce, but overall planning of the whole (ii) The super blocks to be enclosed by alleys. 'Y main roads which in tum enclose the narrow Janes or 1. SHOPPING CENTER 3. SCHOOLS 2.APARTMENTGROUPS 4 PARK SPACE, Fig. 1.2 Kaaburn, New lersey (iv) Expressway or parkway for high speed traffic with limited access from and 10 Beighbourhoods. The footpath for pedestrians should be safe and segregated fram other vehicular traflic. (¥) Houses to be turned inside out. Usually the roads and back of the houses are not kept clean. For this reason the working areas like store, kitchen, bath etc, should {ace the front roads Whereas living areas like drawing, dining, bed rooms should be on the rearside of the roads. This is known as ‘Radbum idea’, which earned the name of “The Town for the Motor Age”. (vi) A community park spreading on whole of the area of the town instead of providing one big parkal some distance which may not be used by all. The park should be well balanced and spread throughout the town.Town Planning es These are loop streets of ‘dead end” streets. The idea is NOt 10 allow fo to the houses. See Ast, 7.7 (ii). minent own planner and worked as Head of the Town He is the planaer of many cities like Greater London, eddes and Sir Ebenezer Howard. He is the (wii) Cul-de-sac streets through traffic to p (a) Sir Patrick Abercrombie: He isan © Planning Depariment in London University. Beata ete He synthesised the theories of Sir Patrick Gi pioneer planner ia advocate regional planning. His iown planning principles are: (i) “Civic Survey’ to be carried out before planning fe “Diagnostic Approach’ of Sir Patrick Geddes. (ii) Planning aot to be done on picce-meal basis. Instead the town shall be considered as a whole unit with respect to the entire region. (iii) Uncomuotled growth of cities should be stopped. (iv) Industries should be located on the outer areas of the town. (c) Le Corbusier: Another giant in the field of architecture and town planning was Charles-Edourd Jeanneret better known as Le Corbusier (1887-1965). According to him, a city isa living organism. He says, ~Towns are biological phenomena, such as head, heart, limbs, lungs and genes, Govt buildings like High court, Legislative Assembly, Secretariat, Raj Bhavan capsticule the head; City ceaure with comracrcial buildings and shops represent heart; Industries and Educational institutions represent limbs, park, playficlds, grecn belt are zhe lungs; Roads, footpaths are arteries”. He advocated the following principles of town planning. be decongested by removing the excess of population and should (owns Which are linked to the main city. diagnosis before treatment like the (i) Core of the city should tbe inhabited al the outer countryside in satellite ( (ii) Provision of speedy transportation. (iii) Provision of plemty of open spaces in the form of gardens, throughout the length and breadth of the city. Gv) Population control. The high density should be spread aver the entire arca of the town, He suggested 3 plan for Pans cily with buildings 24 No. sky-scrapers, 215 m high, 400 m gpart with about 1500 to 2000 persons in each. These high rise buildings are linked dnderground with one anather by central area such as shopping eenires, civic cemees ete Plemy of open area with parks, gardens and reereational centres tobe provided all round these bigh rise buildings. ‘Asper his dicium, « residential building may be 910 10 storied about 33 m high. He opined that one lakh or more should be minimum size of the town but he also suggested that 20 to 30 Lakh is a good size. He was the progenitor of high-rise, high density development of ¢ the “United habitation’ at Marseilles (1946-52), emphasizes considered the family home in arden cilics, « waste. He deatt boldly with the sky, meadows and hills, He said “fumily should not be enclosed. ia a compound wall”. Instead itis to be fifted up on pillars (pitotis) in high buildings so that the landscape goes below and the occupants can enjoy the parks etc. round the tall buildingsrion 9 ofthe surounding country. He was the main bral is i po ‘of Punjab (1953) now under Union Govt, Seats 5 ene SeChadiaats once IM prealviduality of Town, Every town has io difters from another in its climatic con ‘1 c changing factors largely influcne hy. The changi ely influcnce the growth of a ee to develop on a pattern best-suited to its seogrephiel pe However. it would not be wise on the part ect individuality, personality or character Every Hon, geographic condition, natural features and n. So every town should be mven Garden Village, produce a mechani Ener town withthe hope that such a town could be the ae en peacipics of toon PINAR, Providing al Faciliues and amenity [11 Forms of Planning. According to Planning Au, following categories: (9 Loca! planning (it) Country planning (i) Regional planning (iv) Nationa planning and (v) inerational planning. (i) Local Planning: is largely influenced by the economic conditions forthe developmen! of the tou. Keeping in view of these, the development plan is prepared. The population is spread over the own uniformly keeping the density of population as low as possible, Zones ate formed and trallie regulations are maintained z the planning is divided into the (ii) Country Planning : The country is allowed to develop in an orderly manner and on ined lines. There should be no haphazard (laissez faire) methods in the planning. The town should be linked with the surrounding villages by suitable wanspor facilities. Scope should be given 10 village industries in the form of poultry farms, dairies, weaving indusiries maimaining a proper balance: with the agriculture in the village development scheme. (iii) Regional Planning: Regional planning means planning of a rmuch larger unit than a town called * The planning is done more or less on the same principles of town planning. Region includes the tetrilory lying within easy reach such as 15 to 50 km and containing number Of villages and townships. The regional planning helps to develop the region in a co-ordinaled manner. I. deals with planning of regional highways, regional transport, regional water supply, drainage etc. Ht also lakes into account the overall development of towns, villages in the region and provides sites for new towns for rehabilitation for the displaced persons from the main city. (iv) National Planning : The planning process is done on a national level. it considers the esources, potentialities in different fields of the nation asa whole. It helps to utilise the national ‘esourcxs in the best possible way for the development of the nation, Works of national importance suchas Railways, Irrigation, Heavy Industries, Hydro-electric Works come under National Planning. Our various Five Year Plans can serve as an example of National Planning (v) International Planning : International planning came into existence with the establishment of United Nations Organization or UNO. It aimsal promoting co-operation, goodwill among different falions of the world. UNO bas appointed various agencies lo conduc! the surveys in different fields of human life, like hewlth, housing, food, education etc, and to provide suitable solutions 10 these Problems at international level.GROWTH OF TOWNS 2.1 Origin of Towas, In the cultural evolution of mankind we come across mainly three stages suc Tanke 3, Bronze and ‘Iron Ages" aocording to the type of materials and weapons used at that time The ‘Ages’ have different periods in different paris of the world, The earliest forms of ‘dwellings of “Savage’ bunter were rock-caves, Next job he did was lo change the (ace of the jungle and create the buls of reeds and tents, to protect against weather, wind, beasts and enemies, He started living 4 settled life mostly on the banks of rivers, which he Cound to be lifegiving source —~water for drinking ‘and rich fertile land for cultivation. Man iS primarily a social: ‘creature. On account of this nature, he always preferred olive in groups, forming cames, hamlels, villages. Human settlements like these asthe population increased expanded into towns and towns into cities and finally cities wrned into highly populated metropolitans, like Bombay, Calcutta, Madras, Delhi etc. 2.2 ‘Types of Towas. The (actors that distinguish one town from another ate: (i) Location (iy Function (iii) Shape and (v) Size. Hill stations, river banks, sea fromis suggest their respective locations. Pilgrim towns, health resorts, education, fishing, industrial, commercial and Political towns indicate their function. ‘The shape or pattem of the town is determined by the type of road system which depends upon topographical features, A town is know® as linear, rectangular, radial, star, circular or radial & circular (: according to the road system (Ref. Aft. 12.7). The size of the town is fixed by the population such as a com: but not more than about one lakh population may be rou Of one to tentakh a cit ‘spider's web’)gmothof TO™RS " wr is one Which provid The tertiary town is one Which Provides residemtit, education, ceumatmenibammnie Of all he shove eng Neational and recreational facitities, tn ows Mumford hs BIVEN Six Eateories Which rem ol {iy opal: Here town Brows as one ent scconeny Gi) Polis: Here town grows into a sm ommerce and MAUS ete (ii) Metropolis (Mother city aqdlege potentialities, withall ans industries etc. (London, Bombay and Calcutta em) lopolis : Wis an over- i Gv) Megatopo BrOWN City inlo'a mess due & i pighrise buildings, multi-track roads, mass housing, mass taneperanaee fone iethe germs ofits decay which begin to creep in all the postions of the ety wv) Tyrannopolis : The city shows further decay i # ( nD cay in all the fields like trade, commerce, military Pansion of industries, Brown nature, (vi Necropolis: The city isin the worst stige and unfit for dwelling. Soi i the is ¥ city of the des 2.4 Meth ol ‘rowth, With the passage of lime, no towns fk i new industries, factories, educational institutions, aided by uanspon faciliticg ee tren towns can be classified in two ways: . 'e growth of (i) Growth according to origin (ii) Growth according to direction. @ Growth according to origin. The growth of town according to origin is further divided two types such as (a) Natural Growth and (b) Planned growth, * ee divine in (A) Natural growth : Here the town is the result of evolution, rather than pre-thought or pre-planned development. The towns have developed as 4 matter of chance than design, Here the primary faclors are availability of water rich sol, immediate comfort and convenience of the peopte, rather than other amenities like schools, playgrounds, hospitals, heatres, iransporl system, commerce and industries, etc. There are four types of natural grawih such as: (i) Concentric spread (i) Satellite growth (ji) Ribbon development and (iv) Scattered growth. (2) Concentric spread: Here the town develops in the form of concentric rings, with nucleus as town since the natural tendeney of the people is to keep the centre, nucleus or keart of the town as near as possible. Such a town soon suffers from improper houses, concentration of the people in the heart of the town, congestion of the traffic and accidents (2) Sateltite growih: The satellite growth implies dependency on the parent city but stilt possessing ils own identity. See Fig, 2.1. When a town reaches a certain size, satellite devolution must take place, to break the suburban spraw! beyond that size, Since its periphery falls away {rom the heart of the parent city, it becomes less convenient and uncomfortable for the distant people.Town Plannin, A number of satellite towns have heen crented in Indin since independence, such as F, , aridabay fear Delbt, Marimalas neat Madras ete, SATELLITE TOWNS! Fig 2.1 Satellite Town The satellite town will have the following features: (i) The satcliite town is also 2 full town in true sense bul depends to cerlain extent on the parent city for higher education, employment. etc. (ii) Its however independent in its economic, social and cultural activities. (ili), is pure residential unit with civic amenities like small shopping centres, dispensary, primary or nursery schools etc: Here no industries are permitted, hence the people will have to depend on parent city for any workshop and employment facilities. st be linked with parent city by easy transport facilities like buses, local trains etc. road for communication. Wy) (v) [tmu: There will be only one arte It may or may not consist of zoning. Every house may or may not have gardens. pen counity beyond the green belt of the parent city. be controlled and not allowed to grow more than ils parent 10 become a tival to the parent cily and would ereate the (viii) Ibis generally situated in an o (ix) ltssize and development should city, Otherwise it would grow ts same problems of conttol in future. (3) Ribbon Development : Here the development isin the form of a ribbon or line ie. a single row of houses lung the bus-stops, bus routes, railway lines, railway stations. See Fig, 2.2gaminef TORE happens ¢8 ‘n¥ where rules aad zoning regu, im pet enforced regulations elopment has become a regular feature w i i eee aks fucked, pe 4 Ind overcrowding of all tynes of iuings such #s schools, factories, pew! pump ete, This type af nee peso ie point of view. 'yPe Of development in more dangermus S-SHOP R-RESIDENTIAL BLDG B- BANK Fig. 2.2. Ribbon Development \dvantages of ribbon development: (a) Everybody wants 10 take advantage of the front tage of the main road. The interior is therefore left undeveloped, causing wastage of valuable Land, (6) Overcrowding on the road side, Streets become narrow and give tise 1 accidents (©) All types of buildings creep in, at the (rontag pump, theatres, ele, with no regard to zoning, of the residems, (a) The town spreads far and wide which is cosily to maint (©) Future improvements become ver and is not desirable. Hence it is m its carly stag Following are the €. Such as schools, [actories, bus stops, petro regulations, All these affect health conditions Y costly. Ribbon development is the inverse of planning ecessary (0 nip it in the bud or check its development, in (4) Scattered growth: Here the town shows erratic growth, seallered here and there, in x very irregula way, without any order. 1 results into rajlic eongestions, stums and lack of open spaces (8) Planned growth: In this case, the town develops on pre-determined line as prepared by the tovo planner. The development is in orderly fashion. The following poinis shall be considered for the planned growth of the lowa, {8) Selection of site forthe town: The physical features play an important rote in selecting the Ste for the town, The important factors wo be considered for selection of site for an ideal town are: © Avaitabitity of good surroundings, climatic conditions, contours of the area, streams and lakes, fertile land, etc,Town Planning | 4 1, sewage disposal: power, feommunication, lransport ete, sources, electri Powel (iy. Fawitties of devin a y of wale industry based on Z0niNB- drainage. clecuricity, telephone, Bas SErVice ete peirol pumps, (ire brigade stations, itis, oA ce, public, commerce, 1 (0) Areas (or residene (ia) Essential pubhe (iit) Pubic ameniti hoi ghats ete. likepostattices, police station ions like schools, colleges ele. ies like parks, gardens, platy Bt iv) Educational institut rounds, stadiums ele. (v) Recreational amenit (vi) Good network of eoads. (vii) Provision of future expansion. ; ; ernstarta follows “The important points to he considered in the planning of the modetn tow! (1), Pablic utility services should be Aiberally provided. (2) Erlicient and speedy communication arrangement should be made. / (3) Plemy of open space suchas parks, play grounds and recreation centres should be provided (4) Industries should be properly located om the leeward side of the town. (b)_ Residential area should be planned in peaceful surroundings taking full advantages of the natural features. (c) Public buildings should be properly located to impress the visitors ‘The exneept of wn planning-as applied forthe planned growth can be very well observed ix the phinaing ofthe recent new towns in India such as Gandhinagar and Chandigarh, the capitals ot Gujarat and Punjab respectively, the latter now is under Union Govt. See Art 3.6 Il. (li) Growth according to direction, The growth of towns considering the direction lakes place in two ways. They are, (i) Horizontal growth and (ii) Vertical growth. (i) Horizonial growtle The city can grow horizontally in all directions, t accommodate the gens population. [tis clear that such horizontal growth is economical at places Where the land is cheap. The advantages of horizontal growth can be stated as follows: (a) Since the building has only one store! : Wal it as y. the wall could be made thinne — savings in masonry and foundation. ade thinner and this results: (b) Stdaes not require high (echnical personnel (©) Mis possible to have root ventilation and maximum use of rool lighting. (4) There isa lotof eeonomy in space since there is mone of wall ily ofa lif or supporting columngrowth of Towns 15 ere is also econo © ne my IN Cost a8 the provision of NU, columns, crons walls wilt not be (9, The density of population ts generally toy, (g) The marginal space surroundin Sane The disadvantages of horizontal development carpe sled at ae (regu: moe Ind forthe same apace neg oh: ‘The foundation cost per unit ares ” ihisunsconomicdlvccate one mene Since the area ia spread throughout, (@) There is absence of group living (i) Vertical Growih: Here city grows verica cexiaing buildings oF by constructing high nae guitable where the land is costly, ‘The advantages of vertical growth can be to Sie the ame ‘re2 1S used for foundation, the foundation cost Per unit area is within (0) There isa lol of saving in land so itis economical to , - land cost is high. ILlea ‘dab le fa aistoreyed building where the ae 8 ves plemly of space available for amenities like gardens, playgrounds 8 the buildin, y which is done by adding more floors to the ‘mult-storeyed buildings, This type of growth is Stated as below: (c) There is also economy in the ‘Construction cost, (8) Asthebuilding goes above,the landscape goes thr the beauty of the surrounding country. tt (©) Since number of people utilise the common amenities of the same building, it develops a ‘sense of group living, m The disadvantages of vertical growth can be stated as follows: (i) Getting up and down is difficult in case of failure of lifts, ') In case of fire, the occupants staying in upper floors find it difficu It to escape. (iii) In case of earthquake, the liabilities will be more, (iv) Due to wind, terrific down drafis sometimes: develop which knock the pedestrians off their feet, So these should be checked through wind tune} tests before their construction. (W) There is some wastage of floor space due to provision of supporting pillars, lifts, elevators etc. (vi) The density of population is very high, (vii) The design of all Nats is same or stereotyped, hence there is no choice of likes or dislikes, The suburban sprawl—the unca-ordinated inefficient scaltering of residential areas over the Country side—has proved the folly of horizontal development. Naturally, vertical development in the form of sh.yscrapers is seen to be popular though the buildings require large investments of und:os | Town Planning | 6 planning i660 MOE a control of two dimensions ig | asion Iso, 1c height. he.) and high technical knowlcdze Moxdern town ength and hreadth, but itmust he considered from third vie’ 2.8 Canecs of Expansion of Towns. The growth of owns and growth of population always g, | together. Then causes are therefore similar OF ‘almost identical: ‘These causes are as below: fo) (i) The expansion ‘of towns is mainly the result of communication facilities such as bu: \ trams road-ways, railways like suburbs, cle: sea, | (Gi) Waterways and airways help to develop harbours, ports. airports e!c. | (iii) Vertical development i” the form of skyseTapers ‘with the help of vertical astnaportatig| such as mechanical clevalors, lifts, escalators etc. \ (iv) Attraction of modem amenities for comfort, convenience, recreation combined wit | emantayment opporuunities, fuctadve professions: i researchetc. help | migration of rural population to the cities, (wv) Foci ties for higher education,HISTORY OF TOWN PLANNING IN INDIA 3.2 Development of Town Planni The Indo-Gungetic region farmed ee aie! nda (i) (Indus-Vatley Civilisation (3000 B.C) : heme Dene ifthe 1920 However, the excavations eared mh tlie ballot }-Daro (Hill of the Dead—on the Indus bank) covering an fojsthan, Labs Sakon ans Barron Ee Ofer Rav) nw in Pakistan alban in ley Civilisation had tbe ga en oulavira in Gujarat; Rakhigadhi in Haryana, show that the Indus Valley Tancient Macon adinning between 4000-3000 B,C. The civilisation had greatly developed aoe een cae sopotamia. The cities had highly advanced system of town planning, The city ae eth ee na in Fig: 3.1, was located on wo mounds, one 1183m x 546 m and otber 364 4275 Fg ar nage Pulation of 70,000 (the same as Harappa). The city was built systematically. Tae street 9 m wide divided the city in 12 blocks each 368 m x 244 m The layout of streets eg besos Ge he id-iron” plan. Houses were of varying sizes and storeys, constructed with brick Walls. Aseries o rons Were arranged around an open-to-sky central court. The residences had no direct aes opening lo the main streets; and no windows were provided towards the subsidiary walkways. ‘They depended entirely on roof lighting and ventilation. Almost. ‘every house built of kiln-brick, had complete bathing establishment, A common well was provided to the groups of the buildings. The city had an effective system of drainage. The drainage lines were running under walkways and finally connected to the main sewers laid under main roads. There were manholes located at different places for cleaning and inspection, Market-halls, granaries, offices were neatly planned. The Great Bath was 7m wide, and {2m long and 2.4m deep. The Great Bath had a remarkable system of filling. and emptying nd meticulously joined at the bottom with bricks. It was made watertight with layers of bitumen, and Was Surrounded by toilets and private baths. It was a prototype of ritualistic bathing, tank which was the part of Hindu temples. The Indus-Valley culture collapsed due to the natural catastrophe. After centuries later, it was occupied by the Aryan invaders in 1506-1090 B.C. (ii) Vedte Period {up t@ 400 B.C.}: Even in Vedic period, the town planning wasdone on scientivic footing. The principles of town planning are mentioned in some sacred books. tn *Viswe Karmaptakash’ it 1s stated that “First layout the towns and then plan the houses’. This principte hold: good even today. “Mansaira Sidpashastra’ (Architecture by Mansara) deais with many aspects of low! 7Town Plannin, ov _EXCAVED PARTS B—BATH ‘A—MONASTERY Fig. 3.2. Dandaka Typeposers of Town Planning in India 3~SHIVA OR VISHNU TEMPLE. s 2-JAINA TEMPLE 3~-BUDDHIST TEMPLE ‘4~OFFICE AND COURT S~KING’S PALACE 6—PRINCES PALACE, 7—TANK AND GARDEN &—GANFSH TEMPLE, 9—KAL TEMPLE 10—-RAMPART WALL 11 —BASTION WITH ARMOURY 12—-MOAT FILLED WITH WATER Fig 33. Swastika Type planning, such as study of soil, climatic condition, topography, fixing orientation to get maximum advantage of the sua and wind, and layout of various types of town plans such as Dandaka, Swastika, Padmaka, Nandyavarta, Prastara, Chaturmukha, Karmuka, See Figs. 3.2 10 3.8. The main or king streeis (Raja Marga) were aligned East-West to get the roads purified by the sun's rays; while the short roads were aligned Nosth-South. The coads running around the village called “Manga Vithi’ were ecserved for priests, ‘These books also refer to the Quulification and moral quulities of the sowa planner (Sthapati) emphasizing that he must haveriner of Toren Prannng in Indra Me 2 the science of planning, and tery Ove 1B. And thorough know! wines lege of eutture, ae yana’ and ‘Mahabharata’ In-Ramayana’ an We come actons, aparnrnctna ancient DAME Of Deh) respective the dencript. ions of the cities of Sak that the cities had neat Ayodhya and Coins 78 Seiahines, tanks, Inkes, beaut gon UY Wl ot houses, pata + foctal and religious and parks ete. 1— TEMPLE 2—TANK 3~ MONASTERY 4—coL.ed 5 HOSPITAL, 6 —BLLOCKs FOR THE VERY RICH ‘7—BLOCKS POR THE RICH 8—BLOCK FOR THE MIDDLE CLASS. 9 —BLOCK FOR THE POORER CLASS 10—~GaTes Fig. 36, Prastara Type x 3 1 — TEMPLE Fig. 3.7. Chaturnutha Type (iii) Buddhist Period (upto 320 A.D.): During the period of Emperor Chandragupta Maurya (321 B.C. - 185 B.C), Kautilya or Chanakya was the chief minister who wrote the famous *Asthasbastra (Economics by Kuutilya), a treatise on Town Planning. It states the regulation of zoning dependin: on communities; highways (Rajamarga) to be parallel to the main cardinal ditection i.¢. Grid-isu!eo Town Plan 22 pattern; Rajamargs to be 00" fess than six‘ . me cn teas than six ‘danas’ be 30T, cn nenrly three lanes of tai tem Ra nar wn planning had made I eogress a omg back a hed centery Be i pattpurra modern Pat) capital of Magadh, show ou rid-icon paltern consiting 1 The excavations cared ou! or advance knowledge of town pInnTIIE ‘The capita] was tid ot Bl viedens with wellsand pends Wvete water was carried BY me, km and 35kmvvide ceators Most af the houses had & eet aher eee and finally to (be river Ganga. ThE city as long as 16 surrounded by a deep moat 180 m wide and furth ed by ramparts stretcbin g mo im long studded with 64 gales ates were oriented 19 ween easily Megusthene, paints of the compass 2 to pass throug the ambassa' putra whe in those < ty was a precious gem in In and 570 towers. Th for the elephants © P ryan capil ta) city Pall 4 — TEMPLE ge 2-0 G_RAMPART WALL 3 HOSPITAY 7--MOAT FILLED wit WATER 4 MONASTERY wrth TANK Fig. 38. Keriuks (Bow) TyPe Taxila (rakss-sila) 38 shown in FiB- 1 als0 founded in asi Ne was 8 renowned place of earning. H The site Nalanda measured bout 48° stupas, Ft ples and hostels for thousand upils: ‘The libraries 2 ‘ varing 0 eached ningHistory of Town Planning in India 23 Fig. 39 Planof 2508.C. cg of Tail the ancient apt of Gandnae (near Rawalpin ‘sovering an ared of 30sqlkm contained many shines and temple ese cena aoe roads are divided by stets and regu Socks of tilings 3.3 Medieval Period (upto 14th century), There was gradual development of trade and commerce. In this period we have the famous cities such (i) Dhaka (Now in Bangladesh) for Malmal. (ii) Krishnanagar for clay models. Gil) Agra for marble and perfumery. (iv) Murshidabad for silk. (v) Jaipur for palatial buildings of antstic excellence (see Fig. 3.10). 3.4 Moghul Period (1526 - 1707 A.D,). Cities like Agra, Dethi were re-developed. Fatchpur-Sikri was entirely planned. Fortification strengthened Bijapur, Lucknow. Other important thing started in this period was laying of gardens and parks. It was anew trend in planning many omamenial gardens, of Moghul period. Some of them are still in good conditions. For example (i) Kabul Bagh at Panipat by Babar, (ii) Shalimar Bagh or Garden of Bliss and Nishat Bagh at Kashmir by Shah Jahan. (ili) Lal Bagh at Bangalore by Haider Ali. 3.5 Pre-independence Period or British Period (tilt 1947). When the Britishers first setthed in India they found most of the conditions of the towns to be unhealthy So they started independent colonic on the outskirts of the existing towns. These extensions were known ay ‘Cantonments” and “Barracks for the military occupied area and ‘Civil Lines’ for the residence of civilians and well-to-do peopl24 Fig. 3.10 Plan of medieval city of Saipur showing grid-iron pattern. Next they took to street planning. They adopted straight roads regardless of the cost or damage 10 Social siructure of the town. But no large Lown planning schemes were taken till the end of 1910 century. However, in the first decade of 20th century, they took up the outstanding work of building of New Delhi — the new capital of India. See Fig. 3.11. The plan was prepared on modern town planning principles by an eminent town planner Edwin Lutyens assisted by Baker. The capital group Of buildings like Government House, Council Hall, Secretariat has been designed with thew ‘monumental architecture, industrial buildings ate separated from residential sector, and arrange’ around the commercial and civic buildings. It was more a planning and designing of Administrati: centre than 2 new town as such. This, however, docs not reduce ils importance as a great work of ai 3,6 Post-Independence Period (After 1947). Many industrial towns were planned aft! post-independence period. A few of these can be mentioned as below:Sy PDAL did Be i, \ (1) Steel Towns (2) Industrial Towos ii) (3) Capitals (i) Gandhinagar — Gujarat (ii) Chandigarh — Punjab, now a Union Territory26 Town Plannin, (1) Gandhina, te of Gujarat was fo Rar. After bifurcation of hilingual Bombay State ate TMed on 181 May, 1960, and anew capital Was mhadeat Gandh inagar. The salient features of Gandhinagar aye () Landscape tre nk of Sabarmati River, 24 km to sori ete The ‘apital city is located on the western bal . __hesite has gente slope from N.E, to W. Solis mostly sandy loam hence there areno problem, Serious foundation. Itis linked by roads, rails and air with all parts of the state. (i) Climate : Climate is healthy. (i8) Poputation : The town plan is designed for 150,000 to 1,75,000 population and also fey future expansion, Civ) Residential Units : These are planned in good surroundings with al facilities of water supply electricity, drainage, shopping centres, Separate houses ae provided by the Government for ther employees, for (¥) Zonal Cernres: A zonal centee for every 410 5 sectors is provided which includes cinemas, dispensaries, bank, post office, police station, etc, It also serves a large population of neighbouring villages. (Vi) Town-Cencre : About 75 hectates have been allotted to accommodate civic, commercial ani Cultural facilities. One main bus terminus is also included in the town plan for communication facilities in the state and region, (vil) Public Buildings: These include schools, colleges, town balls, hospitals to satisfy the social cultural and medical needs. (vii) Communication : Roads for various waflic are provided separately. The roads leading ts Govt. offices and approach roads are 100 m wide. The peripheral roads and those providing access to town centre are 65 m wide, The remaining roads are 45 m wide. The roads are oriented at 30 north of west and 60° north of east to avoid direct facing of morning and evening sun. The traffic in Well distributed. The cycle ways and motor roads are segregated with grade separators this minimizing the road accidents. Gridiron pattern is adopted for road system. The roads dotied with road side trees of different types are about 275 km. in length. (ix) Open spaces : The open space is about 1.5 to 2 hectares per 1000 population excluding playgrounds and parks etc. (x) Industries : Light industries are provided in an area of 120 hectares, About ten thousand workers are engaged in these industries (xi) The Capital Complex : It includes buildings like high court, secretariat, assembly hall legislative and heads of different offices. The entire complex is located in pleasant surroundings with walfic facilities. (11) Chandigarh: India became Republic in 1947 with the formation of Pakistan as sovercign state in the same year. As a result of partition Punjab was divided into two parts. One part weMl Pakistan with Lahore as its capital, and another part of Punjab came in Indian terrivory. Therefore i was found necessary to establish another new capital for tie state af Punjab. The decision was tkeHistory of Town Planning in India 27 ro construct the new capital at Chandigarh in 194% but y Was implemented i e capital sity shown in Fig. 3.12 iwas named after the temple of Geeddena Chad een one Ttook three years toe * administration of Union Government. The celebrated architect and town planner Le Corbusier (1887-1965) was the main brain behind planting of Chandigarh. He camw to India on the invitation from Jawahorty Me im Minister of independent India, He was assisted by Jane Drew, Maxwell Fry of cod Fe Doe and PL. Verma, the Chief Engincer of Punjab. Albert Mayer, an American planner, was originally selected fo be the lown-planner who provided the basic plan for the city and a detail architerarcl Scheme for one super-block but his name was dropped for variety of reavons The salient features of Chandigarh are: (i) Landscape : The town is bounded on the north by double raws of low picuiresque Siwalik Hills and enclosed on either side by two river beds nearly 5 km apart, with the Himalayas as a permanent background ‘The town is located some 8 km off Dethi-Kalka road, Maximum advanlage is taken of its wealth of natural beauty. Its scenic charm is further enhanced by forming an antificial lake on its northem part by obstructing the Sukhna-Choe River, A beautiful Park now surrounds the lake. ‘The capital bas a planned landscape. The landscape architect has determined what kind of trees should grow and where. It has given Chandigath distinctive character from architectural point of view. For example, a particular avenuc has only one kind of trees and even an illiterate person can, easily identify @ road from the kind of trees that grow along the sides. Ail open spaces along the roads are grassed. Water basins and fountains are laid at suitable places. (ii) Climate : The town is situated in a submountainous tract, Hence it has a salubrious climate, Rainfall is 115-120 cm a year. The soil is quite suitable to grow mango irces. shrubs and plantations. (iii) Population : The arca of the town is XK) acres. The master plan aimed to accommodate a population of 1.5 lakh only in its first phase of development bul intends to provide accommodation Tor § lakh population in future. (iv) Sector Planning : The town is planned on the principle of super block or sector planning. This is altogether a new concept as applied to the art of town planning, to get maximum comfort and. convenience of the residents. The town is divided into 47 sectors; there being no No. 13 sector, each sector is 1.25 km long and 0.81 km wide accommodating population ranging from 10000 to 15000. “There are three to four neighbourhood unils in each sector. Each sector is made virtually self-sufficientby providing alf the daity needs like shopping centres, hospitals, meeting places, nursentes, schools ete, All the schools ate within 15 minutes walkable distance and it takes hardly half an hour to walk round the whole sector. A central continuous green band of upen space passes through one sector to another which enables the pedestrians to walk in perfect safely and in comlont, along the shaded footpaths, (¥) Town Centre : This is located in the central sector. IL includes civicand commercial buildings}28 Town Planning To AmB AL A—GOVERNMENT OFFICE B— TOWN CENTRE C~LOCAL SHOPS ©— GREET BELT D—INDUsTRY FLAKE 1223,.0047 ~ SECTORS OF CITY (SECTOR 1 RESERVED FoR GOVT HOUSE AND SECTOR 13 OMITTED) Fig. 3.12 ChandigarhHistory of Town Planning in India og {vi) Contmunication : Le Corbusier's system of 7 types of roads (7 V's) for different kinds of traffic is perhaps the first of its kind as applied to town planning in India. Roads for fast moving traffic are located at the periphery of each sector, with shaps at various places which are within 10 to 15 minutes waikable distance, The roads for slow moving tratlic are inside the sector. There are shaded footpaths for pedestrians and tracks {or cycles, The inhabitants are in perfect salty from vehicular traffic and there are practically no problems of taflic due to its efficient sceseeation.. (vii) Open Spaces : A greed band of open space runs from one sector to anather through the residential units 10 the commercial centres. There is provision of large central park and sufficient open spaces in all the Sectors, with a view to provide community and health centres; playgrounds and swimming pools. (viii) Residential Units : Housing accommodation is neatly planned, in beautiful surroundings ‘All houses partake in the gardens and parks located at convenicm| places. Even the class IV Govt ‘servants arc provided with well {urnished quarters with all the basic amenities like water supply, electricity, sanitation etc. A pecularity of these residential unis is that on exterior plain surfaces of the houses, ‘sun-breakers’ have been provided which are projections of brick and concrete [ins set al particular angles to the walls, These sun-breakers not only produce the charming effective play of light and shade but also absorb the rays of the sun and keep the houses cool during summer bul warm. in winter. It is indeed the realistic planning for the peopte in democracy. Hence, Chandigarh has become a tandmark in the history of town planning. (ix) Industries : Though Chandigarh is planned as the capital city, yet it has potentialities to provide industries. About 600 acres of land have been set aside for factories and industrial centres situated neur the Railway Station. Industrial buildings are located in the Southern sector but segregated from residential sector by awide green belt 100m « 150 m and is served by a Railway Siding. The industrial sector is planned jeeward of the cily and as such wind will not blow towards the residential units. They are therefore absolutely [rec form noise, undesirable smells aad obnoxious dust etc. (%) Capitol Complex : Le Corbusier designed the four Govt. buildings which he called as “Capitol”. The capitol includes High Court (9 storeys high with peculiar parasol roof); Assembly Hall Seer jt (7 storeys high) and Raj Bhavan, These buildings have their monumental character lowhich he added a symbolic sculptural feature — the “Open Hand” monument which stands in the ‘Trench of Consideration and represents the concept of “open lo give, open lo receive"— 10 the group tobe distinguished for their architectural beauty. These ‘foreground’ buildings are carefully placed to contrast against the *backgeound’ buildings hike office buildings, hospitals, factories etc, A 90 rm wide avenue with beaulifully designed parkway leads (0 the capitol, It is no doubt that Chandigarh symbotises the heroic endeavour to rebuild the shattered social, cuhural fife of the Punjab. {tis indeed an epitome of Town Planning.ee eee eee the elements of 4.1 Introduction, Ail the individual ohjcets that are included in an urban ave8 city plan, These objects include residential buildings, public buildings. PARKS, CTA, For ali these, land is required in plenty. The land is mainly divided inf ildings of all types. Open Built-up lands, (ii) Open lands. Built-up lands include afl areas used for bul lands include roads, gardens, parks and playgrounds. Alown generally consists of the following: | is ivic centres and (i) Town cenmre ; this the central core of ine town containing business centres, civic cent light shopping centres, / all shops and social amenities. (ii) Suburbs : These suburbs contain all types of houses with sm: i (ii) Industrial areas: These arcus contain different industries and factories with communication facilities. (iv) Network of Roads : These roads run between the buill-up areas and connect them with cach other. (¥) Open spaces : These include parks, playlields etc. 4.2 Elements of City Plan, The main clements of city plan are generally classified as: (i) Communications : These include (a) Roadways (b) Railways (c) Airways and (d) Waterways. (ii) Built-up areas : These include, (a) Residential buildings (b) Public and semi-public buildings (c) Commercial buildings and (d) Industries. (iii) Open areas : These include (a) Open space for recreation like gurdens, parks, playficlds ete, (b) Open lands, other than the above, for graveyurus, eremation grounds, burial places etc (iv) Public Utiliy Services : These include (a) Water supply, (b) Drainage (c) Electricity (J) Gus (¢) Telephone 30suements of City Plan 3 (vy Public Amenities: These include a large number of items. The moat important are as follows: (2) Pest office (b) Police station (c) Petrol pump (d) Fire Brigade Station (e) Dairies (f) Dhobi ) Refuse deposits etc. peas ig 43 Distribution of Land, The distribution of land for the buill-up areas and open a is as helow: (a) Built-up areas, (1) Single-family houses 5% (2) Two-family houses 5.0% 57% Residential (3) Multiple (amily houses (Flats) 15.5% (4) Business shopping centres 3.0% — Non Residentiat Total 60% (©) Open areas (1) Parks, 20% (2) Roads 20% Total 40% Fig.4.1 shows the distribution of land. From the figures it is clear that the residential areas require as much as 57%. Thal is why the planning of the residential areas is mast important aspect of town planning. The rest 3% covers the business, shopping and other public amenities. PRIVATELY OWNED SINGLE-FAMILY HOUSES (35.5%) BUSINESS (3%) PUBLIC OPEN SPACE (STREETS — 20%) MULTIPLE-FAMILY HOUSES (15.59%) ‘TWO-FAMILY HOUSES (5%) PUBLIC OPEN SPACES (PARKS — 20%) SMSO8S Hig. 4.1, Land DistribusionTown Plas 2 finance of any lout hg, sof 44 Method of Financing » Town Planning Scheme. The SOU#eeS O P: i) Revenue from non-tax sources. (ii). Taxes levied by the focal body and collected by the State oe ent. (iii), Taxes tevied by the local body but caliected on behall of State (iv) Grant-insaid or loan by State or Union Government () Taxes.on goods or passengers carried by railways, sea. oF #IWYS. | (vi) Taxeson railway fares and freight charges. (Vil) Taxes on lands and buildings. (viii) Entry of goods in the city area. (ix) Consumption aad sale of electricity: (x) Vehicles, animats. (Xi). Professional taxes. (447) Taxes on luxurious items. (xiii) Advertisements in the local city (other than in papers). (xiv) Capitation and Toll taxes. 4.5 Aesthetics of Town Planning. Man has a natural tove for “Beauly” and so utility and besiy | etic aspirations of the citizens. The aim must be considered in the civic design (0 salisly the acst , \ ty but also in a pleasing way, torn design is fo sce tthat the urbaa elements not onty function proper Jy and Jove of nature Lo secure Satisfaction. According |, They shoud promote the sense of b Keais’s saying: “A thing of beauty is a joy for ever”. All the individual objects that we see in the urban scene are the clements of civic design @ town-design, Hence utmost vare should be taken on the avsthetic side of town planning to introdua the element of beauty, Almost every element, right [rom lamp post 1o public buildings in the layou of city, should he planned beautifully with cielul consideration and architect’s professional shit This is accomplished by three ways namely Creative, Preventive and Destructive measures. Creatix: in the sense that the city can bu made bewutiful by eariching the plan pictorially, Preventive, by wy, of control and Destructive, hy way of removal of everything which is ugly and objectionable trun point of’ civie aesthetics. Each measure will now be brielly described, as: 1) Buildings either private or public should be insisted to be built satisly vertuin architeciural standards. (2) Residential neighbourhoods should be neally planned. (3) Every residential building should be compelied to have « garden around it (4) Ant Galleries, Museums must be designed with utchitectural excellence to attract the visits sinulaclurers. and to encourage local industries and-_ —_—-— zlements of City Plan 2 ing of trees of appropriate colour, shude ; (5) Planning 01 [ » Shute and growth should be done on cither side of ane roads. Proper illumination should be done with strect lamps of anistie design to enhance the peauty of the town. (6) All poblicbuildings should be designed with the clement of bcauty and located at focal points ormain squares. (7) Main squares should be adored with fountains which can be gracefully designed with variety ‘ofeoloured marbles, cither as a basin or as spouting jets, or sometimes gushing water from fish ot fuch other object supported by the bronze statue of nymph ete, (8) All open spaces should be converted inia parks, gardens or at least converted into lawas, colourful shrubs which may be interspaced with small lakes, pools etc. in the landscape layout. Sec Ang.7. (ID Preventive measures: The concerned authorities can restrict or prevent the construction of certain structures in the city, They can allow such works which can be constructed in accordance with approved elevations. Some sort of control can be exercised about advertising in public places. “They should be displayed judiciously so as to increase the beauty of the surroundings. (IID) Destructive measures: Under this, any structure found to be ugly and unsighily and therefore objectionable from point of view of beauty can be removed gradually. For example, open drains can be replaced by underground drains, lo carry refuse of towns such as garbage, storm-wwater, subsoil water, sullage etc. Overhead telephone lines can be replaced by underground cables etc. Today the aesthetics of the town are no more considered as luxuries. They serve as great assets, increase cheerfulness and happiness of mankind. They symbolise the pride and dignity of the city and outward expression of highly cultured society. The more the cultured a society is, the better it ‘can express ils aesthetic sense in private, public and civic buildings, We will now describe the details of these elements in the proceeding chapters.[5] SURVEYS el mation based on spot observation 4 Necessity, By survey is meant to collect the data and info : ae el pare of ie region, ements like residential and working draw a mental picture of the region, the town and its various €] areas, the survey serves a broad canvas picturing {he pr ‘means for its development, in future. “Survey before Plan’ the principle advocated by Sir Patrick Geddes, is emphasisedby many town planners. It isthe “Diagnosis before Treatment” ‘or Diagnostic Approach’ without which no adequat: planning scheme can be prepared for a town. The survey data so collected can be analysed and will be represented in the form of maps, chars, tables, and models. Such a fully ilusirated and clearly documented survey ts helpful and advantageous in the following way: (i) It helps to provide the data of the existing town and corroborative evidence for the ‘concerned authority. Thus the planning work becomes easy. (ii) helps to know exactly what is lacking and what is needed for the development of the town. (iil). tthrows tight on the inter-retationship of activities of the town life, ic. whether particular development has produced a favorable or adverse effect on its surroundings. (iv) Ithelps to know the evils from which the town suffers and provides a proper treatment 10 be given, ie. it helps to diagnosis before treatment, as pioneered by Sir Patrick Geddes. {v)_Inhelps to build up the public opinion and appreciation in favour of town planning scheme. 5.2 Collection of Data. Collection of information and data is necessary for framing the planning proposals. The basis data to be collected include (i) the present land use (ti) population growth (3) raflic system (4) industrial pasition (v) economic base (vi) origin, history and growth of the town. 5.3 Types of Surveys. These ate broadly classified as (i) Town or Cit ii I Sorvey (ii) National Survey and (iv) Civie Survey. J i Survey (i) Regione) Sars? (A) Town Surveys. Following surveys are conducted to collect th y " e information and dats necessary to prepare an uptodate base map in the scheme of town planning : i) Social Survey (iii) Economic Survey planning : (i) Physical Survey (ii) So“ M4 fesent siale the town and lo provide prope: |fwaws 3s 1) Phynteal Survey, The dain can be collected oi (x) Natural fearures: (0) Lovation in colntion to other major towns in the rugian, (id, Topography, types of sail, rock, contours of the Innd, plain, wooded, foreats etc, it) Climatology (e- rainfall, humidity, temperature, wind-direction ete to fix up best orientation (by Land Use: By land use is meant the use of the land of plot specified in the town, These ure Aassifted ay under (i Residential: For living purposes like houses, hostels, lodging ete, (ii) Commercial: Work-shops, mills, factories (iii), Public and Semi-public: Govt, & Sumi-Govt, offices, schools, colleges, libraries, hospitals, muscuins, assembly halls, shrines, historical monuments cle. (ivy Open spaces: Patks, playgrounds, stadiums, race-course ote, (W) Transportation: (0) Road, their widths, tree planting (b) Railways, level crossings, goods yards, (c) Airports and seaports, (d) Waterways and cunuly (vi) Agriculture: Cultivated land, nurseries, orcharus ete. (vii) Watersheets: Rivers, Inkes, tank, (viii), Vacunt: Barren \and, (x) Other uses: Refuse disposal arca; cemeteries, gruve-yards, area under defence etc, {e) Conditions of the buildings: Here the gradation of the buildings is done on its future life. by Land Survey or Actin! Survey, (1) Very Good Future life $0 yrs and above (2) Good Future life 30 10 49 yrs 3) Moderate Future life 151029 yrs (4) Bad Future life So 14 yrs (5) Poor Unfit for inhabitation hence to be pulled down (@) Communication ; (i) Highways connecting the lown. (ii) Traftic on rouds and railways und at junctions, (iii) Patking survey (iv) Origin and Destination survey (O & D Survey). (¥) Accident study, (vi) Future trends in the trufficTown Plann, % AL) Sociat Survey (8) Population : (1) Trends in population growth for at inst 40 to 50 years. (ii) Characteristics of present population. ; {iti) Future growth of population considering rural migration, development of ny, indusines. (iv) Demographic survey ie. classification of population by sex, literacy of different 5p, groups. (¥) Distribution and density of population in the town. (b) Housing : Gi) Housing condition. Density of accommodation. (iii) Height of the buildings. (iv) Materials used for construction. (¥) Tenancy status; Rented or owned (©) Communiry facilities : (i) Education: Schools, colleges, institutions, anu libraries, (ii) Health: Hospitals, dispensaries, clinics (iii) Recreational : Parks, playfields, clubs, theatres, studiums, boating (iv) Others: Museums, historical and religious buildings. (IU) Economic Survey. (a) Occupationalcondition : Workers classified according (o the nature of employment. Workers employed in (i) Houschotd mdusury i) Cultivation (iii) Agriculture (iv) Trade & Commerce (¥) Construction work (vi) Manufacturing industry (vii) Transpon and Communication (viii) Quarrying (ix) Other services. (b) Survey of industries (i) Classification of industriesherve ” (0) Location of industries fin) Availability of raw material } (is), Workers employed (8) Quantity of ponds produced (vt), Type of nuisance created (e) Survey of Commerce (0) Type of commodities handled ui) Wholesale or Retait (uy Quanity of commodities, ts import and export Uy) Its uansportatinn by Road, Railway, Airway, Waterway etc. ¢s) Employment facilities. (u) Fenancial position of local authority : | (1) Income & Expenditure | (i) Taxation | @) Utiday services = (1) Water supply: Industrial purpose, domestic purpose, source of su chy por capil# consumption ipply, capacity pe (1i) Drainage & Sewerage system: Disposal system (nt), Electricity: Source, supply | (iv) Telephone } (9) Fite protection | (i) Street lighting lt) Regional Survey. The regional surveys carried out on much larger unit than a town called Frewion’ which may consist of number of townships and viltages. The investigations carried out are ‘ol general nature such as social, physical, economic conditions of region, Surveys for regional Jighways, regional transport, regional water supply came under regional survey. tt helps to develop ithe whole repion ina co-ordinated manner. (C) National Survey: It helps to collect information regarding natural resources and potentialities do locate the industries in different regions. Care should be taken to sec that no one region is Bliowed to develop at the cost of other regions. Survey tor lixing Railway alignment Imigation, HHyuro-cleciric works, Heavy industries come under nauonal survey {) Civic Survey or Socio-economic Survey. The type of survey conducted at local tevel for e-development scheme, slum improvement scheme and Master Plan is different from town survey Here huuse to house survey conducted for this purpose is the sociv-cconomic survey which is the foundation stone of the planning structure. itis {rom this survey ihe town planner can make a correct Wiuznuisisof Various ils rom which the town is sulfering and prescribe the correct semedies for their